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32-464: Close Encounters may refer to: Close encounter , an event in which a person witnesses an unidentified flying object Close Encounter (album) , an album by Franco Ambrosetti, 1978 Close Encounters (Teddy Edwards and Houston Person album) , 1999 Close Encounters (Gene Page album) , 1978 "Close Encounters", an episode of Naked Science See also [ edit ] Close Encounters of

64-617: A close confederate of Puharich; their association would span Vallée's business and paranormal networks until Einhorn was charged with murdering his ex-girlfriend in 1979. More recently, he has been associated with Robert Bigelow as a consultant to the National Institute for Discovery Science and a member of the scientific advisory board of Bigelow Aerospace . In 1979, Robert Emenegger and Alan Sandler updated their 1974 UFOs: Past, Present, and Future documentary with new 1979 footage narrated by Jacques Vallée. The updated version

96-512: A close encounter of the fifth kind instead refer to human-initiated contact with extraterrestrial life forms or advanced interstellar civilizations, claiming direct communication between aliens and humans. This alternate interpretation of what a close encounter of the fifth kind (ce5) should represent has been contributed to Steven M. Greer . While technically not an extension of the Vallee scale that measures result-oriented data, this replacement of

128-412: A precursor to the modern Internet , as a staff engineer of SRI International 's Augmentation Research Center (ARC) under Douglas Engelbart . Vallée is also an important figure in the study of unidentified flying objects (UFOs), and unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs). Vallée was first noted for his defense of the scientific legitimacy of the extraterrestrial hypothesis and later for promoting

160-565: A systems analyst at nearby Northwestern University while continuing to pursue non-institutional ufological research with his mentor, J. Allen Hynek , the chair of the University's astronomy department. Professionally, he began to conduct early artificial intelligence research and received a PhD in industrial engineering and computer science from the institution in 1967. Thereafter, he briefly worked for Royal Dutch Shell (in Paris ) and

192-635: A temporary security clearance for him in 1974), Vallée was intermittently consulted on classified remote viewing research (including the Stargate Project ) throughout the 1970s and 1980s. During the early SRI experiments (led by Puthoff and Russell Targ in conjunction with Green as CIA contract monitor), he became acquainted with Uri Geller , Edgar Mitchell , Charles Musès , Andrija Puharich , Jack Sarfatti , Arthur M. Young , Edwin C. May , Pat Price and Ingo Swann . In 1973, Doubleday editor Bill Whitehead introduced Vallée to Ira Einhorn ,

224-531: A transformation of their sense of reality", to also include non-abduction cases where absurd, hallucinatory or dreamlike events are associated with UFO encounters. The film The Fourth Kind (2009) makes reference to this category. As stated in Vallee's Confrontations (1990), a close encounter of the fifth kind is where an alien abductee receives some manner of physical effect from their close encounter, typically either injury or healing. Several years after Vallee's classification updates, some preferred that

256-482: A visitation by some advanced race of space travellers (the extraterrestrial hypothesis or "ETH"). It is the view of the author that research on UFOs need not be restricted to these two alternatives. On the contrary, the accumulated data base exhibits several patterns tending to indicate that UFOs are real, represent a previously unrecognized phenomenon, and that the facts do not support the common concept of "space visitors". Five specific arguments articulated here contradict

288-597: Is an Internet pioneer , computer scientist , venture capitalist , author, ufologist and astronomer currently residing in San Francisco , California and Paris , France . His scientific career began as a professional astronomer at the Paris Observatory. Vallée co-developed the first computerized map of Mars for NASA in 1963. He later worked on the network information center for the ARPANET ,

320-561: Is entitled UFOs: It Has Begun . Vallée served as the real-life model for Lacombe, the researcher portrayed by François Truffaut in Steven Spielberg 's Close Encounters of the Third Kind . He also attempted to interest Spielberg in an alternative explanation for the phenomenon. In an interview on Conspire.com, Vallée said, "I argued with him that the subject was even more interesting if it wasn't extraterrestrials. If it

352-557: The French Space Committee , Vallée claims to have witnessed the destruction of the tracking tapes of an unknown object orbiting the Earth. The particular object was a retrograde satellite – that is, a satellite orbiting the Earth in the opposite direction to the Earth's rotation. At the time he observed this, there were no rockets powerful enough to launch such a satellite, so the team was quite excited as they assumed that

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384-671: The RCA Service Company (in Cherry Hill, New Jersey ) as an engineer before joining the Stanford University Computer Center as manager of information systems in 1969. In 1970, Vallée became a consultant to Stanford applied physicist Peter A. Sturrock 's Institute for Plasma Research. Upon learning that Vallée had written several books about UFOs, Sturrock felt a professional obligation to peruse Vallée's work, prompting his own research in

416-736: The interdimensional hypothesis . Vallée was born in Pontoise , France in 1939. He completed his undergraduate degree in mathematics at the University of Paris in 1959 and received the equivalent of an MS in astrophysics from the University of Lille Nord de France in 1961. He began his professional life as an astronomer at the Paris Observatory in 1961. He was awarded the Jules Verne Prize for his first science fiction novel, Le Sub-espace (1961), published under

448-740: The ETH: Vallée's ideas about Miracle at Fatima and Marian apparitions are that they are a class of UFO encounters. Vallée is one of the first people to speculate publicly about the possibility that the " solar dance " at Fatima was a UFO. Vallée has also speculated that UFO activity may have caused other religious apparitions, including Our Lady of Lourdes and the revelations of Joseph Smith . Vallée believes that religious experiences such as these should be studied outside of their religious contexts. Via professional association with SRI and independent friendships with Harold E. Puthoff and Central Intelligence Agency analyst Kit Green (who obtained

480-457: The Earth's gravity had captured a natural satellite (asteroid). He claims that an unnamed superior came and erased the tape. These events contributed to Vallée's lifelong interest in the UFO phenomenon. Vallée began to correspond with Aimé Michel (who would become a key mentor and research collaborator) in 1958. In the mid-1960s, like many other UFO researchers, Vallée initially attempted to validate

512-595: The National Advisory Committee of the University of Michigan College of Engineering and authored four books on high technology, including Computer Message Systems , Electronic Meetings , The Network Revolution , and The Heart of the Internet . According to Vallée, he sighted an unidentified flying object over his Pontoise home in May 1955. Six years later in 1961, while working on the staff of

544-408: The Third Kind , a 1977 American science fiction film by Steven Spielberg All pages with titles containing Close Encounters Alien Encounters (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Close Encounters . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

576-454: The classic sci-fi film Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), which is named after the third level of the scale. Promotional posters for the film featured the three levels of the scale, and Hynek himself makes a cameo appearance near the end of the film. Hynek devised a six-fold classification for UFO sightings. The six levels are arranged according to increasing proximity: UFO researcher Ted Bloecher proposed six sub-types for

608-469: The close encounters of the third kind in Hynek's scale: After Hynek's death in 1986 (38 years ago)  ( 1986 ) , his colleague Jacques Vallee extended Hynek's classification system by two steps, specifically close encounters of the fourth and fifth kinds, as published in Vallee's book Confrontations: A Scientist's Search for Alien Contact (1990). The Mutual UFO Network immediately adopted

640-808: The companies for which he spearheaded early-stage financings, fourteen achieved initial public offerings , including Electronics for Imaging , Accuray (developers of the " CyberKnife " for cancer surgery), NeoPhotonics (developers of nanotechnology for optical networks), Mercury Interactive , P-Com , Isocor, Regeneration Technologies, Harmonic Lightwaves, Ixys, Integrated Packaging, E.Piphany, Sangstat Medical, Com21 and Synaptic Pharmaceuticals (which specialized in neurotransmitter biology). Other companies financed by Vallée (most notably HandyLab, which produced an instrument recognized as being "transformative for oncology ") were successfully acquired by Becton-Dickinson , Intel , Lucent , AOL , Cisco , Wilson Greatbatch and Intuitive Surgical . He has also served on

672-480: The extensions to the classification scale and has used them ever since. A close encounter of the fourth kind is a UFO event in which a human is abducted by a UFO or its occupants. This type was not included in Hynek's original close encounters scale. Hynek's former associate Jacques Vallée argued in the Journal of Scientific Exploration that the fourth kind should refer to "cases when witnesses experienced

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704-500: The extraterrestrial visitation hypothesis, Vallée has suggested a multidimensional visitation hypothesis . This hypothesis represents an extension of the ETH where the alleged extraterrestrials could be potentially from anywhere. The entities could be multidimensional beyond space-time; thus they could coexist with humans, yet remain undetected. Vallée's opposition to the popular ETH was not well received by prominent U.S. ufologists, hence he

736-479: The first ARPANET conferencing systems, Planning Network (PLANET), predating instant messaging by many years. The technology was spun off into InfoMedia, a startup company founded by Vallée in 1976. Although the firm formed several international spinoffs and partnered with a variety of prominent firms and governmental organizations (including Lehman Brothers , Renault and NASA), it failed to attain long-term profitability. Following its sale in 1983, Vallée entered

768-401: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close_Encounters&oldid=1147546400 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Close encounter Distant sightings more than 150 meters (500 ft) from

800-550: The originally coined CE5 classification has become popular in marketing human-initiated contact events. In a CE5 event, individuals or groups use specific protocols to establish communication or interaction with extraterrestrial beings. These protocols primarily involve the use of contact meditation and use of sounds or signals. Close encounters of the fifth kind is also referred to as human initiated close encounter. Jacques Vall%C3%A9e Jacques Fabrice Vallée ( French: [ʒak fabʁis vale] ; born September 24, 1939)

832-514: The popular Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (or ETH). However, by 1969, Vallée's conclusions had changed, and he publicly stated that the ETH was too narrow and ignored too much data. Vallée began exploring the commonalities between UFOs, cults , religious movements , demons , angels , ghosts , cryptid sightings, and psychic phenomena . His speculation about these potential links was first detailed in his third UFO book, Passport to Magonia : From Folklore to Flying Saucers . As an alternative to

864-465: The pseudonym of Jérôme Sériel. Vallée moved to the United States in 1962 and began working as a research associate in astronomy under Gérard de Vaucouleurs at the University of Texas at Austin . While at McDonald Observatory , he compiled NASA 's first detailed informational map of Mars with de Vaucouleurs. In 1963, Vallée relocated to Chicago, Illinois . He was initially employed as

896-736: The subject. In 1971, Vallée left Stanford to join the Engelbart group as a senior research engineer. His tenure at ARC coincided with the group's immersion in Erhard Seminars Training and other social experiments, ultimately prompting his departure. While at the Institute for the Future as a senior research fellow from 1972 to 1976, he succeeded Paul Baran as principal investigator on the large National Science Foundation project for computer networking , which developed one of

928-562: The venture capital sphere as a partner at Sofinnova . From 1987 to 2010, he served as a general partner of several funds in Silicon Valley , most notably as the co-founder of the family of three Euro-America Ventures funds in North America and Europe. As a private investor, he continues to serve as executive manager of Documatica Financial, a San Francisco boutique focused on early-stage healthcare and technology startups. Among

960-478: The witness are classified as daylight discs , nocturnal lights , or radar/visual reports . Sightings within about 150 meters (500 ft) are sub-classified as various types of close encounters. Hynek and others argued that a claimed close encounter must occur within about 150 meters (500 ft) to greatly reduce or eliminate the possibility of misidentifying conventional aircraft or other known phenomena. Hynek's scale became well known after being referenced in

992-400: Was real, physical, but not ET. So he said, 'You're probably right, but that's not what the public is expecting — this is Hollywood and I want to give people something that's close to what they expect.'" Episode " Jose Chung's From Outer Space " of X-Files which aired on April 12, 1996 had fake alien pilots named Jacques Sheaffer and Robert Vallee. According to Robert Sheaffer this

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1024-583: Was viewed as something of an outcast. Indeed, Vallée refers to himself as a " heretic among heretics". Vallée's opposition to the ETH theory is summarised in his paper, "Five Arguments Against the Extraterrestrial Origin of Unidentified Flying Objects", Journal of Scientific Exploration , 1990: Scientific opinion has generally followed public opinion in the belief that unidentified flying objects either do not exist (the "natural phenomena hypothesis") or, if they do, must represent evidence of

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