Adam4Adam is an online dating website designed for men to meet other men "for friendship, romance, or a hot hookup ".
87-559: (Redirected from A4a ) A4A may refer to: Adam4Adam , a gay dating service Airlines for America , an industry association in the United States Apps4Africa , an African innovation accelerator [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
174-560: A Washington, D.C. police officer from that police force's Gay & Lesbian Liaison Unit said "We've definitely seen an increase in online dating crimes in the past five years" and added that victims of internet dating crimes are "overwhelmingly men cruising for sex ." The same police officer also noted that these criminals are often technologically savvy and create profiles using fake information and other people's photos from cyber cafés or public libraries, making them difficult to trace. A high-profile April 2010 murder investigation in
261-587: A dopamine dysregulation syndrome which occurs in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs , such as amphetamine or methamphetamine. Methamphetamine addiction is persistent for many individuals, with 61% of individuals treated for addiction relapsing within one year. About half of those with methamphetamine addiction continue with use over a ten-year period, while the other half reduce use starting at about one to four years after initial use. The frequent persistence of addiction suggests that long-lasting changes in gene expression may occur in particular regions of
348-406: A drug test for sports, employment, poisoning diagnostics, and forensics. Chiral techniques may be employed to help distinguish the source of the drug to determine whether it was obtained illicitly or legally via prescription or prodrug. Chiral separation is needed to assess the possible contribution of levomethamphetamine , which is an active ingredients in some OTC nasal decongestants, toward
435-640: A "Health Resource" page as well as a page devoted to "Online Safety Tips". The site encourages health organizations to create "Health Counselor" accounts. All these measures encourage good health practices such as safe sex , getting tested for sexually transmitted infections and avoiding methamphetamine addiction . The counselors also discourage the party and play phenomenon. The site also maintains an interactive blog. Posts are organized into several categories, ranging from sex to lifestyle to news. In October 2006, New York City -area media including The New York Times and WCBS-TV reported that Adam4Adam
522-650: A "plan-a-trip feature" to locate potential friends or dates where one is headed. It also has a specific way of posting party invitations. Although Adam4Adam has members of all ethnic groups, the percentage of non- White men represented in member profiles is higher than the percentage of non-White people in the United States population, though the degree to which this is true varies by city/region. For instance, research into demographic representation in Atlanta, San Francisco, and New York City profiles evidences
609-629: A 1998 federal law designed to keep pornography away from children on the Internet, a federal judge ruled Thursday in striking down the measure on free-speech grounds. Senior U.S. District Judge Lowell Reed Jr. also said the Child Online Protection Act fails to address threats that have emerged since the law was written, including online predators on social-networking sites like MySpace, because it targets only commercial Web publishers. "Even defendant's own study shows that all but
696-507: A common needle . The level of needle sharing among methamphetamine users is similar to that among other drug injection users. The psychological effects of methamphetamine can include euphoria , dysphoria , changes in libido , alertness , apprehension and concentration , decreased sense of fatigue, insomnia or wakefulness , self-confidence , sociability, irritability, restlessness, grandiosity and repetitive and obsessive behaviors. Peculiar to methamphetamine and related stimulants
783-846: A diverse term. It frequently refers to the exaggeration of the unusual effects with features such as irritability, agitation, hallucinations and paranoia. The cardiovascular effects are typically not noticed in young healthy people. Hypertension and tachycardia are not apparent unless measured. A moderate overdose of methamphetamine may induce symptoms such as: abnormal heart rhythm , confusion, difficult and/or painful urination , high or low blood pressure, high body temperature , over-active and/or over-responsive reflexes , muscle aches , severe agitation , rapid breathing , tremor , urinary hesitancy , and an inability to pass urine . An extremely large overdose may produce symptoms such as adrenergic storm , methamphetamine psychosis , substantially reduced or no urine output , cardiogenic shock , bleeding in
870-412: A first offense with a maximum of five years, [and] a secondary offense [with] a minimum of two years. It’s just insane. Further, not only the company but the website's members could be responsible under these same regulations. The same lawyer remarked that if he had a profile on Adam4Adam this would mean: I would have to have a photocopy of my own ID and a list in my home ready for federal inspection,
957-699: A greater affinity for σ 1 than σ 2 , and inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Sigma receptor activation by methamphetamine may facilitate its central nervous system stimulant effects and promote neurotoxicity within the brain. Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger psychostimulant , but levomethamphetamine has stronger peripheral effects, a longer half-life, and longer perceived effects among heavy substance users. At high doses, both enantiomers of methamphetamine can induce similar stereotypy and methamphetamine psychosis , but levomethamphetamine has shorter psychodynamic effects. The bioavailability of methamphetamine
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#17327986040901044-520: A paper with my legal name, or any name I have ever used under any circumstances [...] the form of ID I provided to myself, the serial number of that ID and [would have to have it] signed under penalty of perjury . If I don’t have that document or a photo of my ID available 20 hours a week for federal inspection, I’ve committed a felony. An article in The New York Sun entitled "Morbid Web Site Makes Amusement of Online Profiles Left Behind by
1131-401: A permanent injunction. The law would have criminalized Web sites that allow children to access material deemed "harmful to minors" by "contemporary community standards." The sites would have been expected to require a credit card number or other proof of age. Gay & Lesbian News reports that Adam4Adam and similar sites may soon come under an expanded interpretation of 18 U.S.C. 2257 ,
1218-478: A positive test result. Dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of methamphetamine and other drugs in urine. Methamphetamine is a chiral compound with two enantiomers, dextromethamphetamine and levomethamphetamine . At room temperature, the free base of methamphetamine is a clear and colorless liquid with an odor characteristic of geranium leaves. It is soluble in diethyl ether and ethanol as well as miscible with chloroform . In contrast,
1305-402: A specific chemical substance, the racemic free base , which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant , among other concerns, as well as
1392-562: A time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose". Withdrawal symptoms in chronic, high-dose users are frequent, occurring in up to 87.6% of cases, and persist for three to four weeks with a marked "crash" phase occurring during the first week. Methamphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, drug craving , dysphoric mood , fatigue , increased appetite , increased movement or decreased movement , lack of motivation , sleeplessness or sleepiness , and vivid or lucid dreams . Methamphetamine that
1479-641: A transcription factor, and G9a , a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both directly oppose the induction of ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens (i.e., they oppose increases in its expression). Sufficiently overexpressing ΔJunD in the nucleus accumbens with viral vectors can completely block many of the neural and behavioral alterations seen in chronic drug use (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB). ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards , such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. Since both natural rewards and addictive drugs induce expression of ΔFosB (i.e., they cause
1566-552: A trend of higher representations of men of color among younger age cohorts, with decreasing diversity in profiles as age increase. This is also true of Adam4Adam membership in the United Kingdom. Unlike Manhunt and some other sites, Adam4Adam does not prohibit escort ads, however such ads are placed in a category separated from the mainstream personal ads. As with most sites of this type, members are allowed to post nude photos and many choose to do so. Adam4Adam provides
1653-472: A violation of the “ Don’t ask, don’t tell ” policy, and that in some cases online profiles were being used as evidence in outing service members to military command. According to the Gay and Lesbian Times : In many cases it’s either a jilted ex-lover, a roommate or friend who is upset about something who knows that the service member has the online ad or profile and they then print out that profile and give it to
1740-574: Is " punding ", persistent non-goal-directed repetitive activity. Methamphetamine use also has a high association with anxiety , depression , amphetamine psychosis , suicide , and violent behaviors. Methamphetamine is directly neurotoxic to dopaminergic neurons in both lab animals and humans. Excitotoxicity , oxidative stress , metabolic compromise, UPS dysfunction, protein nitration, endoplasmic reticulum stress , p53 expression and other processes contributed to this neurotoxicity. In line with its dopaminergic neurotoxicity, methamphetamine use
1827-414: Is 67% orally , 79% intranasally , 67 to 90% via inhalation ( smoking ), and 100% intravenously . Following oral administration, methamphetamine is well-absorbed into the bloodstream, with peak plasma methamphetamine concentrations achieved in approximately 3.13–6.3 hours post ingestion. Methamphetamine is also well absorbed following inhalation and following intranasal administration. Because of
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#17327986040901914-488: Is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity . It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury . Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers : levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. Methamphetamine properly refers to
2001-400: Is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK)-dependent signaling pathway, in turn producing dopamine efflux. TAAR1 has been shown to reduce the firing rate of neurons through direct activation of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels . TAAR1 activation by methamphetamine in astrocytes appears to negatively modulate
2088-481: Is associated with a higher risk of Parkinson's disease . In addition to its dopaminergic neurotoxicity, a review of evidence in humans indicated that high-dose methamphetamine use can also be neurotoxic to serotonergic neurons. It has been demonstrated that a high core temperature is correlated with an increase in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. Withdrawal of methamphetamine in dependent persons may lead to post-acute withdrawal which persists months beyond
2175-482: Is dangerous. Methamphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of antidepressants and other stimulants as well. Methamphetamine may counteract the effects of antihypertensives and antipsychotics owing to its effects on the cardiovascular system and cognition respectively. The pH of gastrointestinal content and urine affects the absorption and excretion of methamphetamine. Specifically, acidic substances will reduce
2262-579: Is especially useful for treatment of concomitant tachycardia and hypertension induced by methamphetamine. The phenomenon of "unopposed alpha stimulation" has not been reported with the use of beta-blockers for treatment of methamphetamine toxicity. Methamphetamine is metabolized by the liver enzyme CYP2D6 , so CYP2D6 inhibitors will prolong the elimination half-life of methamphetamine. Methamphetamine also interacts with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), since both MAOIs and methamphetamine increase plasma catecholamines; therefore, concurrent use of both
2349-540: Is expected to develop with regular methamphetamine use and, when used recreationally, this tolerance develops rapidly. In dependent users, withdrawal symptoms are positively correlated with the level of drug tolerance. Depression from methamphetamine withdrawal lasts longer and is more severe than that of cocaine withdrawal. According to the current Cochrane review on drug dependence and withdrawal in recreational users of methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue [methamphetamine] use, many report
2436-401: Is found; the usual effective dose is around 20–25 mg/day. Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed off label for narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia . In the United States, methamphetamine's levorotary form is available in some over-the-counter (OTC) nasal decongestant products. As methamphetamine is associated with a high potential for misuse, the drug is regulated under
2523-611: Is more due to users' other choices. They suggest the side effect has been exaggerated and stylized to create a stereotype of current users as a deterrence for new ones. Methamphetamine use was found to be related to higher frequencies of unprotected sexual intercourse in both HIV-positive and unknown casual partners, an association more pronounced in HIV-positive participants. These findings suggest that methamphetamine use and engagement in unprotected anal intercourse are co-occurring risk behaviors, behaviors that potentially heighten
2610-418: Is not enough evidence on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in cases of methamphetamine intoxication to determine their usefulness. Forced acid diuresis (e.g., with vitamin C ) will increase methamphetamine excretion but is not recommended as it may increase the risk of aggravating acidosis, or cause seizures or rhabdomyolysis. Hypertension presents a risk for intracranial hemorrhage (i.e., bleeding in
2697-510: Is not reported in these statistics and is difficult to know. Unlike fentanyl which causes respiratory depression, methamphetamine is not a respiratory depressant. Some deaths are as a result of intracranial hemorrhage and some deaths are cardiovascular in nature including flash pulmonary edema and ventricular fibrillation. Acute methamphetamine intoxication is largely managed by treating the symptoms and treatments may initially include administration of activated charcoal and sedation . There
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2784-609: Is present in a mother's bloodstream can pass through the placenta to a fetus and be secreted into breast milk . Infants born to methamphetamine-abusing mothers may experience a neonatal withdrawal syndrome, with symptoms involving of abnormal sleep patterns, poor feeding, tremors, and hypertonia . This withdrawal syndrome is relatively mild and only requires medical intervention in approximately 4% of cases. Unlike other drugs, babies with prenatal exposure to methamphetamine do not show immediate signs of withdrawal. Instead, cognitive and behavioral problems start emerging when
2871-527: Is subject to substantial interindividual variability . CYP2D6 , dopamine β-hydroxylase , flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 , butyrate-CoA ligase , and glycine N-acyltransferase are the enzymes known to metabolize methamphetamine or its metabolites in humans. The primary metabolites are amphetamine and 4-hydroxymethamphetamine ; other minor metabolites include: 4-hydroxyamphetamine , 4-hydroxynorephedrine , 4-hydroxyphenylacetone , benzoic acid , hippuric acid , norephedrine , and phenylacetone ,
2958-526: Is typically preceded by convulsions and coma . Use of methamphetamine can result in a stimulant psychosis which may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., paranoia , hallucinations , delirium , and delusions ). A Cochrane Collaboration review on treatment for amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine use-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely. The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, antipsychotic medications effectively resolve
3045-592: The American Dental Association , meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-induced psychological and physiological changes resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth), extended periods of poor oral hygiene , frequent consumption of high-calorie, carbonated beverages and bruxism (teeth grinding and clenching)". As dry mouth is also a common side effect of other stimulants, which are not known to contribute severe tooth decay, many researchers suggest that methamphetamine-associated tooth decay
3132-571: The Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act and wrote: anyone with a sexually explicit picture on a site like Adam4Adam.com could be considered a secondary producer if the new regulations go into effect, and would be subject to the same type of requirements that the adult Web sites would be under. If successfully applied, these regulations would mean that Adam4Adam and similar companies would have to keep records proving that individuals appearing in photographs or videos are over
3219-493: The Controlled Substances Act and is listed under Schedule II in the United States. Methamphetamine hydrochloride dispensed in the United States is required to include a boxed warning regarding its potential for recreational misuse and addiction liability. Desoxyn and Desoxyn Gradumet are both pharmaceutical forms of the drug. The latter is no longer produced and is a extended-release form of
3306-639: The United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances treaty. While dextromethamphetamine is a more potent drug, racemic methamphetamine is illicitly produced more often, owing to the relative ease of synthesis and regulatory limits of chemical precursor availability. In low to moderate doses, methamphetamine can elevate mood , increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, reduce appetite, and promote weight loss. At very high doses, it can induce psychosis , breakdown of skeletal muscle , seizures , and bleeding in
3393-520: The chromatin that contribute to the persistent epigenetic changes found in methamphetamine addiction. A 2018 systematic review and network meta-analysis of 50 trials involving 12 different psychosocial interventions for amphetamine, methamphetamine, or cocaine addiction found that combination therapy with both contingency management and community reinforcement approach had the highest efficacy (i.e., abstinence rate) and acceptability (i.e., lowest dropout rate). Other treatment modalities examined in
3480-425: The hippocampus , and the prefrontal cortex . Chronic methamphetamine use caused gene-specific histone acetylations, deacetylations and methylations . Gene-specific DNA methylations in particular regions of the brain were also observed. The various epigenetic alterations caused downregulations or upregulations of specific genes important in addiction. For instance, chronic methamphetamine use caused methylation of
3567-450: The presynaptic neuron , and their subsequent release into the synaptic cleft by the phosphorylated transporters. Other transporters that methamphetamine is known to inhibit are SLC22A3 and SLC22A5 . SLC22A3 is an extraneuronal monoamine transporter that is present in astrocytes, and SLC22A5 is a high-affinity carnitine transporter. Methamphetamine is also an agonist of the alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and sigma receptors with
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3654-486: The substituted phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes . It is related to the other dimethylphenethylamines as a positional isomer of these compounds, which share the common chemical formula C 10 H 15 N . In the United States, methamphetamine hydrochloride, sold under the brand name Desoxyn , is approved by the FDA for treating ADHD and obesity in both adults and children; however,
3741-544: The Dead" discusses a site that highlights the user profiles on various social networking websites. Adam4Adam is mentioned several times and it is noted that Willi Ninja 's profile remained posted on Adam4Adam months after his September 2006 death received widespread press attention. In this article, an Adam4Adam spokesperson is quoted as saying "We deactivate them as soon as we get notified." Methamphetamine Methamphetamine (contracted from N -methylamphetamine )
3828-878: The FDA advises monitoring the height and weight of growing children and adolescents during treatment. Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic drug that causes vasoconstriction and tachycardia . Methamphetamine also promotes abnormal extra heart beats and irregular heart rhythms some of which may be life threatening. The effects can also include loss of appetite , hyperactivity, dilated pupils , flushed skin , excessive sweating , increased movement , dry mouth and teeth grinding (potentially leading to condition informally known as meth mouth ), headache, rapid breathing , high body temperature , diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision , dizziness , twitching , numbness , tremors , dry skin, acne , and pale appearance . Long-term meth users may have sores on their skin; these may be caused by scratching due to itchiness or
3915-446: The FDA also indicates that the limited therapeutic usefulness of methamphetamine should be weighed against the inherent risks associated with its use. To avoid toxicity and risk of side effects, FDA guidelines recommend an initial dose of methamphetamine at doses 5–10 mg/day for ADHD in adults and children over six years of age, and may be increased at weekly intervals of 5 mg, up to 25 mg/day, until optimum clinical response
4002-437: The United States, where racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are classified as Schedule II controlled substances. Levomethamphetamine is available as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States. Internationally, the production, distribution, sale, and possession of methamphetamine is restricted or banned in many countries, owing to its placement in schedule II of
4089-885: The Washington, D.C., area revealed that the victim, a high school principal, met his assailants through adam4adam.com. In reporting on the murder of a 39-year-old San Diego man by a 19-year-old U.S. Marine , an editorial in the Gay and Lesbian Times said that the victim: was an avid user of adam4adam.com, a popular gay chat and hook-up Web site. Instincts told us that the victim may have met his killer online and invited him into his Little Italy apartment, where he ultimately met his fate. Adam4Adam has also been used to " out " people who have otherwise kept their sexual orientation somewhat secret. The Servicemembers Legal Defense Network warned United States military personnel in 2004 that online profiles on Adam4Adam and similar sites were
4176-574: The absorption of methamphetamine and increase urinary excretion, while alkaline substances do the opposite. Owing to the effect pH has on absorption, proton pump inhibitors , which reduce gastric acid , are known to interact with methamphetamine. Methamphetamine has been identified as a potent full agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates brain catecholamine systems. Activation of TAAR1 increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and either completely inhibits or reverses
4263-479: The age of 18. They would also have to "categorize those documents in a meticulous manner", with failure to comply resulting in possible felony charges and prison time. An attorney for the Free Speech Coalition noted: It’s just a series of land mines designed to trap the unwary [...] if you file it wrong, if you put it in [the] wrong alphabetical order [...] you’re facing federal prosecution on
4350-421: The analysis included monotherapy with contingency management or community reinforcement approach, cognitive behavioral therapy , 12-step programs , non-contingent reward-based therapies, psychodynamic therapy , and other combination therapies involving these. As of December 2019 , there is no effective pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine addiction. A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed
4437-427: The availability of safer substitute drugs with comparable treatment efficacy such as Adderall and Vyvanse . Dextromethamphetamine is a stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine. Both racemic methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use. The highest prevalence of illegal methamphetamine use occurs in parts of Asia and Oceania, and in
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#17327986040904524-413: The belief that insects are crawling under their skin, and the damage is compounded by poor diet and hygiene. Numerous deaths related to methamphetamine overdoses have been reported. Additionally, "[p]ostmortem examinations of human tissues have linked use of the drug to diseases associated with aging, such as coronary atherosclerosis and pulmonary fibrosis", which may be caused "by a considerable rise in
4611-399: The brain , circulatory collapse , hyperpy rexia (i.e., dangerously high body temperature), pulmonary hypertension , kidney failure , rapid muscle breakdown , serotonin syndrome , and a form of stereotypy ("tweaking"). A methamphetamine overdose will likely also result in mild brain damage owing to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotoxicity. Death from methamphetamine poisoning
4698-437: The brain . Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid mood swings , stimulant psychosis (e.g., paranoia , hallucinations , delirium , and delusions ), and violent behavior . Recreationally, methamphetamine's ability to increase energy has been reported to lift mood and increase sexual desire to such an extent that users are able to engage in sexual activity continuously for several days while binging
4785-442: The brain to produce more of it), chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological state of addiction. ΔFosB is the most significant factor involved in both amphetamine addiction and amphetamine-induced sex addictions , which are compulsive sexual behaviors that result from excessive sexual activity and amphetamine use. These sex addictions (i.e., drug-induced compulsive sexual behaviors) are associated with
4872-558: The brain) and, if severe, is typically treated with intravenous phentolamine or nitroprusside . Blood pressure often drops gradually following sufficient sedation with a benzodiazepine and providing a calming environment. Antipsychotics such as haloperidol are useful in treating agitation and psychosis from methamphetamine overdose. Beta blockers with lipophilic properties and CNS penetration such as metoprolol and labetalol may be useful for treating CNS and cardiovascular toxicity. The mixed alpha- and beta-blocker labetalol
4959-453: The brain, and may contribute importantly to the addiction phenotype. In 2014, a crucial role was found for epigenetic mechanisms in driving lasting changes in gene expression in the brain. A review in 2015 summarized a number of studies involving chronic methamphetamine use in rodents. Epigenetic alterations were observed in the brain reward pathways , including areas like ventral tegmental area , nucleus accumbens , and dorsal striatum ,
5046-399: The children reach school age. A prospective cohort study of 330 children showed that at the age of 3, children with methamphetamine exposure showed increased emotional reactivity, as well as more signs of anxiety and depression; and at the age of 5, children showed higher rates of externalizing disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methamphetamine overdose is
5133-756: The command. Adam4Adam has also been mentioned by sources such as the New York Daily News in reference to the outing of an American Idol contestant who previously had said that he was heterosexual . New York Daily News also reported that the Adam4Adam dating profile of artist Ross Bleckner was printed in the Coagula Art Journal . In the Coagula Art Journal article, Bleckner's "age, 33-inch waistline and youthful photo" were questioned, but ultimately accepted by
5220-653: The development of drug addictions, since its overexpression in D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for most of the behavioral and neural adaptations that arise from addiction. Once ΔFosB is sufficiently overexpressed, it induces an addictive state that becomes increasingly more severe with further increases in ΔFosB expression. It has been implicated in addictions to alcohol , cannabinoids , cocaine , methylphenidate , nicotine , opioids , phencyclidine , propofol , and substituted amphetamines , among others. ΔJunD ,
5307-409: The dose is excreted in urine as methamphetamine and 10–23% as amphetamine. Following IV doses, about 45% is excreted as methamphetamine and 7% as amphetamine. The elimination half-life of methamphetamine varies with a range of 5–30 hours, but it is on average 9 to 12 hours in most studies. The elimination half-life of methamphetamine does not vary by route of administration , but
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#17327986040905394-790: The drug, flattening the curve of the effect of the drug while extending it. Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent euphoriant and stimulant as well as aphrodisiac qualities. According to a National Geographic TV documentary on methamphetamine, an entire subculture known as party and play is based around sexual activity and methamphetamine use. Participants in this subculture, which consists almost entirely of homosexual male methamphetamine users, will typically meet up through internet dating sites and have sex. Because of its strong stimulant and aphrodisiac effects and inhibitory effect on ejaculation , with repeated use, these sexual encounters will sometimes occur continuously for several days on end. The crash following
5481-425: The drug. Methamphetamine is known to possess a high addiction liability (i.e., a high likelihood that long-term or high dose use will lead to compulsive drug use) and high dependence liability (i.e., a high likelihood that withdrawal symptoms will occur when methamphetamine use ceases). Discontinuing methamphetamine after heavy use may lead to a post-acute-withdrawal syndrome , which can persist for months beyond
5568-732: The efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction; it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion, mirtazapine , sertraline ), antipsychotics ( aripiprazole ), anticonvulsants ( topiramate , baclofen , gabapentin ), naltrexone , varenicline , citicoline , ondansetron , prometa , riluzole , atomoxetine , dextroamphetamine, and modafinil . Tolerance
5655-408: The formation of ceramides , pro-inflammatory molecules that can foster cell aging and death." Methamphetamine users, particularly heavy users, may lose their teeth abnormally quickly, regardless of the route of administration, from a condition informally known as meth mouth . The condition is generally most severe in users who inject the drug, rather than swallow, smoke, or inhale it. According to
5742-416: The formation of reactive oxygen species. Current models of addiction from chronic drug use involve alterations in gene expression in certain parts of the brain, particularly the nucleus accumbens . The most important transcription factors that produce these alterations are ΔFosB , cAMP response element binding protein ( CREB ), and nuclear factor kappa B ( NFκB ). ΔFosB plays a crucial role in
5829-427: The high lipophilicity of methamphetamine due to its methyl group, it can readily move through the blood–brain barrier faster than other stimulants, where it is more resistant to degradation by monoamine oxidase . The amphetamine metabolite peaks at 10–24 hours. Methamphetamine is excreted by the kidneys, with the rate of excretion into the urine heavily influenced by urinary pH. When taken orally, 30–54% of
5916-860: The level of biomarkers of metabolic integrity and synthesis occur in recreational users, such as a reduction in N -acetylaspartate and creatine levels and elevated levels of choline and myoinositol . Methamphetamine has been shown to activate TAAR1 in human astrocytes and generate cAMP as a result. Activation of astrocyte-localized TAAR1 appears to function as a mechanism by which methamphetamine attenuates membrane-bound EAAT2 (SLC1A2) levels and function in these cells. Methamphetamine binds to and activates both sigma receptor subtypes, σ 1 and σ 2 , with micromolar affinity. Sigma receptor activation may promote methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity by facilitating hyperthermia , increasing dopamine synthesis and release, influencing microglial activation, and modulating apoptotic signaling cascades and
6003-447: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A4A&oldid=932668451 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Adam4Adam As of September 2005, San Jose Mercury News ranked Adam4Adam as
6090-641: The lysine in position 4 of histone 3 located at the promoters of the c-fos and the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (ccr2) genes, activating those genes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). c-fos is well known to be important in addiction . The ccr2 gene is also important in addiction, since mutational inactivation of this gene impairs addiction. In methamphetamine addicted rats, epigenetic regulation through reduced acetylation of histones, in brain striatal neurons, caused reduced transcription of glutamate receptors . Glutamate receptors play an important role in regulating
6177-485: The magazine as true since "overall (for Internet personals), he's a pretty honest, bland dude. Like his art." Bleckner laughed off the incident, saying "For them, that's high praise!" While Adam4Adam and other social networking venues are often dismissed as "sex sites", there is evidence to the contrary. For example, the Washington Blade featured an article about the evolution of online dating in which it
6264-423: The membrane expression and function of EAAT2 , a type of glutamate transporter . In addition to its effect on the plasma membrane monoamine transporters, methamphetamine inhibits synaptic vesicle function by inhibiting VMAT2 , which prevents monoamine uptake into the vesicles and promotes their release. This results in the outflow of monoamines from synaptic vesicles into the cytosol (intracellular fluid) of
6351-522: The metabolites of amphetamine. Among these metabolites, the active sympathomimetics are amphetamine, 4‑hydroxyamphetamine , 4‑hydroxynorephedrine , 4-hydroxymethamphetamine , and norephedrine. Methamphetamine is a CYP2D6 inhibitor. The main metabolic pathways involve aromatic para-hydroxylation, aliphatic alpha- and beta-hydroxylation, N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, and deamination. The known metabolic pathways include: Methamphetamine and amphetamine are often measured in urine or blood as part of
6438-460: The methamphetamine hydrochloride salt is odorless with a bitter taste. It has a melting point between 170 and 175 °C (338 and 347 °F) and, at room temperature, occurs as white crystals or a white crystalline powder. The hydrochloride salt is also freely soluble in ethanol and water. The crystal structure of either enantiomer is monoclinic with P2 1 space group ; at 90 K (−183.2 °C; −297.7 °F), it has lattice parameters
6525-518: The new "Restricted To Adults" label in the metatags of its pages. The RTA label is free to use, voluntary, and universally available to any website that wishes to clearly and effectively label itself as being inappropriate for viewing by minors. The Free Speech Coalition recently endorsed the RTA website label. Maryclaire Dale, Associated Press Writer, March 22, 2007, writes: Federal judge blocks 1998 online porn law. Software filters work much better than
6612-431: The past or are currently taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not take methamphetamine. The FDA also advises individuals with bipolar disorder , depression , elevated blood pressure , liver or kidney problems, mania , psychosis , Raynaud's phenomenon , seizures , thyroid problems, tics , or Tourette syndrome to monitor their symptoms while taking methamphetamine. Owing to the potential for stunted growth,
6699-411: The reinforcing effects of addictive drugs. Administration of methamphetamine to rodents causes DNA damage in their brain, particularly in the nucleus accumbens region. During repair of such DNA damages, persistent chromatin alterations may occur such as in the methylation of DNA or the acetylation or methylation of histones at the sites of repair. These alterations can be epigenetic scars in
6786-450: The risk of HIV transmission among gay and bisexual men. Methamphetamine use allows users of both sexes to engage in prolonged sexual activity, which may cause genital sores and abrasions as well as priapism in men. Methamphetamine may also cause sores and abrasions in the mouth via bruxism , increasing the risk of sexually transmitted infection. Besides the sexual transmission of HIV, it may also be transmitted between users who share
6873-795: The second most popular online gay personals site in the United States (being ranked behind Gay.com ). As of March 2007, Hitwise ranked it number one (the number two and three position being occupied by Manhunt and Gay.com ). Adam4Adam was launched in 2003 by a company called "Convergent Ideas, LLC" and is now operated by "A4A Network Inc.". Adam4Adam's members are mostly in the United States. Unlike similar competitors, Adam4Adam does not charge members to use its full range of services. Instead, Adam4Adam receives revenue from advertising , particularly from pay-per-view pornographic websites and companies offering erection enhancement drugs like sildenafil , vardenafil , tadalafil and their generic drug equivalents through mail order . The site offers
6960-471: The symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. Amphetamine psychosis may also develop occasionally as a treatment-emergent side effect. The CDC reported that the number of deaths in the United States involving psychostimulants with abuse potential to be 23,837 in 2020 and 32,537 in 2021. This category code (ICD–10 of T43.6) includes primarily methamphetamine but also other stimulants such as amphetamine, and methylphenidate. The mechanism of death in these cases
7047-460: The transport direction of the dopamine transporter (DAT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and serotonin transporter (SERT). When methamphetamine binds to TAAR1, it triggers transporter phosphorylation via protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, ultimately resulting in the internalization or reverse function of monoamine transporters . Methamphetamine is also known to increase intracellular calcium, an effect which
7134-423: The typical withdrawal period. At high doses, methamphetamine is neurotoxic to human midbrain dopaminergic neurons and, to a lesser extent, serotonergic neurons. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity causes adverse changes in brain structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions, as well as adverse changes in markers of metabolic integrity. Methamphetamine belongs to
7221-538: The typical withdrawal period. Magnetic resonance imaging studies on human methamphetamine users have also found evidence of neurodegeneration, or adverse neuroplastic changes in brain structure and function. In particular, methamphetamine appears to cause hyperintensity and hypertrophy of white matter , marked shrinkage of hippocampi , and reduced gray matter in the cingulate cortex , limbic cortex , and paralimbic cortex in recreational methamphetamine users. Moreover, evidence suggests that adverse changes in
7308-600: The use of methamphetamine in this manner is very often severe, with marked hypersomnia (excessive daytime sleepiness). The party and play subculture is prevalent in major US cities such as San Francisco and New York City. Methamphetamine is contraindicated in individuals with a history of substance use disorder , heart disease , or severe agitation or anxiety, or in individuals currently experiencing arteriosclerosis , glaucoma , hyperthyroidism , or severe hypertension . The FDA states that individuals who have experienced hypersensitivity reactions to other stimulants in
7395-472: The worst performing (software) filters are far more effective than COPA would be at protecting children from sexually explicit material on the Web," said Reed, who presided over a monthlong trial in the fall. The never-enforced law was Congress' second attempt to protect children from online porn. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld in 2004 a temporary injunction blocking the law from taking effect; Reed on Thursday issued
7482-403: Was reported that: an increasing number of gay and lesbian youth have taken their first steps into the “gay community” by passing through an online chat room door. Gay male social networking sites like Manhunt, [Silverdaddies,] Adam4Adam and the recently launched DList, for "edgy gay men," provide just as easy an opportunity for men to find a coffee date as easy as a gangbang . Adam4Adam uses
7569-571: Was the focus of a conspiracy to find gay men online to rob. A number of men in New York City used the site to lure a Brooklyn man to a remote area where he was robbed and murdered. The men were found when one user was identified via his screenname . Many news sources reported similar occurrences in the Washington Metropolitan Area . In discussing the case of a perpetrator of multiple robberies in that region,
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