Misplaced Pages

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38-673: The Ciron rises in the eastern end of the Moors of Gascony , in Landes . It flows north-west, mainly through the moors of Gironde, crosses the Sauternes vineyard and joins the Garonne at Barsac , downstream from Langon . The moisture it brings, and morning mists it causes, are favorable to the development of Botrytis cinerea on grapes, a fungus that contributes to the high quality and renown of Sauternes wines . The Ciron flows through

76-411: A forage crop. It is grown principally in an area from Eastern and Northern Europe into Russia. It is much more tolerant of cold weather and poor soil than other cereals, making it useful in those regions; its vigorous growth suppresses weeds and provides abundant forage for animals early in the year. It is a member of the wheat tribe ( Triticeae ) which includes the cereals wheat and barley . Rye grain

114-607: A curved head or spike some 7 to 15 centimetres (2.8 to 5.9 in) long. The head is composed of many spikelets , each of which holds two small flowers; the spikelets alternate left and right up the head. Since the Middle Ages , people have cultivated rye widely in Central and Eastern Europe . It serves as the main bread cereal in most areas east of the France–Germany border and north of Hungary . In Southern Europe, it

152-508: A grain that may have been rye, writing that it "is a very poor food and only serves to avert starvation". He said it was mixed with spelt "to mitigate its bitter taste, and even then is most unpleasant to the stomach". Rye is a tall grass grown for its seeds; it can be an annual or a biennial . Depending on environmental conditions and variety it reaches 1 to 3 metres (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in) in height. Its leaves are blue-green, long, and pointed. The seeds are carried in

190-582: A house paint in Sweden. Plant breeders, starting in the 19th century in Germany and Scotland, but mainly from the 1950s, worked to develop a hybrid cereal with the best qualities of wheat and rye, now called triticale . Modern triticales are hexaploid with six sets of chromosomes; they are used to produce millions of tons of cereal annually. Varieties of rye hold much genetic diversity, which can be used to improve other crops such as wheat. For example,

228-404: A precursor. DRT is the largest company in this region that uses the byproducts of pine exploitation. This article is based on a translation from the original French Misplaced Pages article as it appeared on November 11, 2006 which cite the following sources: Rye Secale fragile M.Bieb. Rye ( Secale cereale ) is a grass grown extensively as a grain , a cover crop and

266-696: A risk factor for cardiovascular diseases . Eating whole-grain rye, as well as other high-fibre grains, improves regulation of blood sugar (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal). Consuming breakfast cereals containing rye over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and glucose regulation. Like wheat, barley, and their hybrids and derivatives, rye contains glutens and related prolamines, which makes it an unsuitable grain for consumption by people with gluten-related disorders , such as celiac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity , and wheat allergy , among others. Nevertheless, some wheat allergy patients can tolerate rye or barley. Rye grain

304-504: A risk if food safety vigilance breaks down. After an absence of 60 years, stem rust ( Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici ) has returned to Europe in the 2020s. Areas affected include Germany , Russia ( Western Siberia ), Spain , and Sweden . Rye is grown primarily in Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. The main rye belt stretches from northern Germany through Poland, Ukraine, and eastwards into central and northern Russia. Rye

342-493: A variety of herbivorous insects can seriously affect plant health. Rye is highly susceptible to the ergot fungus. Consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in ergotism , which causes convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, hallucinations and death. Historically, damp northern countries that depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to periodic epidemics. Modern grain-cleaning and milling methods have practically eliminated ergotism, but it remains

380-608: Is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of essential nutrients , including dietary fiber , B vitamins , such as thiamine and niacin (each at 25% DV), and several dietary minerals . Highest micronutrient contents are for manganese (130% DV) and phosphorus (27% DV) (table). According to Health Canada and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration , consuming at least 4 grams (0.14 oz) per day of rye beta-glucan or 0.65 grams (0.023 oz) per serving of soluble fiber can lower levels of blood cholesterol ,

418-735: Is also grown in North America, in South America including Argentina, in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), in Turkey, and in northern China. Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, as of 2022 ; for instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 metric tons in 1992 to 2.2 metric tons in 2022. World trade of rye is low compared with other grains such as wheat. The total export of rye for 2016

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456-529: Is completely black or white, and in her hand she has a birch or whip from which lightning sparks. She can change herself into different animals, such as snakes, turtles, and frogs. The classical scholar Carl A. P. Ruck writes that the Roggenmutter was believed to go through the fields, rustling like the wind, with a pack of rye wolves running after her. They spread ergot through the sheaves of harvested rye. According to Ruck, they then lured children into

494-531: Is composed mostly of maritime pine, Pinus pinaster . Unlike many other European forests, the Landes forest is almost entirely created and managed by man for industrial purposes. This massive pine plantation was started in the 18th century in the Pays de Buch area of Gironde, to halt erosion and cleanse the soil . Most of the region now occupied by the Landes forest was swampy land that was sparsely inhabited until

532-666: Is likely that rye was brought westwards from Asia Minor as a secondary crop , meaning that it was a minor admixture in wheat as a result of Vavilovian mimicry , and was only later cultivated in its own right. Archeological evidence of this grain has been found in Roman contexts along the Rhine and the Danube and in Ireland and Britain. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder was dismissive of

570-414: Is most commonly found along watercourses, where the drainage is particularly good. The old-growth forest was probably more extensive prior to the Middle Ages , when a colder, more humid, climate took hold and changed the species composition . Because of the need for wood for fuel and construction, and because of a steady expansion in the grazing of sheep, the aboriginal forest was further depleted between

608-466: Is refined into a flour high in gliadin but low in glutenin and rich in soluble fiber. Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids present in high amounts in the bran layer (e.g. pericarp , testa and aleurone layers) of wheat and rye (0.1–0.3% of dry weight). Rye bread , including pumpernickel , is made using rye flour and is a widely eaten food in Northern and Eastern Europe. In Scandinavia, rye

646-486: Is used for bread , beer , rye whiskey , and animal fodder . In Scandinavia, rye was a staple food in the Middle Ages, and rye crispbread remains a popular food in the region. Europe produces around half of the world's rye; relatively little is traded between countries. A wheat-rye hybrid, triticale , combines the qualities of the two parent crops and is produced in large quantities worldwide. In European folklore,

684-512: Is widely used to make crispbread ( Knäckebröd ); in the Middle Ages it was a staple food in the region, and it remains popular in the 21st century. Rye grain is used to make alcoholic drinks, such as rye whiskey and rye beer . The traditional cloudy and sweet-sour low-alcohol beverage kvass is fermented from rye bread or rye flour and malt. Rye is a useful forage crop in cool climates; it grows vigorously and provides plentiful fodder for grazing animals, or green manure to improve

722-599: The Roggenwolf ("rye wolf") is a carnivorous corn demon or Feldgeist . The rye genus Secale is in the grass tribe Triticeae , which contains other cereals such as barley ( Hordeum ) and wheat ( Triticum ). The generic name Secale , related to Italian segale and French seigle meaning "rye", is of unknown origin but may derive from a Balkan language. The English name rye derives from Old English ryge , related to Dutch rogge , German Roggen , and Russian рожь rožʹ , again all with

760-685: The Roggenwolf ("rye wolf") is a carnivorous corn demon or Feldgeist , a field spirit shaped like a wolf . The Roggenwolf steals children and feeds on them. The last grain heads are often left at their place as a sacrifice for the agricultural spirits. In contrast, the Roggenmuhme or Roggenmutter ("rye aunt" or "rye mother") is an anthropomorphic female corn demon with fiery fingers. Her bosoms are filled with tar and may end in tips of iron. Her bosoms are also long, and as such must be thrown over her shoulders when she runs. The Roggenmuhme

798-595: The radiocarbon dates, and identifications based solely on grain, rather than on chaff . Domesticated rye occurs in small quantities at a number of Neolithic sites in Asia Minor ( Anatolia , now Turkey), such as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Can Hasan III near Çatalhöyük , but is otherwise absent from the archaeological record until the Bronze Age of central Europe, c. 1800–1500 BCE. It

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836-729: The 'moors of Gascony', and formerly, the 'moors of Bordeaux') covers a large portion of Landes and Gironde , two of the departments of France ; it also spills over into parts of the Lot-et-Garonne department. The sources of several rivers can be found in this region, including the sources of the Leyre , the Boudigau , the Ciron , and the Gat Mort. The largest towns within the forest are Arcachon , Dax , and Mont-de-Marsan . The forest

874-547: The 15th and 18th centuries. A major storm in January 2009 damaged approximately 300,000 hectares (740,000 acres) of forest, 90% of which was located in the Landes Forest. Before the mid-19th century, only the breeding of sheep on the moors (and the production of sheep manure as a soil amendment) allowed the cultivation of rye . Because of wet winters, it was necessary to top-dress the land with thatch to preserve it for

912-441: The 19th century, when the 19 June 1857 law ended traditional pastoralism and led to wide scale reforestation , in order to rehabilitate the landscape and provide for regional economic development. Prior to this period, the people of the Landes used stilt-walking to move from place to place in the wet terrain. Since the 1970s, parts of the forest have given way to intensive agriculture (in particular, grain farming.) The area of

950-415: The crop can thrive in subzero environments, assisted by the production of antifreeze polypeptides (different from those produced by some fish and insects) by the leaves of winter rye. Rye is a common, unwanted invader of winter wheat fields. If allowed to grow and mature, it may cause substantially reduced prices (docking) for harvested wheat. Pests including the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci and

988-747: The era of mechanised agriculture , rye harvesting was a manual task performed with scythes or sickles . Winter rye is any breed of rye planted in the autumn to provide ground cover for the winter. It grows during warmer days of the winter when sunlight temporarily warms the plant above freezing, even while there is general snow cover. It can be used as a cover crop to prevent the growth of winter-hardy weeds. Rye grows better than any other cereal in heavy clay and light sandy soil, and infertile or drought-affected soils. It can tolerate pH between 4.5 and 8.0, but soils having pH 5.0 to 7.0 are best suited for rye cultivation. Rye grows best in fertile, well-drained loam or clay-loam soils. As for temperature,

1026-833: The following départements and towns: N.B. : (R) = right tributary; (L) = left tributary Moors of Gascony The Landes forest ( pronounced [lɑ̃d] ; La forêt des Landes in French ) in the Landes de Gascogne (las Lanas de Gasconha in the Gascon language ), in the historic Gascony natural region of southwestern France now known as Aquitaine , is the largest man-made woodland in Western Europe. The French word, landes and Gascon lanas , mean 'moors' or 'heaths', from Transalpine Gaulish * landa ("uninhabited/uncultivated area"); compare Irish lann , Welsh llan (“enclosure”). The forest (also known as

1064-522: The forest is estimated to be around 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi), of which nine-tenths is exclusively devoted to a monoculture of maritime pines ( Pinus pinaster ), but, in the centre of this pinhadar ( pine plantation in the Gascon dialect of Occitan ), there is a natural forest that survives from the post-glacial timbering of this part of southwestern France. There, pines co-exist with other species, chiefly oak , alder , birch , willow , and holly . This mixed temperate forest

1102-496: The next growing season. The disappearance of the moors, because of the expansion of the pine plantations, brought about the end of this herding and wetland grain-growing culture, and the iconic image of shepherds on stilts disappeared as well. The shepherd image was replaced by the image of the resin-collector with his tools. In the first part of the 20th century, extensive commercial exploitation of wood, paper , and pine resin began, and these industries became an important part of

1140-479: The plants develop rapidly. This allows it to provide spring grazing, at a time when spring-planted wheat has only just germinated. The physical properties of rye affect attributes of the final food product such as seed size, surface area, and porosity. The surface area of the seed directly correlates to the drying and heat transfer time. Smaller seeds have increased heat transfer, which leads to lower drying time. Seeds with lower porosity lose water more slowly during

1178-449: The pollination abilities of wheat can be improved by the addition of the rye chromosome 4R; this increases the size of the wheat anther and the amount of pollen. The 1R chromosome is the source of many crop disease resistance genes . Varieties such as Petkus, Insave, Amigo, and Imperial have donated 1R-originating resistance to wheat. AC Hazlet rye is a medium-sized winter rye with resistance to both lodging and shattering . Rye

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1216-406: The process of drying. Rye is harvested like wheat with a combine harvester , which cuts the plants, threshes and winnows the grain, and releases the straw to the field where it is later pressed into bales or left as soil amendment. The resultant grain is stored in local silos or transported to regional grain elevators and combined with other lots for storage and distant shipment. Before

1254-526: The regional economy. Many local people are still employed in forest-related pursuits, including forestry , sawmills , paper mills , woodcrafts like parquetry and joinery and furniture making , as well the fabrication of paper-based products like cardboard and fiberboard for construction. However, resin-collecting, which required hard labor, has almost completely disappeared because modern chemical processes for producing solvents and other useful chemicals often do not rely on pine resin or pine tar as

1292-611: The same meaning. Rye is one of several cereals that grow wild in the Levant , central and eastern Turkey and adjacent areas. Evidence uncovered at the Epipalaeolithic site of Tell Abu Hureyra in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria suggests that rye was among the first cereal crops to be systematically cultivated, around 13,000 years ago. However, that claim remains controversial; critics point to inconsistencies in

1330-461: The soil. It forms a good cover crop in winter with its rapid growth and deep roots. Rye straw is used as livestock bedding , despite the risk of ergot poisoning. It is used on a small scale to make crafts such as corn dollies . More recently it has found uses as a raw material for bioconversion to products such as the sweetener xylitol . Rye flour is mixed with linseed oil and iron oxide to make traditional Falun red paint, widely used as

1368-597: Was $ 186 million compared with $ 30.1 billion for wheat. Poland consumes the most rye per person at 32.4 kg (71 lb) per capita (2009), followed by the Nordic and Baltic countries. The EU in general is around 5.6 kg (12 lb) per capita. The entire world only consumes 0.9 kg (2 lb) per capita. Raw rye contains 11% water, 76% carbohydrates , 10% protein , and 2% fat (table). A 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount of rye provides 1,410 kilojoules (338 kilocalories) of food energy , and

1406-401: Was cultivated on marginal lands. Rye grows well in much poorer soils than those necessary for most cereal grains. Thus, it is an especially valuable crop in regions where the soil has sand or peat . Rye plants withstand cold better than other small grains, surviving snow cover that would kill winter wheat. Winter rye is the most popular: it is planted and begins to grow in autumn. In spring,

1444-428: Was the gene donor of Sr31 – a stem rust resistance gene – introgressed into wheat. The characteristics of S. cereale have been combined with another perennial rye, S. montanum , to produce S. cereanum , which has the beneficial characteristics of each. The hybrid rye can be grown in harsh environments and on poor soil. It provides improved forage with digestible fiber and protein. In European folklore,

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