49-479: [REDACTED] Cruizer may refer to Cruizer -class brig-sloop , a Royal Navy ship class in service 1797–1826 Cruizer -class sloop , a Royal Navy ship class in service 1852–1912 HMS Cruizer , eleven ships of the Royal Navy that have borne the name Cruizer or Cruiser See also Cruiser Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
98-418: A course , topsail and topgallant . In earlier examples (before 1800) the topsail's foot had a large amount of roach and was sheeted to a separate yard that was set below the main yard (which carried the course). The headsails were a staysail , set on the forestay (which fastened to the stemhead), a jib , set flying to a traveller on the bowsprit and, in most cases, a flying jib (alternatively termed
147-623: A 34 ft cutter could carry a total of 66 men, a 26 ft cutter, 36 men and a 20 ft cutter, 21 men. Steam powered ship's boats saw a slow introduction to the Royal Navy from 1864. By 1877, three types were in use: steam launches, picket boats and steam cutters. However, right up to the time of the First World War, the majority of the boats in use continued to be propelled solely by sail and oar. The Royal Navy still has some cutters that can be worked under sail or oar. In
196-525: A Navy suffering serious and ever increasing staffing shortages. The class proved to be ideal for many of the shallow water commitments in the Baltic and Ionian Seas, as well as around Danish waters. Prior to 1808, the complement of officers, men, and boys for a Cruizer -class brig-sloop included 15 Royal Marines . After 1808, the vessels carried 20 marines comprising 1 sergeant, 1 corporal and 18 privates (the marine contingent on unrated vessels did not include
245-474: A commissioned officer). During the Anglo-American War of 1812 , several ships of the class fell victim to larger American ship-rigged sloops of war of nominally the same class. The American vessels enjoyed an advantage in weight of broadside and number of crew. The ship-rigged sloops enjoyed the ability to back sail, and their rigging proved more resistant to damage; by contrast, a single hit to
294-437: A crew only a third the size of a frigate's. The Dutch built three 18 gun-brigs — Zwaluw , Mercuur and Kemphaan — to a similar design; in one case apparently a copy, though without the square tuck stern. The Russian brig Olymp was also built to the same lines. The naval historian (and novelist ) C.S. Forester commented in relation to the smaller gun-brigs (brig-rigged vessels of under 200 tons) that The type
343-482: A decision to increase the number of boats carried by warships. During the Seven Years' War cutters were found particularly useful for cruising ships, being seaworthy and useful for boarding. However, they were more susceptible to damage than the heavier boats that they replaced and much less capable of carrying heavy weights, such as anchors and water casks. The range of sizes available steadily increased. By 1817
392-444: A description of a hull type. These vessels were designed for speed and the name was used in a similar way to clipper in the next century. The concept of hull type was perpetuated by the term "cutter brig" which was used over the period circa 1781–1807 for those rigged as brigs. "Cutter built" was a description applied to a hull of this type and designed for speed. More generally, the unmodified word "cutter" soon became associated with
441-412: A greater level of complexity applies, with the placement of the mast and the rigging details of the bowsprit taken into account – so a boat with two headsails may be classed as a sloop . Government agencies use the term "cutter" for vessels employed in patrolling their territorial waters and other enforcement activities. This terminology is derived from the sailing cutters which had this sort of role from
490-413: A jib-topsail) also set flying, but to a higher point on the mast. A cutter has a running bowsprit, which can be brought inboard when not needed, such as in rough weather or in harbour. The bowsprit was usually of great length, sometimes longer than the hull. The standard fair weather sails consisted of a ringtail to the mainsail and studding sails to the square sails. It was not unknown for cutters to use
539-404: A length to breadth ratio of 3 to 1. It had a lot of deadrise and fine lines. A huge amount of sail could be set on these beamy hulls. The rig became standardised as having one mast, a gaff-rigged mainsail , square sails and several headsails – together with a full range of extra light weather sails. The mainsail had a boom that extended beyond the stern. Square sails consisted of
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#1732772589623588-621: A removable mizzen mast for use when reaching , setting a lugsail . Since the boom of the mainsail overhung the stern, the mast would have to be removed to tack or gybe. The dimensions of an 18th-century cutter purchased by the Royal Navy in 1763, and roughly in the middle of the size range of the batch of 30 bought that year ( HMS Fly ) are: length on deck 47 feet 6 inches (14.48 m), beam 20 feet 10.25 inches (6.3564 m), measuring just over 78 tons bm . Smuggling cutters ranged from 30 tons (captured in 1747) to 140 tons. The Revenue cutters increased in size to match
637-588: A single shot from her cannons, with the only American losses being inflicted by Royal Marines aboard the British ship. The comparison was made in the London press unfavorably and was not entirely fair. The American ship-rigged sloops were bigger vessels, averaging just over 500 tons (bm); the Cruizer -class vessels were not quite 400 tons (bm). The crew sizes were disproportionate at 175 to 120, and at least some of
686-401: A single-masted rig. Fast vessels were often used for illegal purposes, such as smuggling, or by the authorities trying to prevent this illegality. Therefore, cutters were used for both. The Royal Navy bought and had built a large number for use in controlling smuggling, as "advice boats" (carrying dispatches), or against privateers . The characteristic cutter hull shape was wide; many had
735-805: A three-masted ship rig) according to the date on which the Admiralty ordered them. All subsequent vessels were brig-rigged on completion, although several were later converted to three-masted ship rig. The Board ordered 19 in 1802 and 1803. The Board ordered six vessels to this design during May 1804, all of fir. Building of fir (pine) made for speedier construction at the cost of reduced durability in service. The Board ordered 22 vessels to this design, seventeen of which were launched in 1806 and five in 1807. The Board ordered ten vessels to this design – all on 1 October 1806, nine of which were launched in 1807 and one in 1808. This Board ordered 14 vessels to this design during 1807 and 1808. This Board ordered 15 of
784-463: A type of ship's boat which can be used under sail or oars, or, historically, to a type of fast-sailing vessel introduced in the 18th century, some of which were used as small warships. As a sailing rig, a cutter is a single-masted boat, with two or more headsails. On the eastern side of the Atlantic , the two headsails on a single mast is the fullest extent of the modern definition. In U.S. waters,
833-412: The Cruizer class in these combats were outfitted with 24-pounder carronades vice the normal 32-pounders. The rigging was often the deciding factor as the combat between USS Peacock and HMS Epervier would highlight. When HMS Epervier lost her main topmast and had her foremast damaged she was disabled. USS Wasp , in another combat, would retain control despite the loss of her gaff, main topmast, and
882-501: The English Channel (2 h 42 min) in 1996 and for sculling non-stop from London to Paris (4 days 15 min) in 1999. The pilot cutter developed from the need for a fast boat to take maritime pilots from harbour to incoming large trading vessels. As most early pilots were local fisherman who undertook both jobs, although licensed by the harbour to operate within their jurisdiction , pilots were generally self-employed, and
931-403: The 18th century appeared, the term was also applied to a new class of ship's boat . These were clinker-built open boats, optimised for sailing but capable under oars. They had finer lines than the boats of that time (which had more rounded bows) and a transom stern. A distinctive feature was that the washstrake had cut-outs (called rowlocks ) in which the oars were worked, unlike most boats of
980-555: The 18th century often decorated as depicted in historical prints and pictures of the River Thames in the 17th and 18th centuries. The modern waterman's cutter is based on drawings of these boats. They are 34 feet (10 m) long with a beam of 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m). They can have up to six oarsmen either rowing or sculling and can carry a cox and passengers. The organisers of the Great River Race developed
1029-426: The 18th century to the end of the 19th century. (See below.) Whilst the details vary from country to country, generally these are small ships that can remain at sea for extended periods and in all usual weather conditions. Many, but not all, are armed. Uses include control of a country's borders and preventing smuggling. Cutters as ship's boats came into use in the early 18th century (dating which roughly coincides with
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#17327725896231078-603: The Napoleonic War. The hull design was exceeding fine (narrow as compared to length), with a noted deadrise amidships and a sharp sheer, giving away the design that had origins in the smaller cutter-type designs. The order placed in March 1797 for the first sister ship to Cruizer was quickly amended to compete the ship ( Osprey ) as a ship sloop, but new orders for brig-sloops to the Cruizer design were placed from 1802 up to 1813. A final order in 1815 (HMS Samarang )
1127-599: The Royal Navy, the cutter appears to have originated in Deal . Some Navy Board correspondence of 1712 concerns disapproval of the captain of HMS Rochester for buying a cutter of about 20 feet (6.1 m) in length as a replacement for her pinnace. In 1722, another ship had a cutter issued for a voyage to India, and by 1740 substantial numbers of cutters were being bought from Deal boatbuilders to equip Navy ships. The size of these boats varied from 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 m) in length. The 1740 purchases coincided with
1176-525: The bowsprit is permanently rigged. An example of this is the Friendship Sloop . A traditional cutter, by contrast, has a running bowsprit and the jib is set flying on a traveller that is hauled out to the end of the bowsprit. In a vessel such as a Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter , a storm jib might be set on a reefed bowsprit, with the bowsprit partially run in from its most fully extended position. The watermen of London used similar boats in
1225-473: The brig-sloop's rig could render it unmanageable. In many cases, however, the American advantage was in the quality of their crews, as the American sloops generally had hand-picked volunteer crews, while the brigs belonging to the overstretched Royal Navy had to make do with crews of limited numbers. During a battle with the equivalently armed and crewed American brig Hornet , HMS Penguin was unable to land
1274-582: The crew was lost. Many of the vessels in the class were sold, some into mercantile service (of these, one at least was wrecked, but the fate of the others is generally unknown). In December 1796, the Navy Board placed new orders for four flush-decked sloops, to differing designs by the two Surveyors of the Navy ;— Sir William Rule and Sir John Henslow . In order to compare the qualities of ship-rigged and brig-rigged vessels, one vessel to each design
1323-488: The cutters issued came in 17 different lengths, from 12 to 34 feet (3.7 to 10.4 m). This big variety was reduced when the Royal Navy's warships moved to steam propulsion. Since drinking water could now be distilled on board, ships no longer needed to have the largest boats that they could carry to maximise the amount of water collected on each trip. The standard-issue cutters from 1877 to 1900 came in 11 different lengths, ranging from 16 to 34 feet (4.9 to 10.4 m). This
1372-458: The decked sailing vessels described below). These were clinker-built open boats which were fitted for propulsion by both oar and sail. They were more optimised for sailing than the barges and pinnaces that were types of ship's boat used in the Royal Navy – one distinctive resulting feature of this was the washstrake added to increase the freeboard . It was pierced with rowlock cut-outs for
1421-413: The design between January 1811 and January 1812. The Board ordered 20, of which only eighteen were built; two were cancelled. Cutter (ship) A cutter is any of various types of watercraft . The term can refer to the rig (sail plan) of a sailing vessel (but with regional differences in definition), to a governmental enforcement agency vessel (such as a coast guard or border force cutter), to
1470-957: The larger SS Great Britain on her maiden voyage. The term cutter is also used for any seaworthy vessel used in the law enforcement duties of the United Kingdom's Border Force , the United States Coast Guard (because of its descent from the Revenue Cutter Service ) or the customs services of other countries. In the United States, the early Revenue Cutter Service operated customs cutters that were commonly schooners or brigs . In Britain, they were usually rigged as defined under Sailing ( above ). The British Board of Customs also used other vessels as hulks , which were moored in places such as tidal creeks . Customs officers worked from
1519-472: The larger brigs such as the Cruizer class HMS Penguin . Perhaps the most salient aspect of his statement is that the Cruizer class and its smaller sister class, the Cherokee class, highlight the huge expansion of the Royal Navy. Whatever else one may say of the class, the Cruizer -class brig-sloops were both fast and provided serious firepower for minimal crewing, characteristics that appealed to
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1568-468: The mizzen topgallant. USS Wasp versus HMS Avon provided another example. Despite being fought gallantly, Avon was crippled by loss of a gaff. She then lost her main mast, which loss rendered her immobile. The Cyrus -class vessels, built in 1813–1814, were intended as an answer to the American ship-rigged sloops. The following table lists the Cruizer -class brig-sloops (and the two Snake -class ship-sloops , which were identical apart from carrying
1617-399: The mizzen. This made them similar to many of the luggers worked from the beaches and harbours of Britain. The sail plan illustration here (1880 Sail Plan) even replicates the civilian lugger terminology of having a fore and mizzen mast, and not using the term "main mast". A variation on this rig, seen for example in 1887, was to have two dipping lugs. The number of oars pulled varied with
1666-716: The modern version in the 1980s and now many of the fleet of 24 compete annually in this "Marathon of the River". Watermen's cutters also compete annually in the Port of London Challenge, and the Port Admirals' Challenge. Cutter races are also to be found at various town rowing and skiffing regattas . In addition the cutters perform the role of ceremonial Livery Barges with the canopies and armorial flags flying on special occasions. Cutters have been used for record-breaking attempts and crews have achieved record times for sculling
1715-455: The oars, so that the thwarts did not need to be set unusually high to achieve the right geometry for efficient use. Cutters, as decked sailing vessels designed for speed, came into use in the early part of the 18th century. When first introduced, the term applied largely to the hull form, in the same way that clipper was used almost a hundred years later. Some of these 18th and 19th century examples were rigged as ketches or brigs . However,
1764-432: The period, that used thole pins as the pivot point for the oars. This allowed a higher freeboard, which was helpful if sailing – when the cut-outs were filled with wooden shutters (often mis-called poppets ) to keep the water out. The alternative, if the correct geometry for an efficient rowing position was adopted, was to position the thwarts awkwardly high. Like some other types of ship's boats used in
1813-463: The quickest transport meant greater income. As their fishing boats were heavy working boats, and filled with fishing equipment, they needed a new type of boat; early boats were developed from single masted fishing cutter designs and twin masted yawls , and latterly into the specialist pilot cutter. The natural dangers of the Bristol Channel brought about over many years the development of
1862-452: The second most numerous class of sailing warship built to a single design for any navy at any time, after the smaller 10-gun Cherokee -class brig-sloops . Of the vessels in the class, eight (8%) were lost to the enemy, either destroyed or taken. Another was taken, but retaken. Fourteen (13%) were wrecked while in British service. Lastly, four (4%) foundered while in British service. In all cases of foundering and in many cases of wrecking all
1911-408: The simpler definition, the sailing rig called "cutter" has a single mast with fore and aft sails which include more than one headsail . The mainsail (set abaft, or behind the mast) could be gaff , Bermuda , standing lug or gunter rigged. A more complex definition may be applied in American waters, where a boat with two headsails would be termed a sloop if the mast has a more forward position and
1960-451: The size of the boat. A schedule of ship's boats of 1886 shows 34 to 30 feet (10.4 to 9.1 m) cutters pulling 12 oars, 28 feet (8.5 m), 10 oars, 26 to 20 feet (7.9 to 6.1 m), 8 oars and the two smallest sizes of 18 and 16 feet (5.5 and 4.9 m), 6 oars. The smaller boats could be single banked whilst the larger and later examples were generally double-banked . For transporting large numbers of men, in moderate weather conditions,
2009-610: The specialist Bristol Channel Pilot Cutter . According to records from Pill, Somerset now housed in the Bristol Museum , the first official Bristol Channel pilot was barge master George James Ray, appointed by the Corporation of Bristol in May 1497 to pilot John Cabot 's Matthew from Bristol harbour to the open sea beyond. In 1837 Pilot George Ray guided Brunel 's SS Great Western , and in 1844 William Ray piloted
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2058-526: The title Cruizer . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruizer&oldid=992447543 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Misplaced Pages indefinitely semi-protected pages Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cruizer-class brig-sloop The Cruizer class
2107-467: The typical rig, especially in Naval or revenue protection use, was a single-masted rig setting a huge amount of sail. Square sails were set, as well as a full complement of fore and aft sails. In civilian use, cutters were mostly involved in smuggling . The navy and coastguard therefore also used cutters in an attempt to catch those operating illegally. The term cutter appeared in the early 18th century as
2156-422: The vessels they attempted to catch – Repulse , of 210 tons was built in 1778. A determining factor on size was the number of crew needed to handle the large gaff mainsail with its long boom. Larger cutters purchased by the Royal Navy were sometimes converted to brigs to make them easier to handle, but still utilising the fast hull. At about the same time that the decked, fast-sailing cutters of
2205-431: Was a necessary one but represented the inevitable unsatisfactory compromise when a vessel has to be designed to fight, to be seaworthy and to have a long endurance, all on a minimum displacement and at minimum expense. Few men in the Royal Navy had a good word to say for the gun-brigs, which rolled terribly and were greatly over-crowded, but they had to be employed. Later in the same book he was more complimentary as regards
2254-540: Was an 18-gun class of brig-sloops of the Royal Navy . Brig-sloops were the same as ship-sloops except for their rigging. A ship-sloop was rigged with three masts whereas a brig-sloop was rigged as a brig with only a fore mast and a main mast. The Cruizer class was the most numerous class of warships built by the British during the Napoleonic Wars , with 110 vessels ordered to this design (including two completed as ship sloops, and another 3 cancelled), and
2303-483: Was cancelled in 1820. The Cruizer -class brig-sloops proved to be fast sailers and seaworthy, and the 32-pounder carronade armament gave them enormous short-range firepower, exceeding the nominal broadside of a standard 36-gun 18-pounder frigate . To a Royal Navy increasingly desperate for manpower, the great attraction of the design was that — thanks to the two-masted rig and the use of carronades with their small gun crews — this firepower could be delivered by
2352-416: Was cut to 5 sizes from 26 to 34 feet (7.9 to 10.4 m) in 1914. The sailing rig of the cutters used as ship's boats was usually two masted. In 1761, the larger Deal-built cutters had spritsails set on these masts, soon transitioning to a dipping lug fore-sail and a sprit mizzen. For much of the 19th century, and into the 20th, cutters were rigged with a dipping lug on the foremast and a standing lug on
2401-553: Was to be completed as a ship-sloop and the other as a brig-sloop. While the Henslow-designed vessels (the brig-sloop Busy and the ship-sloop Echo ) would see no further sister ships built, the Rule-designed vessels (the brig-sloop Cruizer and the ship-sloop Snake ) would each have a single sister ship ordered in the following March, and Rule's Cruizer design would subsequently see 106 constructed during
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