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59-547: The then-VCFL aired telecasts beginning in 2010 on C31 Melbourne , along with Geelong Football League and Geelong & District Football League . The women's netball coverage also was broadcast on community TV in 2010. The VCFL originally organised the interleague Victorian Country Football Championships back in 1954. In 1958, the VCFL initiated the Centenary Championships, to mark the 100th anniversary of

118-552: A 16:9 aspect ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over analog television channels because of channel capacity issues. SDTV, by comparison, may use one of several different formats taking the form of various aspect ratios depending on the technology used in the country of broadcast. NTSC can deliver a 640 × 480 resolution in 4:3 and 854 × 480 in 16:9 , while PAL can give 768 × 576 in 4:3 and 1024 × 576 in 16:9 . However, broadcasters may choose to reduce these resolutions to reduce bit rate (e.g., many DVB-T channels in

177-502: A 1990 FIFA World Cup broadcast in March 1990. An American company, General Instrument , also demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal in 1990. This led to the FCC being persuaded to delay its decision on an advanced television (ATV) standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. When it became evident that a digital standard might be achieved in March 1990,

236-402: A scattering effect as the digital processing dithers and is unable to consistently allocate a value of either absolute black or the next step up the greyscale. Changes in signal reception from factors such as degrading antenna connections or changing weather conditions may gradually reduce the quality of analog TV. The nature of digital TV results in a perfectly decodable video initially, until

295-649: A standard-definition television (SDTV) signal, and over 1  Gbit/s for high-definition television (HDTV). In the mid-1980s, Toshiba released a television set with digital capabilities, using integrated circuit chips such as a microprocessor to convert analog television broadcast signals to digital video signals, enabling features such as freezing pictures and showing two channels at once . In 1986, Sony and NEC Home Electronics announced their own similar TV sets with digital video capabilities. However, they still relied on analog TV broadcast signals, with true digital TV broadcasts not yet being available at

354-429: A subwoofer bass channel, producing broadcasts similar in quality to movie theaters and DVDs. Digital TV signals require less transmission power than analog TV signals to be broadcast and received satisfactorily. DTV images have some picture defects that are not present on analog television or motion picture cinema, because of present-day limitations of bit rate and compression algorithms such as MPEG-2 . This defect

413-479: A widescreen aspect ratio (commonly 16:9 ) in contrast to the narrower format ( 4:3 ) of analog TV. It makes more economical use of scarce radio spectrum space; it can transmit up to seven channels in the same bandwidth as a single analog channel, and provides many new features that analog television cannot. A transition from analog to digital broadcasting began around 2000. Different digital television broadcasting standards have been adopted in different parts of

472-540: A TV set in the following year. The digital television transition, migration to high-definition television receivers and the replacement of CRTs with flat screens are all factors in the increasing number of discarded analog CRT-based television receivers. In 2009, an estimated 99 million analog TV receivers were sitting unused in homes in the US alone and, while some obsolete receivers are being retrofitted with converters, many more are simply dumped in landfills where they represent

531-626: A Victoria Country representative side may be selected to play in one-off fixtures against other representative teams such as interstate counterparts or the Victorian Amateur Football Association , as well as the Australian Country Football Championships. VCFL v VAFA matches VCFL v VFA Note: "Major Leagues" are shown in "Bold" / "District Leagues" are shown in "Italic" . C31 Melbourne C31 Melbourne

590-436: A more efficient means of converting filmed programming into digital formats. For their part, the consumer electronics industry and broadcasters argued that interlaced scanning was the only technology that could transmit the highest quality pictures then (and currently) feasible, i.e., 1,080 lines per picture and 1,920 pixels per line. Broadcasters also favored interlaced scanning because their vast archive of interlaced programming

649-467: A single HDTV feed or multiple lower-resolution feeds is often referred to as distributing one's bit budget or multicasting. This can sometimes be arranged automatically, using a statistical multiplexer . With some implementations, image resolution may be less directly limited by bandwidth; for example in DVB-T , broadcasters can choose from several different modulation schemes, giving them the option to reduce

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708-410: A single frame often results in black boxes in several subsequent frames, making viewing difficult. For remote locations, distant channels that, as analog signals, were previously usable in a snowy and degraded state may, as digital signals, be perfectly decodable or may become completely unavailable. The use of higher frequencies add to these problems, especially in cases where a clear line-of-sight from

767-400: A standard-definition (SDTV) digital signal instead of an HDTV signal, because current convention allows the bandwidth of a DTV channel (or " multiplex ") to be subdivided into multiple digital subchannels , (similar to what most FM radio stations offer with HD Radio ), providing multiple feeds of entirely different television programming on the same channel. This ability to provide either

826-502: A terrestrial transmitter in range of their antenna. Other delivery methods include digital cable and digital satellite . In some countries where transmissions of TV signals are normally achieved by microwaves , digital multichannel multipoint distribution service is used. Other standards, such as digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) and digital video broadcasting - handheld (DVB-H), have been devised to allow handheld devices such as mobile phones to receive TV signals. Another way

885-512: Is Internet Protocol television (IPTV), which is the delivery of TV over a computer network. Finally, an alternative way is to receive digital TV signals via the open Internet ( Internet television ), whether from a central streaming service or a P2P (peer-to-peer) system. Some signals are protected by encryption and backed up with the force of law under the WIPO Copyright Treaty and national legislation implementing it, such as

944-440: Is a crucial regulatory tool for controlling the placement and power levels of stations. Digital TV is more tolerant of interference than analog TV. People can interact with a DTV system in various ways. One can, for example, browse the electronic program guide . Modern DTV systems sometimes use a return path providing feedback from the end user to the broadcaster. This is possible over cable TV or through an Internet connection but

1003-583: Is a free-to-air community television channel in Melbourne , Victoria, Australia. Its name is derived from UHF 31, the frequency and channel number reserved for analogue broadcasts by metropolitan community television stations in Australia . The station began broadcasting officially on 6 October 1994, with racing programming on Saturday nights and regular programming from Monday to Thursday. Test transmissions began on 23 August 1994, after its transmitter

1062-480: Is arguably C31's best-known program. It was a pre-recorded broadcast of a fish tank located in the station's studios, set to music by independent artists. It used to be live, but the station got complaints from the Australian Communications & Media Authority when there was a dead fish floating on the top of the tank for several days. It was originally shown in place of a test pattern when

1121-498: Is not possible with a standard antenna alone. Some of these systems support video on demand using a communication channel localized to a neighborhood rather than a city (terrestrial) or an even larger area (satellite). 1seg (1-segment) is a special form of ISDB . Each channel is further divided into 13 segments. Twelve are allocated for HDTV and the other for narrow-band receivers such as mobile televisions and cell phones . DTV has several advantages over analog television ,

1180-634: Is not readily compatible with a progressive format. DirecTV in the US launched the first commercial digital satellite platform in May 1994, using the Digital Satellite System (DSS) standard. Digital cable broadcasts were tested and launched in the US in 1996 by TCI and Time Warner . The first digital terrestrial platform was launched in November 1998 as ONdigital in the UK, using

1239-507: Is sometimes referred to as mosquito noise . Because of the way the human visual system works, defects in an image that are localized to particular features of the image or that come and go are more perceptible than defects that are uniform and constant. However, the DTV system is designed to take advantage of other limitations of the human visual system to help mask these flaws, e.g., by allowing more compression artifacts during fast motion where

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1298-496: Is the format used in computers, scans lines in sequences, from top to bottom. The computer industry argued that progressive scanning is superior because it does not flicker in the manner of interlaced scanning. It also argued that progressive scanning enables easier connections with the Internet and is more cheaply converted to interlaced formats than vice versa. The film industry also supported progressive scanning because it offers

1357-482: Is the transmission of television signals using digital encoding, in contrast to the earlier analog television technology which used analog signals . At the time of its development it was considered an innovative advancement and represented the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Modern digital television is transmitted in high-definition television (HDTV) with greater resolution than analog TV. It typically uses

1416-588: Is used in the Netflix VMAF video quality monitoring system. Quantising effects can create contours—rather than smooth gradations—on areas with small graduations in amplitude. Typically, a very flat scene, such as a cloudless sky, will exhibit visible steps across its expanse, often appearing as concentric circles or ellipses. This is known as color banding . Similar effects can be seen in very dark scenes, where true black backgrounds are overlaid by dark gray areas. These transitions may be smooth, or may show

1475-780: The DVB-T standard. Digital television supports many different picture formats defined by the broadcast television systems which are a combination of size and aspect ratio (width to height ratio). With digital terrestrial television (DTT) broadcasting, the range of formats can be broadly divided into two categories: high-definition television (HDTV) for the transmission of high-definition video and standard-definition television (SDTV). These terms by themselves are not very precise and many subtle intermediate cases exist. One of several different HDTV formats that can be transmitted over DTV is: 1280 × 720 pixels in progressive scan mode (abbreviated 720p ) or 1920 × 1080 pixels in interlaced video mode ( 1080i ). Each of these uses

1534-484: The Nine Network , an Australian commercial station, has $ 907 million annual revenue. The station claims that "1.4 million Melburnians tune in each month" this figure is supplied by the ratings company OzTam . Individual programs can have ratings of up to 180,000 viewers. The C31 website was completely remodelled in 2009, offering streaming of every program they broadcast (if the producer consents). C31 Melbourne

1593-477: The Senate , while a further extension, announced on 1 June 2018, gave broadcasters an additional two years through 30 June 2020. In June 2020, they were given another 12-month extension. In June 2021, thanks to amendments tabled by South Australian Senator Rex Patrick , the station was given a three-year extension. Its signal is transmitted from Mount Dandenong and Como Centre, South Yarra , reaching much of

1652-492: The Australian Broadcasting Authority granted the station a full-time community broadcasting licence. C31 began broadcasting in digital during June 2010. C31 is primarily funded through sponsorship, grants, sale of airtime and member donations. The station does not receive any regular Government funding. The annual revenue of C31 is approximately (AUD) $ 1.3 million per year. For comparison,

1711-473: The FCC took several important actions. First, the Commission declared that the new TV standard must be more than an enhanced analog signal , but be able to provide a genuine HDTV signal with at least twice the resolution of existing television images. Then, to ensure that viewers who did not wish to buy a new digital television set could continue to receive conventional television broadcasts, it dictated that

1770-454: The FCC's final standard. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the consumer electronics industry (joined by some broadcasters) and the computer industry (joined by the film industry and some public interest groups) over which of the two scanning processes— interlaced or progressive —is superior. Interlaced scanning, which is used in televisions worldwide, scans even-numbered lines first, then odd-numbered ones. Progressive scanning, which

1829-634: The Greater Melbourne , Geelong and West Gippsland areas on free-to-air television. C31 is available on digital via UHF 32 in Melbourne & Geelong and UHF 66 in South Yarra. C31 broadcasts a vast array of locally produced content including news, sport, youth, arts, and entertainment programs. The station also features a substantial amount of local multicultural programming, celebrating Melbourne's ethnic diversity. Fishcam

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1888-646: The UK use a horizontal resolution of 544 or 704 pixels per line). Each commercial broadcasting terrestrial television DTV channel in North America is allocated enough bandwidth to broadcast up to 19 megabits per second. However, the broadcaster does not need to use this entire bandwidth for just one broadcast channel. Instead, the broadcast can use Program and System Information Protocol and subdivide across several video subchannels (a.k.a. feeds) of varying quality and compression rates, including non-video datacasting services. A broadcaster may opt to use

1947-594: The US Digital Millennium Copyright Act . Access to encrypted channels can be controlled by a removable card, for example via the Common Interface or CableCard . Digital television signals must not interfere with each other and they must also coexist with analog television until it is phased out. The following table gives allowable signal-to-noise and signal-to-interference ratios for various interference scenarios. This table

2006-748: The championships matches were cancelled due to COVID-19 and have since been discontinued. The Goulburn Valley Football League and the Ovens & Murray Football League continue to play each other once a year. The Ash - Wilson Trophy was formed in 2001 and is only for matches involving the Goulburn Valley Football League and the Ovens & Murray Football League , In honour of former players, Stephen Ash and Mick Wilson. VCFL - Division 1 Champions *Country Championships: Division 2 *Country Championships: Division 3 *Country Championships: Division 4 / Pool D On occasion,

2065-432: The deadline to 31 December 2016. C31, like other community television stations, started moving operations online, and began streaming its channel live from ctvplus.org.au , allowing access to viewers outside of its traditional broadcast area. In April 2016, C31 became the first community station to offer a mobile app that offers live streaming and video on demand catch-up television. A new, improved mobile app, CTV+.

2124-477: The digital signals. In the United States, a government-sponsored coupon was available to offset the cost of an external converter box. The digital television transition began around the late 1990s and has been completed on a country-by-country basis in most parts of the world. Prior to the conversion to digital TV, analog television broadcast audio for TV channels on a separate FM carrier signal from

2183-525: The early 1990s. In the mid-1980s, as Japanese consumer electronics firms forged ahead with the development of HDTV technology, and as the MUSE analog format was proposed by Japan's public broadcaster NHK as a worldwide standard. Japanese advancements were seen as pacesetters that threatened to eclipse US electronics companies. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was

2242-482: The eye cannot track and resolve them as easily and, conversely, minimizing artifacts in still backgrounds that, because time allows, may be closely examined in a scene. Broadcast, cable, satellite and Internet DTV operators control the picture quality of television signal encoders using sophisticated, neuroscience-based algorithms, such as the structural similarity index measure (SSIM) video quality measurement tool. Another tool called visual information fidelity (VIF),

2301-498: The following season. The Country Championship were discontinued from 1975 before being re-established in 1978. From 2004 to 2006 the championships were decided at a carnival round-robin competition at one venue over a single weekend, with each of the four sides playing the others in matches of two twenty-minute halves. The team on top of the ladder, based on points (4 for a win, 2 for a draw) and then percentage (points scored over points conceded) after these three matches, were declared

2360-526: The front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration. Between 1988 and 1991, several European organizations were working on DCT -based digital video coding standards for both SDTV and HDTV. The EU 256 project by the CMTT and ETSI , along with research by Italian broadcaster RAI , developed a DCT video codec that broadcast SDTV at 34 Mbit/s and near-studio-quality HDTV at about 70–140 Mbit/s . RAI demonstrated this with

2419-425: The image and sound, although the program material may still be watchable. With digital television, because of the cliff effect , reception of the digital signal must be very nearly complete; otherwise, neither audio nor video will be usable. Analog TV began with monophonic sound and later developed multichannel television sound with two independent audio signal channels. DTV allows up to 5 audio signal channels plus

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2478-493: The inception of Australian Rules football. The 15 major leagues of Victoria and southern NSW were divided into four districts, with each pool conducting a championships. Caltex had the naming rights of the Victorian Country Championships matches in the 1960s. The 16 league series would run over a two-year period, with knock out matches in the first season, followed by semi finals and a grand final in

2537-488: The most significant being that digital channels take up less bandwidth and the bandwidth allocations are flexible depending on the level of compression and resolution of the transmitted image. This means that digital broadcasters can provide more digital channels in the same space, provide high-definition television service, or provide other non-television services such as multimedia or interactivity. DTV also permits special services such as multiplexing (more than one program on

2596-408: The new ATV standard must be capable of being simulcast on different channels. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on entirely new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements. A universal standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution was not produced by

2655-584: The official launch date on 11 June. On 27 June 2010, the community TV programming was rebranded "C31" with new logo, identities, schedule and watermark. On 1 March 2012, C31 ceased broadcasting its analogue signal, and became available only as logical digital channel 44. In September 2014, Australian federal communications minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that licensing for community television stations would end in December 2015. In September 2015, Turnbull, then Prime Minister , announced an extension of

2714-418: The problem of large numbers of analog receivers being discarded. One superintendent of public works was quoted in 2009 saying; "some of the studies I’ve read in the trade magazines say up to a quarter of American households could be throwing a TV out in the next two years following the regulation change." In Michigan in 2009, one recycler estimated that as many as one household in four would dispose of or recycle

2773-422: The receiving antenna to the transmitter is not available, because usually higher frequency signals can't pass through obstacles as easily. Television sets with only analog tuners cannot decode digital transmissions. When analog broadcasting over the air ceases, users of sets with analog-only tuners may use other sources of programming (e.g., cable, recorded media) or may purchase set-top converter boxes to tune in

2832-445: The receiving equipment starts picking up interference that overpowers the desired signal or if the signal is too weak to decode. Some equipment will show a garbled picture with significant damage, while other devices may go directly from perfectly decodable video to no video at all or lock up. This phenomenon is known as the digital cliff effect. Block errors may occur when transmission is done with compressed images. A block error in

2891-403: The same channel), electronic program guides and additional languages (spoken or subtitled). The sale of non-television services may provide an additional revenue source to broadcasters. Digital and analog signals react to interference differently. For example, common problems with analog television include ghosting of images, noise from weak signals and other problems that degrade the quality of

2950-530: The station had no programming available for broadcast. After it was discovered that Fishcam was reasonably popular, Fishcam became a scheduled show and was even listed in the TV guide. C31 has boasted that Fishcam is "very popular" and is so widely recognised in the Melbourne community that "many people know C31 as 'the fish station'." The station has previously made VHS tapes of Fishcam available for purchase. After having its timeslot continually cut back over

3009-542: The time. A digital TV broadcast service was proposed in 1986 by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. However, it was not possible to practically implement such a digital TV service until the adoption of motion-compensated DCT video compression formats such as MPEG made it possible in

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3068-435: The transmission bit rate and make reception easier for more distant or mobile viewers. There are several different ways to receive digital television. One of the oldest means of receiving DTV (and TV in general) is from terrestrial transmitters using an antenna (known as an aerial in some countries). This delivery method is known as digital terrestrial television (DTT). With DTT, viewers are limited to channels that have

3127-451: The video signal. This FM audio signal could be heard using standard radios equipped with the appropriate tuning circuits. However, after the digital television transition , no portable radio manufacturer has yet developed an alternative method for portable radios to play just the audio signal of digital TV channels; DTV radio is not the same thing. The adoption of a broadcast standard incompatible with existing analog receivers has created

3186-537: The winner. Leagues not represented in the top four pools of four participated in other interleague matches organised by the VCFL. In 2007, there was no statewide VCFL Championships, just a rivalry round was played between close by leagues, (with the O&;MFL playing the GVFL), with the round robin format returning in 2008. In 2009, the championships reverted to head-to-head full matches on a rankings scale per year. In 2020,

3245-409: The world; below are the more widely used standards: Digital television's roots are tied to the availability of inexpensive, high-performance computers . It was not until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. Digital television was previously not practically feasible due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed video , requiring around 200  Mbit/s for

3304-818: The years to make room for more traditional programming, Fishcam finally ceased broadcasting on 4 March 2007. On 13 October 2014 FishCam returned at the new time of 9pm hosted by Luis from Lessons with Luis. The return of FishCam coincides with the station's twentieth anniversary. Many comedians, performing artists and producers worked at C31 before moving to mainstream television, these people include Rove McManus , Amy Parks , Greg Tingle, Hamish and Andy 's Hamish Blake and Andy Lee , Adam Richard , Peter Helliar , Merrick and Rosso 's Merrick Watts and Tim Ross , Jo Stanley , Darren Chau , Corinne Grant , Jamie McDonald, Tom Ballard , Tommy Little , Dave Thornton , Jess Harris, Alex Tigani, Josh Schmidt and Kim Hope . Digital Television Digital television ( DTV )

3363-543: Was installed on Mount Dandenong the previous day. The Australian Broadcasting Authority had granted Melbourne Community Television Consortium (MCTC) with a temporary open-narrowcast licence on 5 March 1993. The framework of community television in Australia can be traced back to 1992, when the Government asked the ABA to conduct a trial of community television using the vacant sixth television channel 31. On 30 July 2004,

3422-484: Was released on 26 August 2022. An app for smart TVs is currently under development. The deadline was further extended twice at the last minute by Minister for Communications Mitch Fifield , first to 30 June 2017, and later to 31 December 2017. Fifield made an additional extension to 30 June 2018 as part of the government's deal with the Nick Xenophon Team to garner support for large-scale media reforms in

3481-481: Was the only community television broadcast in Australia which offered this. A new website, ctvplus.org.au , was released in 2016 and offers livestreaming of both C31 Melbourne, C44 Adelaide , and catch up viewing of over 80 programs. C31 announced to its digital service provider and officially began simulcasting from 2010 on logical channel number 44. C31 officially started broadcasting in Digital on 28 May 2010 with

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