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67-555: Apart from football, the club hosts other disciplines such as handball , karate , roller skating and taekwondo . By 1897 football in Argentina was practised almost exclusively by English people that lived in Buenos Aires . Three of those immigrants, called Hansen, McHardy and Fitz Simons, encouraged a group of Argentine young people to join them in order to form a team. The club was officially founded on August 15, 1898, and

134-488: A 6-metre (20 ft) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until

201-412: A decreasing chance of success: The third wave evolves into the normal offensive play when all defenders not only reach the zone, but gain their accustomed positions. Some teams then substitute specialised offence players. However, this implies that these players must play in the defence should the opposing team be able to switch quickly to offence. The latter is another benefit for fast playing teams. If

268-427: A diving attacking player passes to another diving teammate. Handball is played on a court 40 by 20 metres (131 ft 3 in × 65 ft 7 in), with a goal in the centre of each end. The goals are surrounded by a near-semicircular area, called the zone or the crease, defined by a line six metres from the goal. A dashed near-semicircular line nine metres from the goal marks the free-throw line. Each line on

335-456: A fast break is now being treated with a red card; as does any deliberate intent to injure opponents. A red-carded player has to leave the playing area completely. A player who is disqualified may be substituted with another player after the two-minute penalty is served. A coach or official can also be penalized progressively. Any coach or official who receives a two-minute suspension will have to pull out one of their players for two minutes; however,

402-530: A few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective bands, pads and mouth guards. The modern set of rules was published in 1917 by Karl Schelenz , Max Heiser, and Erich Konigh, on 29 October in Berlin , which is seen as the date of birth of the sport. The rules have had several revisions since. The first official handball match

469-428: A free throw for the other team. Other offensive infractions that result in a turnover include charging and setting an illegal screen. Carrying the ball into the six-metre zone results either in ball possession by the goalkeeper (by attacker) or turnover (by defender). Only the goalkeepers are allowed to move freely within the goal perimeter, although they may not cross the goal perimeter line while carrying or dribbling

536-546: A memorable 5–1 in the second final match (after finishing 2–2 the first game). Trigilli achieved the record of being the team's coach in the two promotions obtained by the club, 1977 and 1995–96. In the 1998–99 season Estudiantes was relegated to Primera B Metropolitana again, along with Atlanta. Only a year lasted until team's return to Primera B Nacional, which happened in the playoffs finals defeating Sarmiento de Junín . In 2000–01 season Estudiantes went down to Primera B Metropolitana again, where it has remained since. The club

603-569: A place in Primera. The team finally was eliminated by Deportivo Italiano. In 1986, Argentine football was restructured again, and therefore the Primera B Nacional was created as the second division. Estudiantes could not qualify to be in that tournament (finished 10th and only 8 were able to play in Nacional B) so the squad went on Primera B, renamed " Primera B Metropolitana " although it was

670-484: A team that played memorable matches against Boca Juniors and River Plate . Nevertheless, the difference between called "small" teams and the "big" ones (because of being less popular than Boca, River or Independiente ) was considerable. That was more visible when the Professional era began in 1931 in Argentina with the creation of Liga Argentina . Estudiantes remained in the amateur league (which had been left by

737-430: A third division of the football league system. In 1988 the club inaugurated a new grandstand which a capacity of 10,000 seats. After poor performances in past seasons, Estudiantes brought Ricardo Trigilli back as its coach. Under his command, the team could keep its place in the third division. In 1995–96 season Estudiantes achieved the so long awaited promotion to Nacional B, defeating its historical rival Almagro with

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804-404: A timeout only for lengthy delays, such as a change of the goalkeeper. Since 2012, teams can call 3 team timeouts per game (up to two per half), which last one minute each. This right may only be invoked by the team in possession of the ball. Team representatives must show a green card marked with a black T on the timekeeper's desk. The timekeeper then immediately interrupts the game by sounding

871-528: A way that the team players are confined between them. They stand diagonally aligned so that each can observe one side line. Depending on their positions, one is called court referee and the other goal referee . These positions automatically switch on ball turnover. They physically exchange their positions approximately every 10 minutes (long exchange), and change sides every five minutes (short exchange). The IHF defines 18 hand signals for quick visual communication with players and officials. The signal for warning

938-438: Is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins. Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres (131 by 66 ft), with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by

1005-434: Is accompanied by a yellow card . A disqualification for the game is indicated by a red card , followed by a blue card if the disqualification will be accompanied by a report. The referees also use whistle blows to indicate infractions or to restart the play. The referees are supported by a scorekeeper and a timekeeper who attend to formal things such as keeping track of goals and suspensions, or starting and stopping

1072-547: Is allowed to enter the playing court without the permission of the referees. The ball is spherical and must be made either of leather or a synthetic material. It is not allowed to have a shiny or slippery surface. As the ball is intended to be operated by a single hand, its official sizes vary depending on age and gender of the participating teams. The referees may award a special throw to a team. This usually happens after certain events such as scored goals, off-court balls, turnovers and timeouts. All of these special throws require

1139-414: Is faster, it is the preferred method of attack), as long as during each dribble the hand contacts only the top of the ball. Therefore, carrying is completely prohibited, and results in a turnover. After the dribble is picked up, the player has the right to another three seconds or three steps. The ball must then be passed or shot, as further holding or dribbling will result in a double dribble turnover and

1206-407: Is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of punishments, the more severe of the two comes into effect. The referees are obliged to make their decisions "on the basis of their observations of facts". Their judgements are final and can be appealed against only if not in compliance with the rules. Officials can look to TV replays, as needed. The referees position themselves in such

1273-438: Is neither player nor substitute. One official must be the designated representative who is usually the team manager . Since 2012, representatives can call up to 3 team timeouts (up to twice per half), and may address the scorekeeper, timekeeper, and referees (before that, it was once per half); overtime and shootouts are considered extensions of the second half. Other officials typically include physicians or managers. No official

1340-465: Is rare, there are numerous descriptions of ball games being played where players throw the ball to one another; sometimes this is done in order to avoid interception by a player on the opposing team. Such games were played widely and served as both a form of exercise and a social event. There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball called expulsim ludere . There are records of handball-like games in medieval France , and among

1407-433: Is the number of players defending at the goal line and m the number of players defending more offensive. Exceptions are the 3:2:1 defense and n+m formation (e.g. 5+1), where m players defend some offensive player in man coverage (instead of the usual zone coverage). Attacks are played with all court players on the side of the defenders. Depending on the speed of the attack, one distinguishes between three attack waves with

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1474-577: The 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal . Due to its popularity in the region, the Eastern European countries that refined the event became the dominant force in the sport when it was reintroduced. The International Handball Federation organised the men's world championship in 1938 and every four (sometimes three) years from World War II to 1995. Since the 1995 world championship in Iceland,

1541-814: The Inuit in Greenland , in the Middle Ages . By the 19th century, there existed similar games of håndbold from Denmark , házená in the Czech Republic , handbol in Ukraine , and torball in Germany . The team handball game of today was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe : primarily in Denmark , Germany , Norway , and Sweden . The first written set of team handball rules

1608-818: The Río de la Plata . Estudiantes played four matches in Brazil, winning all of them. The squad scored 24 goals and conceded 3. Back in Buenos Aires, the players were received and acclaimed by a crowd and were also invited to numerous receptions due to their great performance. In 1928 Estudiantes merged with Sportivo Devoto, which allowed the club to incorporate some players from that club who would become notable playing for Estudiantes. Some of them were wing Nardini, forward Luis Sánchez and midfielders Horacio Méndez and Antonio Martínez. Those players, along with Estudiantes' former players such as Muschetti, Closas and Camilo Méndez formed

1675-516: The 6-metre (20 ft) and 9-metre (30 ft) lines to form a wall; the 5–1, when one of the players cruises outside the 9-metre (30 ft) perimeter, usually targeting the center forwards while the other 5 line up on the 6-metre (20 ft) line; and the less common 4–2 when there are two such defenders out front. Very fast teams will also try a 3–3 formation which is close to a switching man-to-man style. The formations vary greatly from country to country, and reflect each country's style of play. 6–0

1742-515: The amateur years Estudiantes won its first title, the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club in 1910, defeating Gimnasia y Esgrima de Buenos Aires by 3–1 at the final. The team also reached three Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires finals in 1906, 1909 and 1913 but could not won the trophy. The recognition earned during those years encouraged the managers to put the team on tours over other provinces of Argentina. These tours would also help to spread

1809-399: The attacking team does not make sufficient progress (eventually releasing a shot on goal), the referees can call passive play (since 1995, the referee gives an advance warning by holding one hand high, signalling that the attacking team should release a shot soon), turning control over to the other team. A shot on goal or an infringement leading to a yellow card or two-minute penalty will mark

1876-480: The ball. Similarly, violation of the zone by a defending player is penalized only if they do so in order to gain an advantage in defending. Outside of one long edge of the court to both sides of the middle line are the substitution areas for each team. Team officials, substitutes, and suspended players must wait within this area. A team's area is the same side as the goal the team is defending; during halftime, substitution areas are swapped. Any player entering or leaving

1943-407: The ball. Within the zone, they are allowed to touch the ball with all parts of their bodies, including their feet, with a defensive aim (for other actions, they are subject to the same restrictions as the court players). The goalkeepers may participate in the normal play of their teammates. A regular court player may substitute for the goalkeeper if a team elects to use this scheme in order to outnumber

2010-409: The beams visible from the playing court must be painted alternatingly in two contrasting colors which both have to contrast against the background. The colors on both goals must be the same. Each goal must feature a net. This must be fastened in such a way that a ball thrown into the goal does not leave or pass the goal under normal circumstances. If necessary, a second net may be clasped to the back of

2077-404: The buzzer to stop the clock. Before 2012, teams were allowed only one timeout per half. For the purpose of calling timeouts, overtime and shootouts are extensions of the second half. A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a decision

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2144-461: The called "big ones"), which soon lost interest so fans choose the professional championship, where their teams had moved to. Moreover, most of Estudiantes' notable players were seduced by good offers from other clubs and soon left the team. Some of the footballers that left Estudiantes were Nardini and Martínez (transferred to Boca), "Huesito" Sánchez (to Platense ), Closas (to San Lorenzo de Almagro ) and Camilo Méndez (acquired by River Plate). Once

2211-491: The clock, respectively. They also keep an eye on the benches and notify the referees on substitution errors. Their desk is located between the two substitution areas. Each team consists of seven players on court and seven substitute players on the bench. One player on the court must be the designated goalkeeper, differing in his clothing from the rest of the court players. Substitution of players can be done in any number and at any time during game play. An exchange takes place over

2278-487: The competition has been held every two years. The women's world championship has been held since 1957. The IHF also organizes women's and men's junior world championships. By July 2009, the IHF listed 166 member federations – approximately 795,000 teams and 19 million players. The rules are laid out in the IHF's set of rules, most recently published in 2015. Two teams of seven players (six court players plus one goalkeeper) take

2345-431: The court and attempt to score points by putting the game ball into the opposing team's goal. In handling the ball, players are subject to the following restrictions: Notable scoring opportunities can occur when attacking players jump into the goal area. For example, an attacking player may catch a pass while launching toward the inside of the goal area, and then shoot or pass before touching the floor. Doubling occurs when

2412-422: The court is part of the area it encompasses; the centre line belongs to both halves at the same time. The goals are two metres high and three metres wide. They must be securely bolted either to the floor or the wall behind. The goal posts and the crossbar must be made out of the same material (e.g., wood or aluminium ) and feature a quadratic cross section with sides of 8 cm (3 in). The three sides of

2479-411: The defending players. Prior to 2015, this court player became the designated goalkeeper on the court and had to wear some vest or bib the same color as the goalkeeper's shirt to be identified as such. A rule change meant to make the game more offensive now allows any player to substitute for the goalkeeper without becoming a designated goalkeeper. The new rule resembles the one used in ice hockey. This rule

2546-515: The following seasons Estudiantes did not make great campaigns. This was until 1977, when Estudiantes won the championship returning to Primera División, where the club had not played since the 1930s. Estudiantes played a total of 36 matches winning 17 with 14 draws and 5 defeats. The line-up for the last match vs. Villa Dálmine was: Balbiano; Manuel Pérez, Bravo, Paz, Gerez; Ciccarello, Alberto Pafundi, Carlos Guillermo; Toloza (then Baldovino), Ugarte, Juan Guillermo. Other players that also contributed to

2613-540: The fusion the between Professional League and Amateur League was done, Estudiantes started its run at the second division. In 1940 the club was sent down to the third division (now Primera C Metropolitana ) after finishing in the penultimate position of the tournament. Two years after, the club obtained the championship coming back to Primera B , after defeating Liniers in the finals. The usual line-up was: Mares; Garza, Monza; Menéndez, Conti, Civera; Acosta, Borjas, Gastaldo, Jara, Purgia. Some highlights for Estudiantes were

2680-410: The goalkeeper is treated as an ordinary court player, and has to follow court players' rules; holding or tackling an opponent player outside the area risks a direct disqualification. The goalkeeper may not return to the area with the ball. Passing to one's own goalkeeper results in a turnover. Each team is allowed to have a maximum of four team officials seated on the benches. An official is anybody who

2747-493: The great campaign of 1947, with Juan Calicchio being the top scorer with 36 goals in 40 matches played. Banfield's notable forward Gustavo Albella was the second top-scorer with 35 goals. In 1959 Estudiantes was relegated to the fourth division ( Primera D ) after finishing in the last place. In May, 1963 the club inaugurated its stadium in Caseros , Greater Buenos Aires , in a match against Sacachispas . That same year Estudiantes

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2814-437: The knee. As in several other team sports, a distinction is made between catching and dribbling . A player who is in possession of the ball may stand stationary for only three seconds, and may take only three steps. They must then either shoot, pass, or dribble the ball. Taking more than three steps at any time is considered travelling, and results in a turnover. A player may dribble as many times as they want (though, since passing

2881-649: The name was taken from the High School they attended: Colegion Nacional Sur . The young native players soon learned from the English men, who taught them the basics of playing football. By 1899 the name had been changed to Estudiantes , which was easier to pronounce by team's followers from the standgrounds. In 1904 Estudiantes promoted to Primera División . By then, the club had built a stadium, placed in Palermo, Buenos Aires where it played its home games. During

2948-431: The net on the inside. The goals are surrounded by the crease, also called the zone. This area is delineated by two quarter circles with a radius of six metres around the far corners of each goal post and a connecting line parallel to the goal line. Only the defending goalkeeper is allowed inside this zone. However, court players may catch and touch the ball in the air within it as long as the player starts their jump outside

3015-612: The official guidelines. If a decision must be reached in a particular match (e.g., in a tournament) and it ends in a draw after regular time, there are at maximum two overtimes, each consisting of two straight 5-minute periods with a one-minute break in between. If these does not decide the game either, then the winning team is determined in a penalty shootout (best-of-five rounds; if still tied, extra rounds are added until one team wins). The referees may call timeout according to their sole discretion; typical reasons are injuries, suspensions, or court cleaning. Penalty throws should trigger

3082-436: The officials' decisions, will normally risk a yellow card. If the suspended player protests further, does not walk straight off the court to the bench, or if the referee deems the tempo deliberately slow, that player risks a double yellow card. Illegal substitution (outside of the dedicated area, or if the replacement player enters too early) is prohibited; if they do, they risk a yellow card. Players are typically referred to by

3149-533: The play must cross the substitution line which is part of the side line and extends 4.5 metres (15 ft) from the middle line to the team's side. A standard match has two 30-minute halves with a 10- or 15-minute (major Championships/Olympics) halftime intermission. At half-time, teams switch sides of the court as well as benches. For youths, the length of the halves is reduced—25 minutes at ages 12 to 15, and 20 minutes at ages 8 to 11; though national federations of some countries may differ in their implementation from

3216-404: The play with a throw from within the zone ("goalkeeper throw"). In a penalty shot or directly taken free throw, throwing the ball against the head of a goalkeeper who is not moving will lead to a direct disqualification ("red card"). Hitting a non-moving goalkeeper's head out of regular play will lead to a two-minute suspension as long as the player threw without obstruction. Outside of own D-zone,

3283-425: The player is not the one punished, and can be substituted in again, as the penalty consists of the team playing with one fewer player than the opposing team. After referees award the ball to the opponents for whatever reason, the player currently in possession of the ball has to lay it down quickly, or risk a two-minute suspension. Also, gesticulating or verbally questioning the referee's order, as well as arguing with

3350-599: The playing of football in the rest of Argentina, increasing the popularity of this sport amongst its population. The first tour was in 1907 where Estudiantes played some matches against local teams. One of them was on May 5, 1907, when Estudiantes defeated Newell's Old Boys by 3–2. That was the first team the Rosarino team faced a squad from Buenos Aires. Nevertheless, the most important tour took part in Brazil in 1910. Never before an Argentine football team had played outside

3417-462: The positions they are playing. The positions are always denoted from the view of the respective goalkeeper, so that a defender on the right opposes an attacker on the left. However, not all of the following positions may be occupied depending on the formation or potential suspensions. Sometimes, the offense uses formations with two pivot players. There are many variations in defensive formations. Usually, they are described as n:m formations, where n

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3484-408: The referee can forego the warning for an immediate two-minute suspension. Players are warned once before given a yellow card; they risk being red-carded if they receive three two-minute suspensions. A red card results in an ejection from the game and a two-minute penalty for the team. A player may receive a red card directly for particularly rough penalties. For instance, any contact from behind during

3551-590: The rules were modified by Karl Schelenz . The first international games were played under these rules, between Germany and Austria by men in 1925 and between Germany and Austria by women in 1930. In 1926, the Congress of World Athletics (then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation) nominated a committee to draw up international rules for field handball. The International Amateur Handball Federation

3618-399: The season, Estudiantes went down again and didn't come back to Primera yet. Back in the Primera B, Estudiantes (still being coached by Trigilli) built two new standgrounds to increase the stadium capacity. Trigilli left in 1982, which the team developed a poor performance, almost being relegated to Primera C. Trigilli came back in 1983 and Estudiantes qualified to the "octagonal" searching for

3685-409: The side, from behind a player or impeding the opponent's counterattack are all considered illegal and are subject to penalty. Any infraction that prevents a clear scoring opportunity will result in a seven-metre penalty shot. Typically the referee will give a warning yellow card for an illegal action; but, if the contact was particularly dangerous, like striking the opponent in the head, neck or throat,

3752-405: The start of a new attack, causing the hand to be taken down; but a shot blocked by the defense or a normal free throw will not. This rule prevents an attacking team from stalling the game indefinitely, as it is difficult to intercept a pass without at the same time conceding dangerous openings towards the goal. The usual formations of the defense are 6–0, when all the defense players line up between

3819-523: The substitution line. A prior notification of the referees is not necessary. Some national bodies, such as the Deutsche Handball Bund (DHB, "German Handball Federation"), allow substitution in junior teams only when in ball possession or during timeouts. This restriction is intended to prevent early specialization of players to offence or defence. Court players are allowed to touch the ball with any part of their bodies above and including

3886-453: The thrower to obtain a certain position, and pose restrictions on the positions of all other players. Sometimes the execution must wait for a whistle blow by the referee. Penalties are given to players, in progressive format, for fouls that require more punishment than just a free-throw. Actions directed mainly at the opponent and not the ball (such as reaching around, holding, pushing, tripping, and jumping into opponent) as well as contact from

3953-405: The victory were Filipetti, Martinuccio, Carrizo, Cortés, Méndez and Barranco. Ricardo Trigilli was designed as the coach. During the 1978 season in Primera, one of the most important matches Estudiantes played was against Boca Juniors. The game ended up in a 1–1 tie, which allowed Quilmes a great chance to obtain the championship (which the "Cervecero" finally took advantage of). But at the end of

4020-421: The zone and releases the ball before they land (landing inside the perimeter is allowed in this case as long as the ball has been released). If a player without the ball contacts the ground inside the goal perimeter, or the line surrounding the perimeter, they must take the most direct path out of it. However, should a player cross the zone in an attempt to gain an advantage (e.g., better position) their team cedes

4087-811: Was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics . The International Handball Federation was formed in 1946 and, as of 2016 , has 197 member federations. The sport is most popular in Europe, and European countries have won all medals but one in the men's world championships since 1938. In the women's world championships , only two non-European countries have won the title: South Korea and Brazil. The game also enjoys popularity in East Asia , North Africa and parts of South America . Games similar to handball were played in Ancient Greece and are represented on amphorae and stone carvings. Although detailed textual reference

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4154-610: Was first used in the women's world championship in December 2015 and has since been used by the men's European championship in January 2016 and by both genders in the Olympic tournament in 2016. This rule change has led to a drastic increase of empty net goals . If either goalkeeper deflects the ball over the outer goal line, their team stays in possession of the ball, in contrast to other sports like football . The goalkeeper resumes

4221-664: Was formed in 1928 and later the International Handball Federation was formed in 1946. Men's field handball was played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. During the next several decades, indoor handball flourished and evolved in the Scandinavian countries. The sport re-emerged onto the world stage as men's team handball for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . Women's team handball was added at

4288-872: Was founded in Buenos Aires , in the corner of Blandengues Avenue (today Avenida del Libertador) and Oro street. In 1920 it moved to Figueroa Alcorta and Dorrego Avenues and then in 1931 moved again to Villa Devoto , where it was established in Desaguadero and José P. Varela streets. The main facility still remains on that place. In 1963 Estudiantes opened its own stadium in Caseros, Buenos Aires . [REDACTED] Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Team handball Handball (also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball )

4355-582: Was played in 1917 in Germany. Karl Schelenz modified the rules in 1919. The first international games were played (under these rules) with men in 1925 (between Germany and Belgium) and with women in 1930 (between Germany and Austria). Men's handball was first played at the Olympics in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin outdoors, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich indoors; handball has been an Olympic sport since then. Women's handball

4422-487: Was published in 1906 by the Danish gym teacher, lieutenant and Olympic medalist Holger Nielsen from Ordrup grammar school, north of Copenhagen . The modern set of rules was published by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz , and Erich Konigh in 1917 on 29 October in Berlin , Germany; this day is therefore seen as the "date of birth" of the sport. The first official handball match was played on 2 December 1917 in Berlin. In 1919

4489-644: Was relegated to Primera C after a restructuring on the Argentine league system. This lasted to 1966 when Estudiantes won another title, promoting to Primera B again. In 1974 Estudiantes made a great season reaching the championship final. The decisive match was against Unión de Santa Fe and Estudiantes lost 1–0 and could not promote to Primera División. The line-up was: Landaburu; Cillis, Gomissi, Olivera, Batain; Toublanc, Juan Carlos Bravo, Osvaldo Pérez; Roberto Osvaldo Díaz, Toloza (then Cassano), Nogneira (then Anilo). That final loss affected players' performances and

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