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55-408: The entry-level GE-branded digital cameras are designed for first-time buyers and those upgrading from first-generation digital cameras. Models in this series are powered by two AA alkaline batteries . The A730 is an inexpensive point-and-shoot GE-branded 7-megapixel camera. It has a 3X optical zoom and a 4.5X digital zoom. The screen is a LTPS TFT, 153,600 pixel, 2.5 inch, color LCD. ISO Sensitivity

110-720: A maximum retail price . In the United Kingdom, the list price is referred to as a recommended retail price or RRP. In 1998, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry prohibited the placing of RRP on electrical goods under the "Domestic Electrical Goods Order", but this ruling was lifted by the Competition Commission in February 2012. In the United States, the list price is referred to as

165-532: A 15x optical zoom lens. 6X digital zoom is also provided for a total maximum zoom of 90X. It has a 3-inch (76 mm), 460K pixel, color LCD display. The movie mode offers 1080p30, 720p60, 720p30, VGA, and QVGA Video. It has 15 MB of internal memory. An SD/SDHC/SDXC slot supports up to a 128 GB memory card. The camera is powered by a 3.7 V, 880 mAh, GB-50A, rechargeable lithium-ion battery with in-camera charging. The first camera in GE's waterproof series

220-495: A 2.5-inch (64 mm) LCD screen, 8 megapixels, and a handgrip. Paired with the camera's 12X optical zoom is a 4.5X digital zoom. Together, they give the X1 a maximum zoom of 54X. It also includes a 4-gigabyte SD/SDHC expansion slot. The GE X5 is a bridge camera with a 14 MP CCD sensor, and a 15x optical zoom lens. GE Power Pro X500 is the successor of GE X5. The camera has a 16-megapixel sensor and an electronic viewfinder, whereas

275-610: A distributor and seller or between two or more sellers may violate antitrust laws in the United States . In Leegin Creative Leather Prods., Inc. v. PSKS, Inc. , 127 S. Ct. 2705 (2007), the Supreme Court considered whether federal antitrust law established a per se ban on minimum resale price agreements and, instead, allow resale price maintenance agreements to be judged by the rule of reason,

330-478: A furry coating outside the device, that corrodes any objects in contact with the leaking device. Since alkaline batteries were made with less mercury beginning in 1996, alkaline batteries are allowed to be disposed of as regular domestic waste in some locations. However, older alkaline batteries with mercury, and the remaining other heavy metals and corrosive chemicals in all batteries (new and old), still present problems for disposal—especially in landfills. There

385-423: A metal can. This lowers the internal resistance of the cell. To prevent gassing of the cell at the end of its life, more manganese dioxide is used than required to react with all the zinc. Also, a plastic-made gasket is usually added to increase leakage resistance. The cell is then wrapped in aluminium foil, a plastic film, or rarely, cardboard, which acts as a final layer of leak protection as well as providing

440-433: A photo The E1030 has 10 megapixels, a 3X optical zoom and 4.5X digital zoom, which combine for a maximum zoom of 13.5X. The LCD screen is 2.7 inches (69 mm). The E1040 includes 4X optical zoom, 4.5X digital zoom; and 10 megapixels. 3-inch (76 mm) LCD screen. The E1240 features 12 megapixels. A 4X optical zoom and a 4.5X digital zoom combine to create a maximum zoom of 18X; 3-inch (76 mm) LCD screen. The G1

495-526: A purely vertical minimum RPM agreement might be illegal. First, "[a] dominant retailer ... might request resale price maintenance to forestall innovation in distribution that decreases costs. A manufacturer might consider it has little choice but to accommodate the retailer's demands for vertical price restraints if the manufacturer believes it needs access to the retailer's distribution network". Second, "[a] manufacturer with market power... might use resale price maintenance to give retailers an incentive not to sell

550-419: A supplier may specify a maximum price for retail. There is an exception to this where the reseller is engaging in a loss-leading exercise. 'Rack rate' is the travel industry term for the published full price of a hotel room, which the customer would pay by just walking into the hotel off the street and asking for a room. In some jurisdictions, a customer may be entitled to overstay a reservation by paying

605-525: A surface on which logos and labels can be printed. When describing AAA, AA, C, sub-C and D size cells , the negative electrode is connected to the flat end, and the positive terminal is the end with the raised button. This is usually reversed in button cells, with the flat-ended cylindrical can being the positive terminal. Some alkaline batteries are designed to be recharged a few times, and are described as rechargeable alkaline batteries . Attempts to recharge standard alkaline batteries may cause rupture, or

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660-588: A total available zoom of 13.5x. The camera supports electronic image stabilization , face detection , smile detection, blink detection, and red-eye removal. A mini USB port on the side of the camera allows users to download image files to a computer which recognizes the A1230 as a removable drive. The screen is an LTPS TFT, 153,600 pixel, 2.5 inch, color LCD. ISO sensitivity options are Auto, ISO 64/80/100/200/400/800/1600/3200(3M). It has 24 MB of internal memory. A SD/SDHC slot supports up to an 8 GB memory card. It

715-461: Is Auto, ISO 80/100/200/400/800/1600. Internal memory is 26 MB. A SD/SDHC slot supports up to a 4 GB memory card. Power is by two AA batteries, alkaline or NiMH recommended. The A830 is a point-and-shoot 8-megapixel camera that has the same zoom capabilities and other features of the A730. The A1230 is a 12.1-megapixel camera with a 3X optical zoom lens. 4.5X digital zoom is also provided for

770-505: Is a cumulative neurotoxin and can be toxic in higher concentrations. However, compared to other battery types, the toxicity of alkaline batteries is moderate. Alkaline batteries are used in many household items such as Portable media players , digital cameras , toys, flashlights , and radios . Batteries with alkaline (rather than acid) electrolyte were first developed by Waldemar Jungner in 1899, and, working independently, Thomas Edison in 1901. The modern alkaline dry battery, using

825-399: Is also the issue of simplifying the disposal of batteries by excluding them all from domestic waste, so that the most toxic batteries are diverted from general waste streams. Disposal varies by jurisdiction. For example, the state of California considers all batteries as hazardous waste when discarded, and has banned the disposal of batteries in domestic waste. In Europe, battery disposal

880-416: Is contained in a drawn stainless steel can, which is the cathode connection. The positive electrode mixture is a compressed paste of manganese dioxide with carbon powder added for increased conductivity. The paste may be pressed into the can or deposited as pre-molded rings. The hollow center of the cathode is lined with a separator, which prevents contact of the electrode materials and short-circuiting of

935-543: Is controlled by the WEEE Directive and Battery Directive regulations, and as such alkaline batteries must not be thrown in with domestic waste. In the EU, most stores that sell batteries are required by law to accept old batteries for recycling. The use of disposable batteries increases by 5–6% every year. In the past, used batteries ended up at landfill sites, but in 2004, disposal of alkaline batteries at landfill sites

990-416: Is more compact than other models with a weight of 12.5 ounces (350 grams). The camera can also take Pancapture panoramic photos, up to six multi successive exposures in one frame, and has 6× digital zoom. It lacks RAW support, stereo sound and does not have a hot shoe . The longest shutter speed the camera supports is four seconds. GE Power Pro X2600 has an MSRP of $ 169.99, an optical zoom of 26x (the same as

1045-428: Is powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries . Memory can be expanded up to 4 gigabytes with SD or SDHC memory cards. The E850 includes a 28 mm equivalent wide-angle lens, a 5X optical zoom and 8 megapixels. The wide-angle lens is useful for large indoor group photos. It has a 5X optical zoom and the 4.5X digital zoom. The camera comes with a 3-inch (76 mm) LCD screen. It also can delete unwanted sections of

1100-470: Is powered by two AA batteries ( alkaline or NiMH recommended). The camera's firmware lacks a battery type selection setting option to obtain optimum use from NiMH batteries. Known firmware versions are 1.01 D7 and 1.10 D7. The latter version has paginated menus whereas the early version has scrolling menus. The intermediate level of the GE-branded camera models, the E series features larger screens and

1155-444: Is roughly proportional to its physical size. This is a result of decreasing internal resistance as the internal surface area of the cell increases. A rule of thumb is that an AA alkaline battery can deliver 700 mA without any significant heating. Larger cells, such as C and D cells, can deliver more current. Applications requiring currents of several amperes such as powerful portable audio equipment require D-sized cells to handle

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1210-443: Is the most compact model in the GE-branded line at 3 + 5 ⁄ 8 inches (92 mm) wide and 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (64 mm) high. It includes a 3X optical zoom, a 2.5-inch (64 mm) LCD screen, 7 megapixels. Comes with a rechargeable lithium-ion battery and an SD/SDHC memory card slot, expandable up to 4 gigabytes. The G100 is a modified bridge camera featuring an Aptina A-Pix CMOS 14.4-megapixel pixel sensor and

1265-540: The Leclanché cell or zinc chloride types, alkaline batteries have a higher energy density and longer shelf life , yet provide the same voltage. The alkaline battery gets its name because it has an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH) instead of the acidic ammonium chloride (NH 4 Cl) or zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) electrolyte of the zinc–carbon batteries. Other battery systems also use alkaline electrolytes, but they use different active materials for

1320-441: The price at which its manufacturer notionally recommends that a retailer sell the product. Suggested pricing methods may conflict with competition theory , as they allow prices to be set higher than would be established by supply and demand . Resale price maintenance —fixing prices—goes further than suggesting prices, and is illegal in many countries. Retailers may charge less than the suggested retail price, depending upon

1375-509: The MSRP and invoice price. MAP, or Minimum Advertised Price, refers to the lowest price a retailer is allowed to advertise a product for sale. It's a policy that manufacturers or distributors set to maintain brand identity and to ensure that retailers do not advertise or sell their products at excessively low prices, which can lead to several issues such as: brand devaluation, price erosion and unfair competition. Fixed pricing established between

1430-559: The Union Carbide Corporation. When alkaline batteries were introduced in the late 1960s, their zinc electrodes (in common with the then ubiquitous carbon-zinc cells) had a surface film of mercury amalgam . Its purpose was to control electrolytic action on impurities in the zinc; that unwanted electrolytic action would reduce shelf life and promote leakage . When reductions in mercury content were mandated by various legislatures, it became necessary to greatly improve

1485-401: The United States. Prior to the spread of manufacturer's suggested retail pricing, there were no defined prices on vehicles, and car dealers were able to impose arbitrary markups , often with prices adjusted to what the salesperson thought the prospective purchaser would be willing to pay for a particular vehicle. Currently, the MSRP, or "sticker price", the price of a vehicle as labeled by

1540-500: The X600), but instead uses a 16 MP CCD sensor. It is larger, heavier, and lacks an electronic viewfinder. Alkaline batteries An alkaline battery (IEC code: L) is a type of primary battery where the electrolyte (most commonly potassium hydroxide ) has a pH value above 7. Typically these batteries derive energy from the reaction between zinc metal and manganese dioxide . Compared with zinc–carbon batteries of

1595-601: The actual wholesale cost of each item, usually purchased in bulk from the manufacturer, or in smaller quantities through a distributor . The suggested price is sometimes unrealistically high, so the seller can appear to be offering a discount. Some retailers apply discount stickers over top of original prices to indicate a discount to consumers. List price often cannot be compared directly internationally as products may differ in detail, sometimes due to different regulations, and list prices may or may not include taxes. India and Bangladesh do not use list prices but instead have

1650-470: The batteries were improved. Alkaline batteries are prone to leaking potassium hydroxide , a caustic agent that can cause respiratory, eye and skin irritation. The risk of this can be reduced by storing batteries in a dry place and at room temperature. Damage from leakage is mitigated by removing batteries when storing devices. Applying reverse current (such as by recharging disposable-grade cells, or by mixing batteries of different types or state of charge in

1705-411: The battery declines steadily during use, so the total usable capacity depends on the cutoff voltage of the application. The nominal voltage of a fresh alkaline cell as established by manufacturer standards is 1.5 V . The actual zero-load voltage of a new alkaline battery ranges from 1.50 to 1.65 V , depending on the purity of the manganese dioxide used and the contents of zinc oxide in

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1760-403: The cell. The separator is made of a non-woven layer of cellulose or a synthetic polymer. The separator must conduct ions and remain stable in the highly alkaline electrolyte solution. The negative electrode is composed of a dispersion of zinc powder in a gel containing the potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The zinc powder provides more surface area for chemical reactions to take place, compared to

1815-429: The cells changes and some hydrogen gas is generated. This out-gassing increases pressure in the battery. Eventually, the excess pressure either ruptures the insulating seals at the end of the battery, or the outer metal canister, or both. In addition, as the battery ages, its steel outer canister may gradually corrode or rust, which can further contribute to containment failure. Once a leak has formed due to corrosion of

1870-551: The electrodes. Alkaline batteries account for 80% of manufactured batteries in the US and over 10 billion individual units produced worldwide. In Japan, alkaline batteries account for 46% of all primary battery sales. In Switzerland, alkaline batteries account for 68%, in the UK 60% and in the EU 47% of all battery sales including secondary types. Alkaline batteries contain zinc (Zn) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) (Health codes 1), which

1925-417: The electrolyte. The voltage delivered to a load decreases as the current drawn increases and as the cell discharges. A cell is considered fully discharged when the voltage drops to about 0.9 V . Cells connected in series produce a voltage equal to the sum of the voltages of each cell (e.g., three cells generate about 4.5 V when new). The amount of electrical current an alkaline battery can deliver

1980-552: The hotel industry in relation to the advertised pricing of hotel rooms. As of April 2011, this was an administrative priority of the OFT. In Australia, any sort of attempt at setting minimum advertised pricing or any retaliation against such a reseller is against the Competition and Consumer Act. It is also illegal for resellers to ask their suppliers to use recommended price lists to stop competitors from discounting. In most cases,

2035-403: The increased load. In comparison, Lithium-ion and Ni-MH batteries can handle 2 amperes with ease on the standard AA size. Alkaline batteries are manufactured in standard cylindrical forms interchangeable with zinc–carbon batteries, and in button forms. Several individual cells may be interconnected to form a true "battery", such as the 9-volt PP3-size battery . A cylindrical cell

2090-445: The interlayers with copper ions could be recharged for over 6,000 cycles due to the theoretical second electron capacity of manganese dioxide. The energy density of these rechargeable batteries with copper intercalated manganese dioxide is reported to be over 160  Wh/L , the best among the aqueous-based chemistries. It could be capable of energy densities comparable to lithium-ion (at least 250 Wh/L ) if zinc utilization in

2145-474: The item be priced by a retailer. The term "suggested" can be misleading because in many cases, the MSRP is extremely high compared to the actual wholesale cost, opening the market to " deep discounters ", who are able to sell products substantially below the MSRP but still make a profit. The discount stores benefit from exorbitant MSRPs because the discount offered increases the perceived value to customers. A common use for MSRP can be seen in automobile sales in

2200-696: The leaking of hazardous liquids that corrode the equipment. However, it is reported that standard alkaline batteries can often be recharged a few times (typically not more than ten), albeit with reduced capacity after each charge; chargers are available commercially. The UK consumer organisation Which? reported that it tested two such chargers with Energizer alkaline batteries, finding that battery capacity dropped on average to 10% of its original value, with huge variations, after two cycles (without stating how depleted they were before recharging) after recharging them two times. In 2017 Gautam G. Yadav published papers reporting that alkaline batteries made by interleaving

2255-422: The manufacturer's suggested retail price or MSRP. Under earlier US state Fair Trade statutes , the manufacturer was able to impose a fixed price for items. The fixed prices could offer some price protection to small merchants in competition against larger retail organizations. These were determined to be in restraint of trade . Many manufacturers have adopted MSRP, a price at which the manufacturer suggests

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2310-529: The manufacturer, is clearly labeled on the windows of all new vehicles, on a Monroney sticker , commonly called the "window sticker". The sticker was added as part of the Automobile Information Disclosure Act of 1958. The MSRP is different from the actual price paid to the manufacturer by the dealer, which is known as the " invoice price ". There are now numerous sources, such as online appraisal tools, that can be used to find

2365-399: The metals from crushed alkaline batteries are mechanically separated, and the waste black mass is treated chemically to separate zinc, manganese dioxide and potassium hydroxide. Suggested Retail Price The list price , also known as the manufacturer's suggested retail price ( MSRP ), or the recommended retail price ( RRP ), or the suggested retail price ( SRP ) of a product is

2420-550: The optical zoom and other features are relatively still the same as the predecessor. On March 15, 2011 the price of the X500 was about $ 139.99. In 2012, GE Power Pro X550 was introduced with Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) $ 149.99 as a minor improvement on the GE Power Pro X500 with added object tracking capabilities to automatically focus on moving objects. GE Power Pro X600 had an MSRP of $ 199.99 when it

2475-450: The outer steel shell, potassium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form a feathery crystalline structure of potassium carbonate that grows and spreads out from the battery over time, following along metal electrodes to circuit boards where it commences oxidation of copper tracks and other components, leading to permanent circuitry damage. The leaking crystalline growths can also emerge from seams around battery covers to form

2530-629: The products of smaller rivals or new entrants." In both of these examples, an economically powerful firm uses the RPM agreement to exclude or raise entry barriers for its competition. In addition, federal law is not the only source of antitrust claims as almost all of the states have their own antitrust laws. In the UK, in September 2010, an investigation was launched by the Office of Fair Trading into breaches of competition law by online travel agents and

2585-489: The purity and consistency of the zinc. In an alkaline battery, the negative electrode is zinc and the positive electrode is manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ). The alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is not consumed during the reaction (it is regenerated), only the zinc and MnO 2 are consumed during discharge. The concentration of alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide remains constant, as there are equal amounts of OH anions consumed and produced in

2640-552: The rack rate. While the rack rate can be lower than the maximum rate that the hotel may be allowed to charge under local laws, it is higher than the rate most travel agents can book for their customers. Sometimes the terms "run of the house" or "walk-up rate" (in Europe usually: "walk-in rate") are used to refer to the same highest rate. The term "rack rate" is also used by travel-related service providers, such as car rental companies or travel mobile phone rental companies, to refer to

2695-477: The same device) can increase the risk of leakage. All batteries gradually self-discharge (whether installed in a device or not) and dead batteries eventually leak. Extremely high temperatures can also cause batteries to rupture and leak (such as in a car during summer) as well as decrease the shelf life of the battery. The reason for leaks is that as batteries discharge – either through usage or gradual self-discharge – the chemistry of

2750-461: The two half-reactions occurring at the electrodes . The two half-reactions are: The overall reaction (sum of anodic and cathodic reactions) is: The capacity of an alkaline battery is strongly dependent on the load. An AA -sized alkaline battery might have an effective capacity of 3000  mAh at low drain, but at a load of 1  ampere , which is common for digital cameras, the capacity could be as little as 700 mAh . The voltage of

2805-599: The usual standard applied to determine if there is a violation of section 1 of the Sherman Act . In holding that vertical price restraints should be judged by the rule of reason , the Court overruled Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co. , 220 U.S. 373 (1911). Because the rule of reason applies, minimum RPM agreements may still be unlawful. In fact, in Leegin , the Court identified at least two ways in which

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2860-569: The zinc/ manganese dioxide chemistry, was invented by the Canadian engineer Lewis Urry in the 1950s in Canada before he started working for Union Carbide 's Eveready Battery division in Cleveland, OH , building on earlier work by Edison. On October 9, 1957, Urry, Karl Kordesch , and P. A. Marsal filed US patent (2,960,558) for the alkaline battery. It was granted in 1960 and was assigned to

2915-525: Was announced in 2012. It has a 14.4 MP CMOS sensor, 26× optical zoom (26–676 mm), and is capable of capturing Full HD 1080p video recording. It can take 7 frames per second of continuous shooting (up to 150 images) without slowdown when using SD card with a transfer rate of at least 95 MB/second. The body shape of the camera is similar to the Panasonic Lumix FZ200 with a deep handgrip, big lens, and eye-level electronic viewfinder . It

2970-775: Was forbidden by an EU regulation. EU member countries are committed to recycling 50% of alkaline batteries by 2016. The need for recycling thus amounts to 125 000  tons per year. The share of alkaline batteries is approximately 80% of the whole. In the US, only one state, California, requires all alkaline batteries to be recycled. Vermont also has a statewide alkaline battery collection program. In other US states, individuals can purchase battery recycling kits used to ship batteries to recyclers. Some stores such as IKEA also collect alkaline batteries for recycling. However, some chain stores that advertise battery recycling (such as Best Buy ) accept rechargeable batteries only, and generally do not accept alkaline batteries. For recycling,

3025-452: Was the G3WP, a compact camera with capability for up to 3 meters (10 feet) underwater, 12.2-megapixel CCD sensor, "All-Glass" 4X optical zoom f/3.5-5.15 lens, and VGA Video. Underwater capability 5 meters (16 feet), 12.2-megapixel CCD sensor, "All-Glass" 4X optical zoom f/3.5-5.15 lens. GE X1 is the first camera from General Imaging for the more serious photographer. It has a 12X optical zoom,

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