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74-416: Typically, people in a clique will not have a completely open friend group and can, therefore, "ban" members if they do something considered unacceptable, such as talking to someone disliked. Some cliques tend to isolate themselves as a group and view themselves as superior to others, which can be demonstrated through bullying and other antisocial behaviors. Within the concepts of sociology , cliques are

148-505: A 3D model of a human for example, the chest is a parent of the upper left arm, which is a parent of the lower left arm, which is a parent of the hand . This pattern is used in modeling and animation for almost everything built as a 3D digital model. Many grammatical theories, such as phrase-structure grammar , involve hierarchy. Direct–inverse languages such as Cree and Mapudungun distinguish subject and object on verbs not by different subject and object markers, but via

222-414: A crowd because the smaller size and specific boundaries of a group is what causes the group formation to be considered a clique. A clique can develop in several different ways and within environments that consist of individuals who interact regularly. The structural cohesion of the clique is the constant face-to-face interaction between members that can either create or dissolve the group, depending upon

296-514: A family tree ) and inheritance ( succession and heirship ). All the requisites of a well-rounded life and lifestyle can be organized using Maslow's hierarchy of human needs - according to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. Learning steps often follow a hierarchical scheme—to master differential equations one must first learn calculus ; to learn calculus one must first learn elementary algebra ; and so on. Nature offers hierarchical structures, as numerous schemes such as Linnaean taxonomy ,

370-475: A reverse hierarchy , the conceptual pyramid of authority is turned upside-down, so that the apex is at the bottom and the base is at the top. This mode represents the idea that members of the higher rankings are responsible for the members of the lower rankings. Empirically, when we observe in nature a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems, they exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in

444-450: A clique is a way to find or gain a better chance at success. For example, many join a sorority or fraternity to gain an advantage at getting a job because they may be hired by someone affiliated. Cliques go hand in hand in the way people network and are especially prevalent for those looking for jobs. Every clique has some form of organization that makes up the network of social interaction. Informal clique networks are groups that do not have

518-446: A containment hierarchy is demonstrated in class inheritance in object-oriented programming . Two types of containment hierarchies are the subsumptive containment hierarchy and the compositional containment hierarchy. A subsumptive hierarchy " subsumes " its children, and a compositional hierarchy is " composed " of its children. A hierarchy can also be both subsumptive and compositional . A subsumptive containment hierarchy

592-460: A directed graph) a node has. Hierarchies can be categorized based on the "maximum degree", the highest degree present in the system as a whole. Categorization in this way yields two broad classes: linear and branching . In a linear hierarchy , the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a line-up, and each object (excluding the top and bottom ones) has exactly one direct subordinate and one direct superior. This

666-532: A family member whom the church had placed in "avoidance." Prior to the Code of Canon Law of 1983 , in rare cases (known as excommunication vitandi ) the Catholic Church expected adherents to shun an excommunicated member in secular matters. In 1983, the distinction between vitandi and others ( tolerandi ) was abolished, and thus the expectation is not made anymore. Jehovah's Witnesses practice

740-402: A file on a computer desktop, one may first direct them towards the main folder, then the subfolders within the main folder. They will keep opening files within the folders until the designated file is located. For more complicated hierarchies, the stair structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. Visually imagine the top of a downward staircase beginning at

814-545: A form of shunning, which was for many years referred to as "disfellowshipping". A tribunal of elders determines whether an individual has committed a serious sin and is unrepentant. Elders may meet with the individual a number of times to encourage repentance before deciding to remove the person from the congregation. For many years, members were instructed to not even greet shunned individuals. As of March 2024, members are permitted to invite shunned individuals to congregation meetings or offer brief greetings at meetings, unless

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888-498: A form of social pressure intended to compel the husband to allow his wife to leave the marriage. This pressure can take the form of refusing to allow the husband to perform certain religious rituals in the synagogue, refusing his business in commerce, legal solutions such as restraining orders, and public shaming. Members of the Baháʼí Faith are expected to shun those that have been declared Covenant-breakers , and expelled from

962-517: A formation of two or more individuals who share bonding characteristics that allow for them to identify with one another to form a social network . Those within the group communicate and associate with one another more than those outside of the group. The formation of cliques can be identified within different social environments throughout the course of their lives. One person may be part of multiple cliques, each forming and functioning independently from one another. Cliques are relevant in society due to

1036-428: A generalized nested hierarchy allows for multiple objects within levels but with each object having only one parent at each level. The general concept is both demonstrated and mathematically formulated in the following example: A square can always also be referred to as a quadrilateral, polygon or shape. In this way, it is a hierarchy. However, consider the set of polygons using this classification. A square can only be

1110-511: A hierarchy of persons. In this system, the three (or four with Algonquian languages ) persons occur in a hierarchy of salience . To distinguish which is subject and which object, inverse markers are used if the object outranks the subject. On the other hand, languages include a variety of phenomena that are not hierarchical. For example, the relationship between a pronoun and a prior noun-phrase to which it refers commonly crosses grammatical boundaries in non-hierarchical ways. The structure of

1184-470: A high degree of social commitment to a specific group. A stronger level of commitment results in an individual having a reduced amount of interaction with other social groups. Cliquish behavior often involves repetition concerning activities, vernacular, preferences, and manner, resulting in conflict with other cliques, creating "outsiders." Individuals can also experience social isolation within their own clique if their values and/or behavior begin to differ from

1258-406: A higher-level entity can have on x' s properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous . Kulish (2002) suggests that almost every system of organization which humans apply to the world is arranged hierarchically. Some conventional definitions of the terms "nation" and "government" suggest that every nation has a government and that every government

1332-483: A legitimate organizational structure in which they can be established and dissolved in a shorter time period. An informal clique may consist of a person's friend group or co-workers while also identifying other more informal groups, such as criminal gangs. On the other hand, a formal clique is a group with a socially accepted organization that is hierarchical in structure. A formal clique is composed of members who have identifiable roles and interactions with one another and

1406-529: A musical composition is often understood hierarchically (for example by Heinrich Schenker (1768–1835, see Schenkerian analysis ), and in the (1985) Generative Theory of Tonal Music , by composer Fred Lerdahl and linguist Ray Jackendoff ). The sum of all notes in a piece is understood to be an all-inclusive surface, which can be reduced to successively more sparse and more fundamental types of motion. The levels of structure that operate in Schenker's theory are

1480-575: A person from the Jewish community. It is still used in the Ultra-Orthodox and Hasidic community. In the 21st century, sexual abuse victims and their families who have reported abuse to civil authorities have experienced shunning in the Orthodox communities of New York and Australia. Orthodox Jewish men who refuse to grant their wives a divorce are sometimes subject to shunning or shaming, as

1554-524: A person or group deliberately avoids association with, and habitually keeps away from an individual or group. This can be a formal decision by a group, or a less formal group action which will spread to all members of the group as a form of solidarity. It is a sanction against association, often associated with religious groups and other tightly knit organizations and communities. Targets of shunning can include persons who have been labeled as apostates , whistleblowers , dissidents , strikebreakers , or anyone

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1628-410: A problem. The use of parentheses is also a representation of hierarchy, for they show which operation is to be done prior to the following ones. For example: (2 + 5) × (7 - 4). In this problem, typically one would multiply 5 by 7 first, based on the rules of mathematical hierarchy. But when the parentheses are placed, one will know to do the operations within the parentheses first before continuing on with

1702-439: A quadrilateral; it can never be a triangle , hexagon , etc. Nested hierarchies are the organizational schemes behind taxonomies and systematic classifications. For example, using the original Linnaean taxonomy (the version he laid out in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae ), a human can be formulated as: Taxonomies may change frequently (as seen in biological taxonomy ), but the underlying concept of nested hierarchies

1776-404: A required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation . Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into

1850-437: A role according to the setting or time frame. In today's society, race still is prevalent, and therefore, cliques solely based on race have been formed. Members of cliques often create their own distinct dress code and uniquely communicate with one another. As a result, this makes a clique unique and reassures each member that they belong to that specific group. As these cliques come together, it isn't hard to distinguish one from

1924-466: A world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would become, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology . The theoretical foundations are summarized by thermodynamics . When biological systems are modeled as physical systems , in the most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and

1998-555: Is a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status). Possibly the first use of the English word hierarchy cited by the Oxford English Dictionary

2072-441: Is a classification of object classes from the general to the specific. Other names for this type of hierarchy are "taxonomic hierarchy" and " IS-A hierarchy". The last term describes the relationship between each level—a lower-level object "is a" member of the higher class. The taxonomical structure outlined above is a subsumptive containment hierarchy. Using again the example of Linnaean taxonomy, it can be seen that an object that

2146-404: Is a direct extrapolation of the nested hierarchy concept. All of the ordered sets are still nested, but every set must be " strict "—no two sets can be identical. The shapes example above can be modified to demonstrate this: The notation x ⊊ y {\displaystyle x\subsetneq y\,} means x is a subset of y but is not equal to  y . A general example of

2220-485: Is a hierarchical ordering of nested sets . The concept of nesting is exemplified in Russian matryoshka dolls . Each doll is encompassed by another doll, all the way to the outer doll. The outer doll holds all of the inner dolls, the next outer doll holds all the remaining inner dolls, and so on. Matryoshkas represent a nested hierarchy where each level contains only one object, i.e., there is only one of each size of doll;

2294-508: Is a member of the level Mammalia "is a" member of the level Animalia ; more specifically, a human "is a" primate, a primate "is a" mammal, and so on. A subsumptive hierarchy can also be defined abstractly as a hierarchy of " concepts ". For example, with the Linnaean hierarchy outlined above, an entity name like Animalia is a way to group all the species that fit the conceptualization of an animal. A compositional containment hierarchy

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2368-405: Is always transitive . The second requirement asserts that a hierarchy must have a leader or root that is common to all of the objects. Mathematically, in its most general form, a hierarchy is a partially ordered set or poset . The system in this case is the entire poset, which is constituted of elements. Within this system, each element shares a particular unambiguous property. Objects with

2442-420: Is always the same. In many programming taxonomies and syntax models (as well as fractals in mathematics), nested hierarchies, including Russian dolls, are also used to illustrate the properties of self-similarity and recursion . Recursion itself is included as a subset of hierarchical programming, and recursive thinking can be synonymous with a form of hierarchical thinking and logic. A containment hierarchy

2516-507: Is an ordering of the parts that make up a system—the system is "composed" of these parts. Most engineered structures, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down in this manner. The compositional hierarchy that every person encounters at every moment is the hierarchy of life . Every person can be reduced to organ systems , which are composed of organs , which are composed of tissues , which are composed of cells , which are composed of molecules , which are composed of atoms . In fact,

2590-490: Is credited with first use of it as an abstract noun. Since hierarchical churches, such as the Roman Catholic (see Catholic Church hierarchy ) and Eastern Orthodox churches, had tables of organization that were "hierarchical" in the modern sense of the word (traditionally with God as the pinnacle or head of the hierarchy), the term came to refer to similar organizational methods in secular settings. A hierarchy

2664-468: Is found in numerous professional organizations, businesses, and even family structure. Culture is a very influential factor in the organization of clique structures because the boundaries established through differences in cultural aspects are persistent, even when the membership varies from time to time. For example, the differences in language, beliefs, traditions, etc. have always created a distinct separation or boundary between groups of people even though

2738-631: Is hierarchical. Sociologists can analyse socioeconomic systems in terms of stratification into a social hierarchy (the social stratification of societies), and all systematic classification schemes ( taxonomies ) are hierarchical. Most organized religions , regardless of their internal governance structures, operate as a hierarchy under deities and priesthoods . Many Christian denominations have an autocephalous ecclesiastical hierarchy of leadership . Families can be viewed as hierarchical structures in terms of cousinship (e.g., first cousin once removed, second cousin, etc.), ancestry (as depicted in

2812-598: Is infinitely hierarchical because there is no finite bound on the number of digits can be used after the decimal point. Organizations can be structured as a dominance hierarchy . In an organizational hierarchy, there is a single person or group with the most power or authority , and each subsequent level represents a lesser authority. Most organizations are structured in this manner, including governments , companies , armed forces , militia and organized religions . The units or persons within an organization may be depicted hierarchically in an organizational chart . In

2886-556: Is not voluntary. Hierarchy A hierarchy (from Greek : ἱεραρχία , hierarkhia , 'rule of a high priest', from hierarkhes , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as architecture , philosophy , design , mathematics , computer science , organizational theory , systems theory , systematic biology , and

2960-420: Is one such form. Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. These terms are easiest to understand when a hierarchy is diagrammed (see below ). In an organizational context, the following terms are often used related to hierarchies: In a mathematical context (in graph theory ), the general terminology used is different. Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, but

3034-522: Is only used as a last resort and only lasts until the antagonism ceases. Failure to disconnect from a suppressive person is itself labelled a suppressive act. In the United States, the Church has tried to argue in court that disconnection is a constitutionally protected religious practice. However, this argument was rejected because the pressure put on individual Scientologists to disconnect means it

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3108-450: Is people who are close in a location easily bond with each other. Also, people who meet through the family, workplace, or any activity that places people in contact with others often form personal relationships. In some cases, the impact of homophily can be seen when people in cliques get married. This involves meeting new people to form relationships and work together to gain better opportunities. Some people find that being associated with

3182-590: Is referring to the objects and not the levels ; every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. In a branching hierarchy , one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more (and therefore the minimum degree is 2 or higher). For many people, the word "hierarchy" automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes . The broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on

3256-438: Is seen as mandatory. Considering this, it shows the firmness of cliques and how people ultimately conform to these specific groups. Tina Abbott in her book "Social and Personality Development" describes how these members conform to their specific group. " Conformity to peer groups is a prerequisite to achieving independence and autonomy as an adult... As the young person struggles to become independent from their parents, they use

3330-412: Is the most common way cliques are formed. As people interact with each other doing the simple things they enjoy doing, they may find themselves drifting towards or becoming attracted to others who share the same passion. This usually causes one to gain confidence by being surrounded by people who share similar interests, and it may cause an individual to feel more socially accepted. Ethnicity usually plays

3404-420: Is typically depicted as a pyramid , where the height of a level represents that level's status and width of a level represents the quantity of items at that level relative to the whole. For example, the few Directors of a company could be at the apex , and the base could be thousands of people who have no subordinates. These pyramids are often diagrammed with a triangle diagram which serves to emphasize

3478-484: The "postal district" , consists of 18 objects (letters). The next level down is the "zone", where the objects are the digits 0–9. This is an example of an overlapping hierarchy , because each of these 10 objects has 18 parents. The hierarchy continues downward to generate, in theory, 7,200,000 unique codes of the format A0A 0A0 (the second and third letter positions allow 20 objects each). Most library classification systems are also hierarchical. The Dewey Decimal System

3552-477: The organization of life , and biomass pyramids attempt to document. While the above examples are often clearly depicted in a hierarchical form and are classic examples, hierarchies exist in numerous systems where this branching structure is not immediately apparent. For example, most postal-code systems are hierarchical. Using the Canadian postal code system as an example, the top level's binding concept,

3626-579: The set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy. Other hierarchical representations related to biology include ecological pyramids which illustrate energy flow or trophic levels in ecosystems , and taxonomic hierarchies, including the Linnean classification scheme and phylogenetic trees that reflect inferred patterns of evolutionary relationship among living and extinct species. CGI and computer-animation programs mostly use hierarchies for models. On

3700-705: The social influence or peer pressure that results from the interactions with individuals who share a common characteristic. The outcomes associated with clique formations may be endless, with varying degrees of influence. So, a formal clique, such as a professional organization, would have a different kind of influence as compared to a social clique consisting of close friends. In their article "Social Isolation In America", Paolo Parigi and Warner Henson II define social isolation as "the degree of apartness of an entity; [which] may have structural or subjective interpretations." Social isolation may occur when cliques set themselves apart from other groups. A clique can also involve

3774-473: The social sciences (especially political science ). A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates , although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in

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3848-766: The Church deems antagonistic to Scientology). The practice of shunning in Scientology is termed disconnection . Members can disconnect from any person they already know, including existing family members. Many examples of this policy's application have been established in court. It used to be customary to write a "disconnection letter" to the person being disconnected from, and to write a public disconnection notice, but these practices have not continued. The Church states that typically only people with "false data" about Scientology are antagonistic, so it encourages members to first attempt to provide "true data" to these people. According to official Church statements, disconnection

3922-515: The degree. A flat hierarchy (also known for companies as flat organization ) is a branching hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity, i.e., that has a wide span. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span. Therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms that can be further decomposed into subatomic particles. An overlapping hierarchy

3996-443: The group members are constantly changing. The formation and deformation of clique structures do not end with adolescence , even though the number of interactions with clique groups decreases, and the type of groups may change. As individuals become adults, their social interpretations alter, and their cliques originate from their immediate environment, rather than from common social characteristics. A clique should not be confused with

4070-417: The group perceives as a threat or source of conflict. Social rejection has been established to cause psychological damage and has been categorized as torture or a low-cost punishment for failed cooperation. Mental rejection is a more individual action, where a person subconsciously or willfully ignores an idea, or a set of information related to a particular viewpoint. Some groups are made up of people who shun

4144-453: The idea behind them is the same. For example, with data structures , objects are known as nodes , superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children . In a business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague . Degree of branching refers to the number of direct subordinates or children an object has (in graph theory, equivalent to the number of other vertices connected to via outgoing arcs, in

4218-465: The individual is deemed to be an apostate. Sociologist Andrew Holden's research indicates that many Witnesses who would otherwise defect because of disillusionment with the organization and its teachings retain affiliation out of fear of being shunned and losing contact with friends and family members. Cherem is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of

4292-527: The last two levels apply to all matter , at least at the macroscopic scale . Moreover, each of these levels inherit all the properties of their children . In this particular example, there are also emergent properties —functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain )—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not

4366-429: The left and descending on the right. Child elements are towards the bottom of the stairs and parent elements are at the top. This structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. In plain English, a hierarchy can be thought of as a set in which: The first requirement is also interpreted to mean that a hierarchy can have no circular relationships ; the association between two objects

4440-407: The level of interaction. If face-to-face interaction is regularly established, then cohesion between individuals will form. However, if the face-to-face interaction depreciates, then the cohesive social bond between said individuals will eventually dissolve. A clique may inhibit external social influence by impacting the emotions, opinions, or behaviors of group members. There are many ways in which

4514-401: The other. For example, Deadheads, the followers of the band The Grateful Dead, identify one another with various forms of tie-dyed clothing. Interactions among members of a clique can also lead to organized social events, such as parties, significant dates, or private meetings. Clique members have a strong commitment to their respective groups. In regards to this, being present at social events

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4588-489: The perception of information between members in a clique can influence other members on a greater level than if they had received the same information from a different source. For example, receiving information from a close friend or family member is interpreted and responded to differently from receiving the same information from someone who is not within the clique structure. The satisfaction, interaction, and closeness of an individual's clique groups develop and change throughout

4662-407: The problem. These rules are largely dominant in algebraic problems, ones that include several steps to solve. The use of hierarchy in mathematics is beneficial to quickly and efficiently solve a problem without having to go through the process of slowly dissecting the problem. Most of these rules are now known as the proper way into solving certain equations. A nested hierarchy or inclusion hierarchy

4736-583: The religion, by the head of their faith . Covenant-breakers are defined as leaders of schismatic groups that resulted from challenges to legitimacy of Baháʼí leadership , as well as those who follow or refuse to shun them. Unity is considered the highest value in the Baháʼí Faith, and any attempt at schism by a Baháʼí is considered a spiritual sickness, and a negation of that for which the religion stands. The Church of Scientology asks its members to quit all communication with suppressive persons (those whom

4810-463: The rest of the group. Different factors affect the way cliques are established and who is included within their membership. In some cases, people are subconsciously placed in a clique by association. For example, joining a basketball team usually causes others to perceive you as an "athlete" automatically. Many people may gravitate toward a clique subconsciously through how they are perceived or whom they may be associated with. Sharing similar interests

4884-477: The rules of visual hierarchy . Visual hierarchy is also important for proper organization of files on computers. An example of visually representing hierarchy is through nested clusters. Nested clusters represent hierarchical relationships using layers of information. The child element is within the parent element, such as in a Venn diagram . This structure is most effective in representing simple hierarchical relationships. For example, when directing someone to open

4958-501: The same direction, following a path . All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This is akin to two co-workers or colleagues ; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy

5032-602: The same ideas. Social rejection was and is a punishment in many customary legal systems . Such sanctions include the ostracism of ancient Athens and the still-used kasepekang in Balinese society. Certain sects of the Amish —an Anabaptist community—practice shunning or meidung . Historically, the Schwarzenau Brethren practiced a form of shunning that they called "avoidance," a refusal to eat with even

5106-469: The same property value are grouped together, and each of those resulting levels is referred to as a class . "Hierarchy" is particularly used to refer to a poset in which the classes are organized in terms of increasing complexity. Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are often performed in a certain sequence or order. Usually, addition and subtraction are performed after multiplication and division has already been applied to

5180-486: The security provided by the peer group and the self-confidence that comes with it, to take the final step towards independence". Homophily is how people tend to link up with others because they share similar characteristics. The existence of homophily is also very prevalent in today's society. This concept can be seen as a possible main cause of clique formation. On the subject of homophily, people come together and link up for many different reasons. The most typical reason

5254-470: The size differences between the levels (but not all triangle/pyramid diagrams are hierarchical; for example, the 1992 USDA food guide pyramid ). An example of a triangle diagram appears to the right. Another common representation of a hierarchical scheme is as a tree diagram . Phylogenetic trees , charts showing the structure of § Organizations , and playoff brackets in sports are often illustrated this way. More recently, as computers have allowed

5328-399: The storage and navigation of ever larger data sets, various methods have been developed to represent hierarchies in a manner that makes more efficient use of the available space on a computer's screen. Examples include fractal maps, TreeMaps and Radial Trees . In the design field, mainly graphic design, successful layouts and formatting of the content on documents are heavily dependent on

5402-477: The years. Yet, there is always a constant morphing of both the individual and the group as time goes on. Shunning Shunning can be the act of social rejection , or emotional distance. In a religious context, shunning is a formal decision by a denomination or a congregation to cease interaction with an individual or a group, and follows a particular set of rules. It differs from, but may be associated with, excommunication . Social rejection occurs when

5476-606: Was in 1881, when it was used in reference to the three orders of three angels as depicted by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th–6th centuries). Pseudo-Dionysius used the related Greek word (ἱεραρχία, hierarchia ) both in reference to the celestial hierarchy and the ecclesiastical hierarchy . The Greek term hierarchia means 'rule of a high priest', from hierarches (ἱεράρχης, 'president of sacred rites, high-priest') and that from hiereus (ἱερεύς, 'priest') and arche (ἀρχή, 'first place or power, rule'). Dionysius

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