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55-749: The Croatan lived in current Dare County , an area encompassing the Alligator River , Croatan Sound , Roanoke Island , Ocracoke Island , and parts of the Outer Banks , including Hatteras Island . The Croatan people who exist today live predominantly in Cumberland , Sampson , and Harnett counties. The chiefs, called werowances ("he who is rich"), each controlled up to 18 towns. The greatest were able to muster 700 or 800 fighting men. Chiefs and their families were held in great status and received respect, but they were not all-powerful. To pursue

110-534: A London fare zone marked with a Maltese cross can make one journey from the London Terminal at which they arrived to the zone in question. The "Maltese cross flower" ( Lychnis chalcedonica ) is so named because its petals are similarly shaped, though its points are more rounded into " heart "-like shapes. The flower Tripterocalyx crux-maltae was also named for the Maltese cross. The Geneva drive ,

165-573: A Maltese cross in each corner. The Maltese euro coins of 1- and 2-euro denomination carry the Maltese cross. It is also the trademark of KM Malta Airlines , Malta's national airline. The Maltese cross was depicted on the two- mils coin in of the Maltese lira in 1972, and on the reverse of one- and two- Euro coins introduced in January 2008. In 1967, laboratory tests, and flight tests at Fort Rucker and Fort Wolters , were conducted to determine

220-624: A character named "Maltese cross" in the Dingbats range at code point U+2720 ( ✠ ); however most computer fonts render the code point as a cross pattée . The Knights Hospitaller during the Crusades used a plain Latin cross. Occasional use of the modern form straight-edged "eight-pointed cross" by the order begins in the early 16th century. This early form is a cross moline (ancrée) or cross branchée ending in eight points, not yet featuring

275-420: A collective goal, chiefs had to convince their followers that the action would be in the tribe's best interest. The chief was responsible for spreading wealth to his tribe, and, if unable to do so, they received less respect, or even lost respect entirely. Phillip W. Evans, a linguist, suggested the word Croatan means "council town" or "talk town," which likely indicates the residence of an important leader and

330-574: A connection between the Lumbees and the early English colonists who settled on Roanoke Island in 1587 and the Algonquian tribes (Croatan included) who inhabited coastal North Carolina at the same time. McMillan's hypothesis, which was also supported by the historian Stephen Weeks, contends that the colonists migrated with the Indians toward the interior of North Carolina and by 1650 had settled along

385-536: A copper coin dated 1693, minted under Grand Master Adrien de Wignacourt . From the end of the 17th century, it is also occasionally displayed as alternative heraldic emblem of the order. Its depiction on the facade of San Giovannino dei Cavalieri dates to 1699. The Maltese cross as defined by the constitution of the Order of St. John remains the symbol of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , of

440-478: A device that translates a continuous rotation into an intermittent rotary motion, is also sometimes called a "Maltese cross mechanism" after the shape of its main gear. Eight-pointed crosses were adopted for use by the French Order of Saint Lazarus in the mid-16th century. The use of the green eight-pointed cross by the Order was retained right through to the 19th century and after the secular organization of

495-420: A group of about 100 people who self-identified as Croatan descendants, or Lumbees , left Robeson County, North Carolina , for southern Georgia. By building a church and a school for their people outside of the influence of publicly funded or pre-existing buildings in the area, they established an identity for themselves that subverted the racial barriers of the time which, locally prior to 1890, had operated under

550-725: A nearby cemetery. After the collapse of the Adabelle Trading Company, the Croatans faced both economic hardship and social injustice. As a result, most members of the community returned to North Carolina by 1920." The North Carolina state legislature recognized the Croatan Indians of Robeson County and the Croatan Indians of Sampson County in 1911. They were also granted the right of "Indians and their descendants shall have separate school for their children, school committees of their own race, and shall also have

605-461: A nearby island (likely modern-day Hatteras Island ) in addition to the local tribe of Native Americans. Roanoke Island was not originally the planned location for the colony and the idea of moving elsewhere had been discussed. Before the Governor's departure, he and the colonists had agreed that a message would be carved into a tree if they had moved and would include an image of a Maltese Cross if

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660-615: A pioneering ethnologist at the Smithsonian Institution , wrote in 1938 that the Lumbees were probably of Cheraw descent, but were also genealogically influenced by other Siouan tribes in the area. Contemporary historians such as James Merrell and William Sturtevant confirm this theory by suggesting that the Cheraws, along with survivors of other tribes whose populations had been devastated by warfare and disease, found refuge from both aggressive settlers and hostile tribes in

715-430: A place near the setting sun called Popogusso, to burn for eternity in a huge pit of fire. The concepts of heaven and hell were impressed upon the common people to encourage them to respect leaders and live a life that would produce rewards in the afterlife. Conjurors and priests were distinctive spiritual leaders. Priests were chosen for their knowledge and wisdom and were leaders of the organized religion. Conjurors, on

770-473: A place where councils were held. According to Thomas Harriot , the Native Americans living in coastal North Carolina believed there was "one only chief and great God, which has been from all eternity" and which made petty gods "to be used in the creation and government to follow." They believed in the immortality of the soul. Upon death, the soul either enters heaven to live with the gods or goes to

825-566: A very clear distinction between "black" and "white." This group, instead, considered themselves to be "Indians." They headed back to Bulloch County where they could keep their people together as "Indians." They used the segregation of Jim Crow South to develop themselves as an entire community. In 1910, the North Carolina state legislature renamed the Croatan Indians in North Carolina to "Cherokee." A historical marker placed by

880-683: Is home to two popular lighthouses: The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse and the Bodie Island Lighthouse . There is also a beacon atop the Wright Brothers Memorial . A third lighthouse was built by the Town of Manteo and dedicated on September 25, 2004. The Roanoke Marshes Lighthouse is an exterior recreation of the 1877 screwpile lighthouse of the same name and is located on the Manteo waterfront. It serves as exhibit space for

935-438: Is land and 1,158.51 square miles (3,000.5 km ) (75.14%) is water. It is the largest county in North Carolina by total area. Dare County includes the middle part of the Outer Banks and contains Roanoke Island . As of the 2020 census , there were 36,915 people, 15,529 households, and 10,281 families residing in the county. At the 2010 census , there were 33,920 people, 12,690 households, and 8,450 families residing in

990-633: Is often confused with the Maltese cross (for example, the New York City Fire Department so calls it); although it may have eight or more points, it also has large curved arcs between the points. The Philadelphia Fire Department , among others, incorporates the Firefighter's Cross into its insignia, as does the International Association of Fire Fighters . The Maltese cross should not be mistaken for

1045-531: Is presently a Republican county, having voted Republican since the 1980 election, though the Republican margins of victory are significantly smaller than most Southern largely-white counties. No Democratic presidential nominee has carried Dare County since Jimmy Carter did so in 1976. Before the 1950s, it was mostly a typical " Solid South " Democratic county, that did not vote Republican between 1900 and 1952, albeit by significantly smaller margins than much of

1100-530: Is the "Cross" of the French Legion of Honour ( Croix de la Légion d'honneur ). A seven-armed variant, known as the "Maltese asterisk", is used as the basis of Britain's Order of St Michael and St George . Other crosses with spreading limbs are often mistakenly called "Maltese", especially the cross pattée . The royal warrant which created the Victoria Cross prescribed a Maltese cross, but

1155-665: Is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of North Carolina . As of the 2020 census , the population was 36,915. Its county seat is Manteo . Dare County is included in the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Chesapeake, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area . Because it includes much of Pamlico Sound , Dare County is the largest county in North Carolina by total area, although if considering land area only, it drops down to 68th in size among

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1210-636: The American Revolution and their descendants who migrated to Virginia and North Carolina frontiers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These "free people of color" were mostly descendants of European men and African women who worked and lived together in colonial Virginia. These connections have been traced for numerous individuals and families through court records, land deeds, and other existing historical documents. In Robeson County, they may have intermarried with Native American survivors and acculturated as Native Americans. Researchers from

1265-823: The Knights Hospitaller (Order of St. John, now the Sovereign Military Order of Malta ), and by extension with the island of Malta , it has come to be used by a wide array of entities since the early modern period , notably the Order of Saint Stephen , the city of Amalfi , the Polish Order of the White Eagle (1709), the Prussian order Pour le Mérite (1740), and the Bavarian Military Merit Order (1866). Unicode defines

1320-524: The Lost Colony of Roanoke may have joined the Croatan. Governor White finally reached Roanoke Island on August 18, 1590, three years after he had last seen them there, but he found his colony had been long deserted. The buildings had collapsed and "the houses [were] taken down." The few clues about the colonists' whereabouts included the letters "CROATOAN" carved into a tree. Croatoan was the name of

1375-484: The Order of Saint John and its allied orders , of the Venerable Order of Saint John , and of their various service organisations. Numerous other modern orders of merit have used the eight-pointed cross. The British colony of Queensland , Australia , adopted the Maltese cross as the state badge and on the flag in 1876 for reasons unknown, its use continuing through to statehood. The eight points of

1430-641: The Roanoke and Croatan were believed to have been on good terms with English colonists of the Roanoke Colony . Wanchese , the last leader of the Roanoke, accompanied the English on a trip to England, although he was distrustful of the English. In 1586, Wanchese finally severed his former good relations with the English, leaving Chief Manteo as the colonists' sole native ally. Some of the survivors of

1485-764: The Robeson County swamps in eastern North Carolina. In 1914, when Special Indian Agent O.M. McPherson was reporting on the rights of various Indian groups, he published a list of names of the Lost Colony. Numerous names on the list were typical Indian names in the North Carolina counties of Robeson and Sampson, at the time of his report. Many of the surnames included were that of surviving Croatan Indians. Late twentieth-century research has demonstrated that among surnames established as Lumbee ancestors were numerous mixed-race African Americans free in Virginia before

1540-730: The University of Bristol , United Kingdom, have also been excavating on Hatteras Island in conjunction with the Croatoan Archaeological Society. Hatteras Island is the main locus for the settlement of the Croatoan tribe and to date, they have discovered a large contact/pre-contact period settlement, midden deposits, and European trade items. Roberta Estes founded the Lost Colony Center for Science and Research which excavated English artifacts within

1595-563: The Yamasee War . Tribes that maintained mutually beneficial contact with the settlers gained power through their access to and control of European trade goods. While the English may have held great military superiority over the Carolina Algonquians , the Native Americans' control over food and natural resources was a much more decisive factor in the conflict with early settlers. Despite the varying relationships among tribes,

1650-401: The "sharp arrowhead appearance". The fully modern design is found on a copper coin dated 1567, minted by Grand Master Jean Parisot de Valette (r. 1557–1568). In 1577, Alonso Sanchez Coello painted Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria as Grand Prior of the Order of Malta wearing the emblem on his robes. The design appears again on coins minted in the late 17th to 18th centuries. It is shown on

1705-573: The British Venerable Order of St John associate the eight points with the Eight Beatitudes . An undated leaflet published by The Venerable Order's main service organisation, St John Ambulance , has also applied secular meanings to the points as representing the traits of a good first aider . The Maltese cross is displayed as part of the Maltese civil ensign , the Maltese naval jack and presidential standard has

Croatan - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-477: The Croatan and survivors of the Lost Colony of Roanoke Island . For more than a hundred years, historians and other scholars have been examining the question of Lumbee origin. Although there have been many explanations and conjectures, two theories persist. In 1885, Hamilton McMillan, a local historian and state legislator, proposed the "Lost Colony" theory. Based upon oral tradition among the Lumbees and what he deemed as strong circumstantial evidence, McMillan posited

1815-404: The Maltese cross symbol to vessels and offshore units for which the hull construction and/or the manufacture of its machinery and components and any associated required testing, as applicable, is carried out under ABS survey. Several orders that are descended from the original Order of St John set up first aid and ambulance services. These also incorporated the Maltese cross into their logos: On

1870-423: The N.C. Maritime Museum on Roanoke Island. Maltese Cross The Maltese cross is a cross symbol , consisting of four " V " or arrowhead shaped concave quadrilaterals converging at a central vertex at right angles, two tips pointing outward symmetrically. It is a heraldic cross variant which developed from earlier forms of eight-pointed crosses in the 16th century. Although chiefly associated with

1925-492: The National Rail network, tickets marked with a Maltese cross are valid for travel on London Underground , Docklands Light Railway and Thameslink between two London Terminals, allowing passengers to make journeys that cross London. Passengers can break their journey at any intermediate station but cannot then resume their journey by Tube, DLR or Thameslink using their cross-London ticket. Passengers holding tickets to

1980-651: The Order after 1910. It has been the official badge (combined with an ellipsoid in the center) of the Delta Phi fraternity since 1833. A similar cross is also used by the Veterans of Foreign Wars organization. A variant of the Maltese cross, with three V-shaped arms instead of four, was used as the funnel symbol of the Hamburg Atlantic Line and their successors German Atlantic Line and Hanseatic Tours in 1958–1973 and 1991–1997. A five-armed variant

2035-572: The banks of the Lumber River . It is suggested the present-day Lumbees are the descendants of these two groups. However this theory is contradicted by written and archaeological evidence that the colonists relocated to Croatoan. Other scholars believe the Lumbees to be descended from an eastern Siouan group called the Cheraws . During the 17th and 18th centuries, several Siouan-speaking tribes occupied southeastern North Carolina. John R. Swanton ,

2090-502: The county consists of a string of resort communities along the Outer Banks. While lightly populated by year-round residents, the population swells during the summer with vacationers. At one time, the now-abandoned town of Buffalo City was the largest community in the county. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 1,541.74 square miles (3,993.1 km ), of which 383.23 square miles (992.6 km )

2145-492: The county was $ 42,411, and the median income for a family was $ 49,302. Males had a median income of $ 31,240 versus $ 24,318 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 23,614. About 5.5% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over. As of 2010, the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Dare County were: Dare County

2200-407: The county. The population density was 78 people per square mile (30 people/km ). There were 26,671 housing units at an average density of 70 units per square mile (27 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 92.3% White , 2.5% Black or African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.4% from other races , and 1.8% from two or more races. 6.5% of

2255-554: The decision was made by force. White found no such cross and was hopeful that his family was still alive. The Croatan, like other Carolina Algonquians, suffered from epidemics of infectious disease such as smallpox in 1598. These greatly reduced the tribe's numbers and left them subject to colonial pressure. They are believed to have become extinct as a tribe by the early 17th century. Based on legend, some Lumbees , based in North Carolina , self-identified as descendants of

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2310-533: The eight-pointed cross have been given a number of symbolic interpretations, such as representing the eight Langues of the Knights Hospitaller (Auvergne, Provence, France, Aragon, Castille and Portugal, Italy, Germany, and the British Isles). or alternatively the "eight obligations or aspirations" of the knights. Websites operated by both the German Order of Saint John ( Johanniterorden ) and

2365-479: The medal has always in fact been a cross pattée. The official symbol of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity is the cross pattée , though the organization's founder thought it was a Maltese cross when the organization was formed in 1865. The Nestorian cross also is very similar to both of these. The Unicode Character “✠” (U+2720) is called a Maltese Cross, but is in fact a cross pattée. The Firefighter's Cross

2420-501: The most highly visible and effective way to mark a helipad. Twenty-five emblem designs were tested, but the emblem depicting four blurred rotor blades, referred to as the "Maltese cross", was selected as the standard heliport marking pattern by the Army for military heliports, and by the FAA for civil heliports. However, in the late 1970s, the FAA administrator repealed this standard when it

2475-544: The other hand, were chosen for their magical abilities. Conjurors were thought to have powers from a personal connection with a supernatural being (mostly spirits from the animal world). It is known that the arrival of English Settlers upset some pre-existing tribal relationships. The Algonquian people advocated cooperation, while others (the Yamasee , Cherokee and Chickasaw , for example) resisted this approach. Later, this conflict between tribes and settlers would lead to

2530-435: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 12,690 households, out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

2585-700: The rest of the Solid South. Dare County is governed by the Dare County Board of Commissioners . Dare County is a part of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments. Public education is run by Dare County Schools . There are three public high schools/secondary schools with high school components: College of The Albemarle is the local community college, with a Dare campus in Manteo. Dare County Library has branches in Manteo, Kill Devil Hills, and Hatteras. Dare County

2640-566: The right to choose their own teachers based upon the general assembly of North Carolina. Today, these two groups are state-recognized tribes , known as the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina and the Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc. , respectively. The Croatan Indian Tribe of South Carolina, an unrecognized organization , claims to descend from Croatan people. Dare County, North Carolina Dare County

2695-443: The robe of the kneeling Grand Master on the obverse of a coin minted under Foulques de Villaret (r. 1305–1319) In 1489, the statutes of the order require all knights of Malta to wear "the white cross with eight points". Emergence of the sharp vertex of the modern "four-arrowhead" design is gradual, and takes place during the 15th to 16th century. The "Rhodian cross" of the early 16th century had almost, but not quite, achieved

2750-516: The sharp vertex of the modern design. The association of the eight-pointed cross with the southern Italy coastal town of Amalfi may go back to the 11th century, as the design is allegedly found on coins minted by the Duchy of Amalfi at that time. Eight-pointed crosses appear on coins minted by the Grand Masters of the order, first shown as a bolsini-type cross embroidered on the left arm of

2805-589: The state of Georgia states: "In 1870 a group of Croatan Indians migrated from their homes in Robeson County North Carolina, following the turpentine industry to southeast Georgia. Eventually, many of the Croatans became tenant farmers for the Adabelle Trading Company, growing cotton and tobacco. The Croatan community established the Mt. Zion Baptist Church in Adabelle , as well as a school and

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2860-465: The state's 100 counties. Dare County is named after Virginia Dare , the first child born in the Americas to English parents, who was born within the county's current borders. Founded in 1870 from parts of Tyrrell, Currituck and Hyde counties, it consists of a large segment of the Outer Banks of North Carolina, along with Roanoke Island and a peninsula of land attached to the mainland. Most of

2915-558: The territory of the former Croatan tribe. The artifacts may also be evidence of trade with the tribe or of Natives finding them at the former colony site. The center conducted the Lost Colony DNA Project to try to determine if there are European lines among Croatan descendants. However, no bones from the Lost Colony have been found to sequence DNA, and, as of 2019, the project had not identified any living descendants. Historian Malinda Maynor ( Lumbee ) wrote that, in 1890,

2970-410: Was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.79. In the county, the population was spread out, with 21.4% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males. The median income for a household in

3025-558: Was charged that the Maltese cross was antisemitic. In the United States today, some helipads still remain bearing their original Maltese cross emblems. The eight-pointed cross is also used to identify the final approach fix on FAA published approach plates. This is used on both precision and non-precision approaches. The vessel classification society for the United States, the American Bureau of Shipping , will assign

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