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23-589: Mustafa Khattab is a Canadian–Egyptian Muslim scholar, author, youth mentor, public speaker, imam , and university chaplain. He holds a professional ijâzah in the Ḥafṣ style of recitation . He is known for his translation of the Quran in "The Clear Quran" series. He is a Canadian-Egyptian authority on interpreting the Quran. He was a member of the first team that translated the Ramadan night prayers (Tarawîḥ) live from

46-421: A city , an international airport , a hospital , and a university . Faq%C4%ABh A faqīh ( pl. : fuqahāʾ , Arabic : فقيه ; pl. : ‏ فقهاء ‎) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh , or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law . Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh is the human understanding of Sharia , which is believed by Muslims to represent divine law as revealed in

69-623: A broader audience. Imam For most Shia Muslims , the Imams are absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the Prophet. Shias consider the term to be only applicable to the members and descendants of the Ahl al-Bayt , the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . In Twelver Shīʿīsm there are 14 infallibles , 12 of which are Imams, the final being Imam Mahdi who will return at

92-484: A claimant to that title." Below the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq is the Mujtahid Muqayyad or Restricted Jurist-Scholar. A Mujtahid Muqayyad must pass rulings according to the confines of his particular madhhab (school of jurisprudence), or particular area of specialization. This is according to the view that ijtihad or the ability of legal deduction can be achieved in specified areas, and does not require

115-493: A line of such imams, a theocratic form of government which survived until the second half of the 20th century (See details under Zaidiyyah , History of Yemen , Imams of Yemen ). Saudi leaders were also referred to as "Imams", until that term was retired by Ibn Saud to be replaced by "king". Ruhollah Khomeini is officially referred to as Imam in Iran . Several Iranian places and institutions are named "Imam Khomeini", including

138-493: Is sometimes referred to as a Mujtahid Mutlaq or Unrestricted Jurist-Scholar, while one who has not reached that level generally will have mastered the methodology ( usul ) used by one or more of the prominent madhhab and will be able to apply this methodology to arrive at the traditional legal rulings of his/her respective madhhab. According to the Sunni Muslim website Living Islam, "There is no mujtahid mutlaq today nor even

161-464: The Muhaddithūn or scholars who created the analytical sciences related to Hadith and sometimes refer to the heads of Muhammad 's family in their generational times due to their scholarly authority. Imams are appointed by the state to work at mosques and they are required to be graduates of an İmam Hatip high school or have a university degree in theology. This is an official position regulated by

184-678: The Presidency of Religious Affairs in Turkey and only males are appointed to this position, whilst female officials under the same state organisation work as preachers and Qur'an course tutors, religious services experts, etc. These officials are supposed to belong to the Hanafi school of the Sunni sect. A central figure in an Islamic movement is also called an imam, like Imam Nawawi in Syria. In

207-484: The Quran and Sunnah and his moral character. Another well-known use of the term is as an honorary title for a recognized religious scholarly authority in Islam. It is especially used for a jurist ( faqīh ) and often for the founders of the four Sunni madhhab s or schools of jurisprudence ( fiqh ) , as well as an authority on Quranic exegesis ( tafsīr ) , such as Al-Tabari or Ibn Kathir . It may also refer to

230-684: The Quran and sunnah (the practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ). Sharia is expanded and developed by interpretation ( ijtihad ) of the Quran and sunnah by Islamic jurists ( ulama ) and implemented by the rulings ( fatwas ) of jurists on questions presented to them. Fiqh deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam. In the modern era there are four prominent schools ( madhhab ) of fiqh within Sunni practice and two (or three) within Shia practice. The historian Ibn Khaldun describes fiqh as "knowledge of

253-719: The Yaruba dynasty : 1624–1742, the Al Said : 1744–present for further information. The Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727–1896) was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami . In the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya , founded

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276-621: The Encyclopedia of Muslim American History (2010). The Clear Quran Series: A Thematic English Translation is a Canadian English interpretation of the Quran , published internationally by the Al-Furqaan Foundation. In 2020 it became the default translation available on quran.com. Khattab has stated that a mistranslation of the Arabic word dābbah was an early motivation to begin the project. Whereas Khattab understood

299-763: The Sacred Mosque in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina (2002-2005). Khattab memorized the entire Quran at a young age, and later obtained a professional ijâzah in the Ḥafṣ style of recitation with a chain of narrators going all the way to Muḥammad. He received his PhD, M.A., and B.A. in Islamic Studies in English with Honors from Al-Azhar University's Faculty of Languages & Translation. He lectured on Islam at Clemson University (OLLI Program, 2009–2010), held

322-515: The Shi'a context, an imam is not only presented as the man of God par excellence , but as participating fully in the names, attributes, and acts that theology usually reserves for God alone. Imams have a meaning more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. Twelver and Ismaili Shi'a believe that these imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. They also believe that all

345-579: The end of times. The title was also used by the Zaidi Shia Imams of Yemen , who eventually founded the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970). Sunni Islam does not conceive of the role of imams in the same sense as Shia Islam : an important distinction often overlooked by non-Muslims. In everyday terms, an imam for Sunni Muslims is the person charged with leading formal Islamic prayers ( Fard )—even in locations besides

368-533: The imams chosen are free from committing any sin, impeccability which is called ismah . These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God. Here follows a list of the Twelvers Shia imams: (splitting open knowledge) (the Trustworthy) Fatimah , also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed (615–632), is also considered infallible but not an Imam. The Shi'a believe that

391-660: The last Imam, the 12th Imam Mahdi will one day emerge on the Day of Resurrection ( Qiyamah ). At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority. This was the case in Oman among the Kharijite or Ibadi sects. At times, the imams were elected. At other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. See List of rulers of Oman , the Rustamid dynasty : 776–909, Nabhani dynasty : 1154–1624,

414-553: The mosque—whenever prayer is performed in a group of two or more. The imam leads the worship and the congregation copies his actions. Friday sermons are most often given by an appointed imam. All mosques have an imam to lead the congregational prayers—even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed, salaried person. Women cannot be imams when men are present but are allowed to be when no men are present. An imam should be chosen, according to Hadith , based on his knowledge of

437-751: The position of Lecturer at Al-Azhar University for over a decade starting in 2003, and served as the Muslim Chaplain at Brock University (2014-2016). He is a member of the Canadian Council of Imams and a Fulbright Interfaith Scholar. He has served as an Imam in the US and Canada since 2007 and is the translator of The Clear Quran Series (2015), the author of The Clear Quran Series for Kids (2020), Shukran (an illustrated story for children, 2020), The Clear Quran Series Dictionary (2021), The Nation of Islam (2011) and Outfoxing Fox News (2017), and contributor to

460-500: The rules of God which concern the actions of persons who own themselves bound to obey the law respecting what is required ( wajib ), sinful ( haram ), recommended ( mandub ), disapproved ( makruh ) or neutral ( mubah )". This definition is consistent amongst the jurists. Methods of derivation are laid out in the books of usul al-fiqh (principles of fiqh), and the types of evidence which are deemed valid for deriving rulings from are many in number. Four of them are agreed upon by

483-583: The same weight as the Quran and sunnah , this is not accepted by Sunni jurists. A faqih is one who has fulfilled the conditions for ijtihad either in their entirety or piecemeal. In the Sunni view it is generally held that there are no or very few jurists that have reached the level of Mujtahid Mutlaq (see below) in our day and age. In the Twelver Shia view, each of the Marja' have reached this level. The faqih who fulfills all conditions of ijtihad

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506-560: The term to mean a living being, translations often rendered the word as animal . Khattab's translation has been officially approved by Al-Azhar and was endorsed by the Canadian Council of Imams and many other Muslim organizations and scholars worldwide. Khattab eschews Early Modern English , which many Western readers are familiar with from the King James Version of the Bible, and instead uses modern Canadian English to appeal to

529-523: The vast majority of jurists. They are: These four types of evidence are seen as acceptable by the vast majority of jurists from both the schools of Sunni jurists (the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , and Hanbali and sometimes the Zahiriyah ), as well as Shia jurists. However, Zahiriyah or Literalists do not see qiyas as valid. While Twelver Shia see edicts of the Twelve Imams as holding

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