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29-550: In the aftermath of April Revolution and May 16 coup , figures from the de facto defunct Liberal Party were divided into factions such as Bae Jong-duk, future members of the Civil Rule Party such as Kim Beop-lin, members of the Democratic Republican Party such as Lee Hwal, and figures who strived to found a new independent party such as Lee Beom-seok . In the 1963 presidential elections ,

58-705: A coup d'état overthrowing the short-lived Second Republic of South Korea and replacing it with a military junta and later the autocratic Third Republic of South Korea . On July 19, 1965, 90-year-old Rhee died at 19:35 Korean time in Honolulu . Cronyism Cronyism is a specific form of in-group favoritism , the spoils system practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in politics and between politicians and supportive organizations. For example, cronyism occurs when appointing "cronies" to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications. This

87-482: A 20 centimeter-long tear-gas grenade, which had penetrated from his eyes to the back of his head. This indicated that the police had shot the tear gas to an angle less than 45 degrees, which could be fatal if shot directly at a person's face. Rhee's regime tried to censor news of this incident. However, the story was reported by the Korean press along with a picture of Kim when his body was first found, and delivered to

116-611: A non-violent protest at the National Assembly against police violence and demanded new elections. However, they were attacked by gangs funded by Rhee's supporters as they returned to their campus . On April 19 (called "Bloody Tuesday"), over 100,000 high school and university students marched to the Blue House calling for Rhee's resignation. Police opened fire, killing approximately 180 and wounding thousands. The Rhee government proclaimed martial law in order to suppress

145-670: A revolutionary tribunal on various charges. Multiple death sentences were imposed, with some of them being carried out. Among those executed were the officials responsible for issuing the order to fire. Secretary of the Interior Choi In-Kyu, the official most responsible for the order, and Kwak Yong-ju, the Presidential security chief, who was also involved in the shootings, were both hanged at Seodaemun Prison on December 21, 1961. On May 16, 1961, following months of political instability, General Park Chung Hee launched

174-477: A short exile, Rhee was unable to return due to public opposition. The First Republic was replaced by the Second Republic of South Korea , adopting a parliamentary system to remove power from the office of the president. Yun Bo-seon was elected president on August 13, 1960, but real power was vested in the prime minister, Chang Myon. A National Assembly investigating committee found that the firing into

203-590: A total of 186 people were killed during the two weeks of protest. Rhee resigned on April 26 before fleeing to exile in the United States , and was replaced by Yun Posun , beginning the transition to the Second Republic of South Korea . Syngman Rhee had been the first President of South Korea since the 1948 presidential election . He oversaw the transition of power from the United States Army Military Government to

232-544: Is believed to be derived from the Greek word χρόνιος ( chronios ), meaning ' long term ' . A less likely but oft-quoted source is the supposed Irish term Comh-Roghna , which translates as ' close pals, mutual friends ' . Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism, as they spend taxpayers ' money. Many democratic governments are encouraged to practice administrative transparency in accounting and contracting, but there often

261-476: Is in contrast to a meritocracy , in which appointments are made based on merit. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as votes in legislative bodies, as doing favors to organizations, or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places. The word crony first appeared in 17th-century London, according to the Oxford English Dictionary ; it

290-448: Is no clear delineation of when an appointment to government office is "cronyism". In the private sector, cronyism exists in organizations, often termed " the old boys' club " or "the golden circle"; again, the boundary between cronyism and "networking" is difficult to delineate. It is not unusual for politicians to surround themselves with highly qualified subordinates, and to develop social, business, or political friendships leading to

319-1025: The April 19 Revolution or April 19 Movement , were mass protests in South Korea against President Syngman Rhee and the First Republic from April 11 to 26, 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation. Protests opposing Rhee were started by student and labor groups in the southeastern port city of Masan on April 11. The protests were triggered by the discovery of the body of a local high school student killed by police during demonstrations against rigged elections in March. Popular discontent had arisen due to Rhee's autocratic rule, corruption , use of violence against political opposition , and uneven development of South Korea. The Masan discovery led to large student protests in Seoul , which were violently suppressed;

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348-659: The Government of South Korea and the establishment of the First Republic of Korea , and led South Korea during the Korean War . With American patronage in the Cold War , Rhee adopted a strongly anti-communist and pro- American stance. He used the threat of communism as an excuse to target perceived opposition with heavy-handed repression . At first, this was tolerated in the name of political unity and fear of reprisals. Rhee faced increasing domestic discontent following

377-716: The National Assembly an amendment to the National Security Law giving the government broad new powers to curtail freedom of the press and prevent members of the opposition from voting. In 1959, Rhee was shocked and threatened when the United States reduced its economic aid to South Korea from a high of $ 382,893,000 in 1957 to $ 222,204,000, and began taking desperate measures to ensure his political survival. The March 1960 presidential election saw two main parties running against Rhee. These were

406-616: The Walter Reed Army Medical Center but died there of a heart attack . The two deaths were widely perceived by the public as too much of a coincidence. Rhee was determined to see his protege Lee Ki-poong elected as the Vice President , a post chosen in a separate election on the same day. Lee ran against the Democratic Party candidate Chang Myon , who had been South Korea's ambassador to

435-439: The market economy ; in advanced economies, crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations. Given crony capitalism's nature, these dishonest business practices are frequently (yet not exclusively) found in societies with ineffective legal systems. Consequently, there is an impetus upon the legislative branch of a government to ensure enforcement of the legal code capable of addressing and redressing private party manipulation of

464-519: The Masan incident. On April 28, 1960, in an annex of Rhee's mansion, Lee Ki-poong's first son, Lee Kang-seok (1937 – April 28, 1960) shot Lee Ki-poong and his family and then killed himself in a murder-suicide . After the resignation of Rhee and the death of Lee Ki-poong, the rule of the Liberal Party government came to an end. Rhee was exiled to Hawaii on May 29, 1960. Originally planning to be

493-585: The United States during the Korean War. On March 15, the mostly bedridden Lee won the vice-presidential election with an abnormally wide margin, winning 8,225,000 votes while Myon received just 1,850,000 votes, and it became clear to the people that the vote was fraudulent . According to the Korean Report, Democratic rallies were prohibited throughout the nation and hundreds of pre-marked ballots were stuffed into boxes on election day. On March 15,

522-499: The appointment to office of friends, likewise in granting government contracts. In fact, the counsel of such friends is why the officeholder successfully obtained their powerful position; therefore, cronyism usually is easier to perceive than to demonstrate and prove. Politicians with representatives of business, other special interests, as trade unions and professional organizations get "crony-business" done in political agreements, especially by "reasonable" and lucrative honorariums to

551-481: The crowd by the police had not been intended to disperse the crowds, but rather to kill protesters. It was later revealed at a criminal trial that Park Jong-pyo, the Chief of Public Security, tied rocks on Kim Ju-yul's dead body and threw him away into the Masan shore to prevent him floating up on the shore. Park was later sentenced to life imprisonment for killing Kim. Park was one of hundreds of people to be sentenced by

580-472: The demonstrations. On April 25, professors joined students and citizens in large-scale protests outnumbering soldiers and police, who refused to attack the protestors. On April 26, 1960, Rhee stepped down from power, and Lee Ki-poong was blamed for most of the corruption in the government. The following day, the Minister of Interior Choi In-Kyu and the Chief of Security resigned taking responsibility for

609-471: The diminution of economically productive activity. A practical cost of cronyism manifests in the poor workmanship of public and private community projects. Cronyism is self-perpetuating; cronyism then begets a culture of cronyism. This can only be apprehended by a comprehensive, effective, and enforced legal code, with empowered government agencies which can effect prosecutions in the courts. Some instances of cronyism are readily transparent. With others, it

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638-425: The economy by the involved businessmen and their government cronies. The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society. Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population, reduced competition in the market place, inflated consumer goods prices, decreased economic performance, inefficient business investment cycles, reduced motivation in affected organizations, and

667-413: The end of the Korean War in 1953, however, as his administration delivered limited economic and social development, while angering the public by amending the constitution to prolong his stay in power. The South Korean public widely perceived Rhee as a corrupt and authoritarian leader who used autocratic methods to maintain his rule and cronyism in the government. In December 1958, Rhee forced through

696-629: The party nominated Yun Posun as its candidate. He finished second in the vote, losing to Park Chung Hee by 1.5%. In the November legislative elections it received 20.1% of the vote and won 41 seats in the National Assembly . This article about a South Korean political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . April Revolution [REDACTED] Syngman Rhee [REDACTED] Lee Ki-poong   † [REDACTED] Choi In-Kyu  [REDACTED] The April Revolution ( Korean : 4.19 혁명 ), also called

725-454: The police. On April 11, a fisherman in the harbor at Masan discovered the corpse of Kim Ju-yul, a student at Masan Commercial High School who disappeared during March 15 rioting. Authorities announced that an autopsy confirmed that the cause of Kim's death was drowning , but many rejected this explanation and some protesters forced their way into the hospital where his body was kept. They found that Kim's skull had actually been split by

754-402: The politician for making speeches, or by legal donations to one's election campaign or to one's political party, etc. Cronyism describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business, business information, and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel. This is termed crony capitalism , and is an ethical breach of the principles of

783-429: The same day as the election results, members of the Democratic Party in the southern city of Masan launched a protest against the electoral corruption. About one thousand residents of Masan gathered in front of the Democratic Party's Masan headquarters at around 7:30 PM. Residents encountered a police presence and the city lights were blacked out. The police began shooting at protesters, who responded by throwing rocks at

812-469: The small Progressive Party (which had received one million votes in the 1956 presidential election ) represented by Cho Bong-am , and the Democratic Party represented by Cho Pyong-ok . In July 1959, Rhee accused Cho Bong-am of being a communist, and the Progressive Party leader was subsequently imprisoned and swiftly executed. Cho Pyong-ok went to the United States for a stomach operation at

841-456: The world through AP . This incident shocked the nation and became the basis of a national movement against electoral corruption on April 19. Masan erupted into three days of spontaneous mass protests which led to further violent clashes with police. Rhee tried to shift the focus by claiming that communist agents were behind the Masan protests. On April 18, the protests spread to the capital, Seoul , where students from Korea University launched

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