65-477: Close My Eyes can refer to: Close My Eyes (film) , the 1991 film written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff Close My Eyes (album) , the 2003 album by The Slackers " Close My Eyes (Mariah Carey song) , 1997 "Close My Eyes" (Sander van Doorn song) , 2009 "Close My Eyes" (Luke Hemmings song) , 2024 Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
130-471: A royal family were married as a means of perpetuating the royal lineage. Some societies have different views about what constitutes illegal or immoral incest. For example, in Samoa , a man was permitted to marry his older sister, but not his younger sister. However, sexual relations with a first-degree relative (meaning a parent, sibling, or child) are almost universally forbidden. The English word incest
195-611: A brother and sister if they had different mothers: for example, some accounts say that Elpinice was for a time married to her half-brother Cimon . Incest is mentioned and condemned in Virgil 's Aeneid Book VI: hic thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos – "This one invaded a daughter's room and a forbidden sex act". Roman civil law prohibited marriages within four degrees of consanguinity but had no degrees of affinity with regard to marriage. Roman civil laws prohibited any marriage between parents and children, either in
260-675: A child is usually considered a form of child sexual abuse, also known as child incestuous abuse , and for many years has been the most reported form of incest. Father–daughter and stepfather–stepdaughter sex are the most commonly reported forms of adult–child incest, with most of the remaining involving a mother or stepmother. Many studies found that stepfathers tend to be far more likely than biological fathers to engage in this form of incest. One study of adult women in San Francisco estimated that 17% of women were abused by stepfathers and 2% were abused by biological fathers. Father–son incest
325-512: A clinical study by Kelly et al. (2002), among the 67 sexually abused men, in 17 cases the perpetrators were their mothers. More recently, studies have suggested that sibling incest , particularly older brothers having sexual relations with younger siblings, is the most common form of incest, with some studies finding sibling incest occurring more frequently than other forms of incest. Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling abuse choose younger victims, abuse victims over
390-499: A felony of the third degree. Other states also commonly prohibit marriages between such kin. The legality of sex with a half-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state. In the United Kingdom, incest includes only sexual intercourse with a parent, grandparent, child, or sibling, but the more recently introduced offense of "sex with an adult relative" extends as far as half-siblings, uncles, aunts, nephews, and nieces. However,
455-434: A handful such cases were documented. Catanzarite attributes this to selection bias and the lack of physical evidence in such cases. According to Etherington (1997), one of the reasons of the under-reporting of such cases is that men often found difficulty in defining their mother's behavior as abuse. In a clinical study by Olson (1990), 30 men had been victims of incest; the mother was a perpetrator in 61.5 % of cases. In
520-464: A lengthier period, use violence more frequently and severely than adult perpetrators, and that sibling abuse has a higher rate of penetrative acts than father or stepfather incest, with father and older brother incest resulting in greater reported distress than stepfather incest. South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Pakistan, and Nigeria are some of the countries with the most incest through consanguineous marriage. Sex between an adult family member and
585-623: A new report suggests. Delhi organisation RAHI said 76% of respondents to its survey had been abused when they were children – 40% of those by a family member." According to the National Center for Victims of Crime a large proportion of rape committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member: Research indicates that 46% of children who are raped are victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) are raped before
650-419: A powerful and rich stock analyst named Sinclair Bryant. When Richard visits Natalie, he is introduced to Sinclair and the two get along well. Shortly after Richard's visit to her home, Natalie goes to Richard's apartment. They attempt to resist their attraction to one another, but eventually they succumb to their desires and have sex. They meet a few more times and eventually Sinclair begins to suspect that Natalie
715-408: A younger sibling by an older sibling. A 2006 study showed a large portion of adults who experienced sibling incest abuse have "distorted" or "disturbed" beliefs (such as that the act was "normal") both about their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general. Sibling abusive incest is most prevalent in families where one or both parents are often absent or emotionally unavailable, with
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#1732800925150780-571: Is a 1991 film written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff and starring Alan Rickman , Clive Owen and Saskia Reeves as well as Lesley Sharp and Karl Johnson . Music was by Michael Gibbs and the film was produced for Beambright and FilmFour International by Therese Pickard. It had a limited theatrical release from 6 September 1991, before being shown in Channel 4 's Film on Four strand on 28 October 1993. In 1985, town planning student Richard Gillespie visits his older sister Natalie, whom he
845-458: Is a popular misconception that mother–son incestuous contact is common, due to the manner in which it is depicted in the press and popular media. According to Hideo Tokuoka, "when Americans think of incest, they think of fathers and daughters; in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons" due to the extensive media coverage of mother–son incest there. Some Western researchers assumed that mother–son incest
910-479: Is a specific instance in which child sexual abuse in the form of forced adult–child and sibling–sibling incest took place over at least three generations. A number of Goler children were victims of sexual abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, sisters, brothers, cousins, and each other. During interrogation by police, several of the adults openly admitted to engaging in many forms of sexual activity, up to and including full intercourse, multiple times with
975-499: Is always lawful in the Netherlands and Belgium, even among closely related family members. Sexual acts between an adult family member and a minor are illegal, though they are classified not as incest but as abuse of the authority such an adult has over a minor, comparable to that of a teacher, coach, or priest. In Florida , consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone known to be one's aunt, uncle, niece, or nephew constitutes
1040-596: Is available on DVD in the UK and the US on the Cinemaclub label. The film has an 18 certificate in the UK and an R Certificate in the US. Incest Incest ( / ˈ ɪ n s ɛ s t / IN -sest ) is sex between close relatives , for example a brother or sister or cousins. This typically includes sexual activity between people in consanguinity (blood relations), and sometimes those related by lineage . It
1105-497: Is common in Japan, but research into victimization statistics from police and health-care systems discredits this; it shows that the vast majority of sexual abuse in Japan, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls. While incest between adults and children generally involves the adult as the perpetrator of abuse, there are rare instances of sons sexually assaulting their mothers. These sons are typically mid-adolescent to young adult, and, unlike parent-initiated incest,
1170-426: Is condemned and considered immoral in most societies, given that it can lead to an increased risk of genetic disorders in children in case of pregnancy from incestuous sex. The incest taboo is one of the most widespread of all cultural taboos , both in present and in past societies. Most modern societies have laws regarding incest or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. In societies where it
1235-488: Is demonstrated by the fact that politicians would use charges of incest (often false charges) as insults and means of political disenfranchisement. In Norse mythology , there are themes of brother–sister marriage, a prominent example being between Njörðr and his unnamed sister (perhaps Nerthus ), parents of Freyja and Freyr . Loki in turn also accuses Freyja and Freyr of having a sexual relationship. The earliest Biblical reference to possible incest involves Cain. It
1300-1000: Is derived from the Latin incestus , which has a general meaning of "impure, unchaste". It was introduced into Middle English , both in the generic Latin sense (preserved throughout the Middle English period) and in the narrow modern sense. The derived adjective incestuous appears in the 16th century. Before the Latin term came in, incest was known in Old English as sib-leger (from sibb 'kinship' + leger 'to lie') or mǣġhǣmed (from mǣġ 'kin, parent' + hǣmed 'sexual intercourse') but in time, both words fell out of use. Terms like incester and incestual have been used to describe those interested or involved in sexual relations with relatives among humans, while inbreeder has been used in relation to similar behavior among non-human organisms. In ancient China , first cousins with
1365-509: Is having an affair. He questions Richard, believing Richard knows who Natalie's lover is. Some time later, after learning that Sinclair and Natalie plan to move to America, Richard has an emotional breakdown. He attempts to commit suicide with sleeping pills, but Natalie arrives unexpectedly at his apartment. She invites him to the going-away party, on the condition that he not attempt to renew their affair. He attends with his colleague Jessica, but abandons her to search for Natalie. On finding her,
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#17328009251501430-645: Is illegal, consensual adult incest is seen by some as a victimless crime . Some cultures extend the incest taboo to relatives with no consanguinity, such as milk-siblings , stepsiblings, and adoptive siblings, albeit sometimes with less intensity. Third-degree relatives (such as half-aunt, half-nephew, first cousin) on average have 12.5% common genetic heritage, and sexual relations between them are viewed differently in various cultures, from being discouraged to being socially acceptable. Children of incestuous relationships have been regarded as illegitimate , and are still so regarded in some societies today. In most cases,
1495-618: Is legal, but only with the explicit permission of the Dutch government, due to the possible risk of genetic defects among the offspring. Nephew-niece marriages predominantly occur among foreign immigrants. In November 2008, the Scientific Institute of the Christian Democratic Party (CDA) announced that it wanted a ban on marriages to nephews and nieces. Consensual sex between individuals aged 16 and older
1560-475: Is not referred to as his sister. The accusations against Cambyses of committing incest are mentioned as part of his "blasphemous actions", which were designed to illustrate his "madness and vanity". These reports all derive from the same Egyptian source that was antagonistic towards Cambyses, and some of these allegations of "crimes", such as the killing of the Apis bull , have been confirmed as false, which means that
1625-499: Is not very close to since they grew up separately. Natalie has recently split with her boyfriend and is unhappy with her job. She is depressed, and Richard's attempts to lighten the mood are ended when Natalie pulls him into a passionate embrace, kissing him on the lips. She immediately apologises, making the excuse that she just wanted someone to hug. Richard seems stunned, but not disturbed. Six years pass, during which Richard achieves success while Natalie's career stagnates; she marries
1690-586: Is proportional to their parents' coefficient of relationship , a measure of how closely the parents are related genetically. However, cultural anthropologists have noted that inbreeding avoidance cannot form the sole basis for the incest taboo because the boundaries of the incest prohibition vary widely between cultures and not necessarily in ways that maximize the avoidance of inbreeding. In some societies, such as those of Ancient Egypt , brother-sister, father-daughter, mother-son, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and other combinations of relations within
1755-519: Is reported less often, but it is not known how close the frequency is to heterosexual incest because it is likely more under-reported. The prevalence of incest between parents and their children is difficult to estimate due to secrecy and privacy. In a 1999 news story, the BBC reported: "Close-knit family life in India masks an alarming amount of sexual abuse of children and teenage girls by family members,
1820-458: Is rumored to have had sexual relationships with all three of his sisters ( Julia Livilla , Drusilla , and Agrippina the Younger ). Emperor Claudius , after executing his previous wife, married his brother's daughter, Agrippina the Younger, and changed the law to allow an otherwise illegal union. The law prohibiting marrying a sister's daughter remained. The taboo against incest in ancient Rome
1885-550: Is the stage for the film's climax was shot at Polesden Lacey in Bookham , Surrey . The final scenes along the river are at Henley-on-Thames , Oxfordshire . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 67% of six reviews are positive, and the average rating is 6/10. The film won the Evening Standard film award for Best British Picture of 1992. The film was originally released on VHS video by Artificial Eye and
1950-576: The European Convention on Human Rights deems all familial sexual acts to be criminal, even if all parties give their full consent and are knowledgeable to all possible consequences. He also argues that the use of particular language tools in the legislation manipulates the reader to deem all familial sexual activities as immoral and criminal, even if all parties are consenting adults. In the Netherlands , marrying one's nephew or niece
2015-665: The European Court of Human Rights , Patrick Stübing lost his case that the conviction violated his right to a private and family life. On 24 September 2014, the German Ethics Council recommended that the government abolish laws criminalizing incest between siblings, arguing that such bans impinge upon citizens. Some societies differentiate between full-sibling and half-sibling relations. Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are stigmatized as incest in some cultures, but tolerated in much of
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2080-544: The Inca rulers married their sisters. Huayna Capac , for instance, was the son of Topa Inca Yupanqui and the Inca's sister and wife. Half-sibling marriages were found in ancient Japan, such as the marriage of Emperor Bidatsu and his half-sister Empress Suiko . Japanese Prince Kinashi no Karu had sexual relations with his full sister Princess Karu no Ōiratsume, although the action was regarded as foolish. In order to prevent
2145-519: The Patriarch Abraham married his half-sister Sarah . Other references include the passage in 2 Samuel 13 where Amnon , King David 's son, rapes his half-sister Tamar . According to Michael D. Coogan , it would have been perfectly all right for Amnon to have married her, the Bible being inconsistent about prohibiting incest. In Genesis 19:30–38, while living in an isolated area after
2210-510: The 'sequel' to Oedipus , Antigone , his four children are also punished for their parents' incestuousness. Incest appears in the commonly accepted version of the birth of Adonis , when his mother, Myrrha , has sex with her father, Cinyras , during a festival, disguised as a prostitute . In ancient Greece , Spartan King Leonidas I , hero of the legendary Battle of Thermopylae , was married to his niece Gorgo , daughter of his half-brother Cleomenes I . Greek law allowed marriage between
2275-797: The Graeco-Roman period. Numerous papyri and the Roman census declarations attest to many husbands and wives being brother and sister, of the same father and mother. However, it has also been argued that the available evidence does not support the view that such relations were common. The most famous of these relationships were in the Ptolemaic royal family ; Cleopatra VII was married to two of her younger brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV , whilst her mother and father, Cleopatra V and Ptolemy XII , were also brother and sister. Arsinoe II and her younger brother Ptolemy II Philadelphus were
2340-546: The abusive siblings using incest as a way to assert their power over a weaker sibling. Absence of the father in particular has been found to be a significant element of most cases of sexual abuse of female children by a brother. The damaging effects on both childhood development and adult symptoms resulting from brother–sister sexual abuse are similar to the effects of father–daughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. Proponents of incest between consenting adults draw clear boundaries between
2405-403: The adolescent son. Childhood sibling–sibling incest is considered to be widespread but rarely reported. Sibling–sibling incest becomes child-on-child sexual abuse when it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result of coercion . In this form, it is believed to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. The most commonly reported form of abusive sibling incest is abuse of
2470-462: The age of 18; furthermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or stepfathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives. A study of victims of father–daughter incest in the 1970s showed that there were "common features" within families before the occurrence of incest: estrangement between the mother and the daughter, extreme paternal dominance, and reassignment of some of
2535-417: The ascending or descending line ad infinitum . Adoption was considered the same as affinity in that an adoptive father could not marry an unemancipated daughter or granddaughter even if the adoption had been dissolved. Incestuous unions were discouraged and considered nefas (against the laws of gods and man) in ancient Rome . In AD 295, incest was explicitly forbidden by an imperial edict, which divided
2600-523: The behavior of consenting adults on one hand and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest on the other. However, even consensual relationships such as these are still legally classified as incest and criminalized in many jurisdictions (although there are certain exceptions ). James Roffee, a senior lecturer in criminology at Monash University and former worker on legal responses to familial sexual activity in England and Wales, and Scotland discussed how
2665-520: The children. Sixteen adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five. In July 2012, twelve children were removed from the 'Colt' family (a pseudonym) in New South Wales , Australia, after the discovery of four generations of incest. Child protection workers and psychologists said interviews with the children indicated "a virtual sexual free-for-all". In Japan, there
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2730-517: The concept of incestus into two categories of unequal gravity: the incestus iuris gentium , which was applied to both Romans and non-Romans in the Empire, and the incestus iuris civilis , which concerned only Roman citizens. Therefore, for example, an Egyptian could marry an aunt, but a Roman could not. Despite the act of incest being unacceptable within the Roman Empire, Roman Emperor Caligula
2795-401: The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Lot 's two daughters conspire to inebriate and rape their father due to the lack of available partners to continue his line of descent . Because of intoxication, Lot "perceived not" when his firstborn, and the following night his younger, daughter lay with him. Moses was also born of an incestuous marriage. Exodus 6 details how his father, Amram , was
2860-405: The early Udege people . Incest between an adult and a person under the age of consent is considered a form of child sexual abuse that has been shown to be one of the most extreme forms of childhood abuse; it often results in serious and long-term psychological trauma , especially in the case of parental incest. Its prevalence is difficult to generalize, but research has estimated 10–15% of
2925-485: The false accusation against Anne Boleyn and George Boleyn was trumped up in order to ensure the king could go on to marry Jane Seymour . Sects deemed heretical, such as the Waldensians , were accused of incest. Incestuous marriages were also seen in the royal houses of ancient Japan and Korea, Inca Peru , Ancient Hawaii , and, at times, Central Africa, Mexico , and Thailand . Like the kings of ancient Egypt,
2990-668: The film also covers the chaos (as the film sees it) that was the initial stages of the London Docklands development, the late 1980s recession and attitudes towards AIDS . A parallel thread running through the movie is the rapacious replacement of the classical by the modern, represented visually by old and new buildings. The film was shot mainly in London and, specifically, London Docklands with Sinclair and Natalie's house being in Marlow, Buckinghamshire . The grand party that
3055-514: The first in the family to participate in a full-sibling marriage, a departure from custom. A union between full siblings was counternormative in Greek and Macedonian tradition, and prohibited by the laws of at least some cities. The fable of Oedipus , with a theme of inadvertent incest between a mother and son, ends in disaster and shows ancient taboos against incest, since Oedipus blinds himself in disgust and shame after his incestuous actions. In
3120-407: The general population as having had at least one such sexual contact, with less than 2% involving intercourse or attempted intercourse. Among women, research has yielded estimates as high as 20%. Father – daughter incest was for many years the most commonly reported and studied form of incest. Mother – son incest is rarely reported. According to Catanzarite (1980), between 1965 and 1980 only
3185-412: The incidents involve some kind of physical force. Although the mothers may be accused of being seductive with their sons and inviting the sexual contact, this is contrary to evidence. Such accusations can parallel other forms of rape, where, due to victim blaming , a woman is accused of being at fault for the rape. In some cases, mother–son incest is best classified as acquaintance rape of the mother by
3250-421: The influence of the other families, Korean Goryeo dynasty monarch Gwangjong married his half-sister Daemok in the 10th century. Marriage with a family member not related by blood was also regarded as contravening morality and was therefore incest. One example of this is the 14th century Chunghye of Goryeo , who raped one of his deceased father's concubines , who was thus regarded to be his mother. In India,
3315-618: The largest proportion of women aged 13 to 49 who marry their close relatives are in Tamil Nadu , then Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , and Maharashtra . While it is rare for uncle–niece marriages, it is more common in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu . In some Southeast Asian cultures, stories of incest being common among certain ethnicities are sometimes told as expressions of contempt for those ethnicities. Marriages between younger brothers and their older sisters were common among
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#17328009251503380-898: The mother's traditional major family responsibility to the daughter. Oldest and only daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was also stated that the incest experience was psychologically harmful to the woman in later life, frequently leading to low self-esteem, very unhealthy sexual activity, contempt for other women, and other emotional problems. Adults who as children were incestuously victimized by adults often suffer from low self-esteem , difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and sexual dysfunction , and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, including depression , anxiety disorders , phobic avoidance reactions , somatoform disorder , substance abuse , borderline personality disorder , and complex post-traumatic stress disorder . The Goler clan in Nova Scotia
3445-567: The nephew of his mother, Jochebed . An account noted that the incestuous relations did not suffer the fate of childlessness, which was the punishment for such couples in Levitical law. It stated, however, that the incest exposed Moses "to the peril of wild beasts, of the weather, of the water, and more." Many European monarchs were related due to political marriages, such that many such marriages were between cousins of some degree, uncles and nieces, and so forth, and sometimes first cousins. This
3510-435: The parents did not have the option to marry to remove that status, as incestuous marriages were, and are, normally also prohibited. A common justification for prohibiting incest is avoiding inbreeding , a collection of genetic disorders suffered by the children of parents with a close genetic relationship . Such children are at greater risk of congenital disorders, developmental and physical disability, and death; that risk
3575-524: The repeated prosecutions and jail time they have served as a result, have caused some in Germany to question whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article about them in Der Spiegel states that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the first three children have mental and physical disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. In April 2012, at
3640-586: The report of Cambyses' supposed incestuous acts is questionable. Several of the Egyptian kings married their sisters and had several children with them to continue the royal bloodline. For example, Tutankhamun married his half-sister Ankhesenamun , and was himself the child of an incestuous union between Akhenaten and an unidentified sister-wife. Several scholars, such as Frier et al., state that sibling marriages were widespread among all classes in Egypt during
3705-400: The royal family, yet it remains problematic to determine the reliability of these accounts. According to Herodotus , Shah Cambyses II supposedly married two of his sisters, Atossa and Roxane. This would have been regarded as illegal. However, Herodotus also states that Cambyses married Otanes ' daughter Phaidyme , whilst his contemporary Ctesias names Roxane as Cambyses' wife, but she
3770-466: The same surnames (i.e. those born to the father's brothers) were not permitted to marry, while those with different surnames could marry (i.e. maternal cousins and paternal cousins born to the father's sisters). In Achaemenid Persia , marriages between family members, such as half-siblings, nieces and cousins took place but were not seen as incestuous. However, Greek sources state that brother-sister and father-daughter marriages allegedly took place inside
3835-426: The term 'incest' remains widely used in popular culture to describe any form of sexual activity with a relative. In Canada, marriage between uncles and nieces and between aunts and nephews is legal. One of the most public cases of adult sibling incest in the 2000s is the case of Patrick Stübing and Susan Karolewski , a brother–sister couple from Germany. Because of violent behavior on the part of his father, Patrick
3900-481: The title Close My Eyes . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Close_My_Eyes&oldid=1220873656 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Close My Eyes (film) Close My Eyes
3965-422: The two have a fight, then return to the gathering dishevelled. Sinclair appears, and staying calm, makes it clear that he knows what has happened. The film is largely a grand-scale re-working of Poliakoff's earlier stage play Hitting Town in that the main plot remains one of brother/sister incest , and the film re-uses some lines from that play in dialogue between the brother and sister characters. Beyond this,
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#17328009251504030-697: The world. Currently, 24 US states prohibit marriages between first cousins, and another seven permit them only under special circumstances. The United Kingdom permits both marriage and sexual relations between first cousins. In some non-Western societies, marriages between close biological relatives account for 20–60% of all marriages. First- and second-cousin marriages are rare in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania, accounting for less than 1% of marriages, but reach 9% in South America, East Asia, and South Europe, and about 50% in regions of
4095-573: Was cited that he knew his wife and she conceived and bore Enoch. A literalist reading of this passage indicates that, during this period, there was no other woman except Eve, or there was an unnamed sister, in which case Cain had an incestuous relationship with his mother or his sister. According to the Book of Jubilees , Cain married his sister Awan . Later, in Genesis 20 of the Hebrew Bible ,
4160-504: Was especially true in the Habsburg , Hohenzollern , Savoy , and Bourbon royal houses. However, relations between siblings, which may have been tolerated in other cultures, were considered abhorrent. For example, the false accusation that Anne Boleyn and her brother, George Boleyn , had committed incest was one of the reasons given for both being executed in May 1536. Historians agree that
4225-548: Was taken in at the age of 3 by foster parents, who adopted him later. At the age of 23 he learned about his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his then 16-year-old sister Susan for the first time. The now-adult Patrick moved in with his birth family shortly thereafter. After their mother died suddenly six months later, the siblings became intimately close, and had their first child together in 2001. By 2004, they had had four children together: Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public nature of their relationship, and
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