52-399: Ajax (also AJAX / ˈ eɪ dʒ æ k s / ; short for " asynchronous JavaScript and XML ") is a set of web development techniques that uses various web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous web applications . With Ajax, web applications can send and retrieve data from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display and behaviour of
104-750: A configuration language . However, it does not support comments . In 2012, Douglas Crockford, JSON creator, had this to say about comments in JSON when used as a configuration language: "I know that the lack of comments makes some people sad, but it shouldn't. Suppose you are using JSON to keep configuration files, which you would like to annotate. Go ahead and insert all the comments you like. Then pipe it through JSMin before handing it to your JSON parser." MongoDB uses JSON-like data for its document-oriented database . Some relational databases, such as PostgreSQL and MySQL, have added support for native JSON data types. This allows developers to store JSON data directly in
156-455: A JSON-based format to define the structure of JSON data for validation, documentation, and interaction control. It provides a contract for the JSON data required by a given application and how that data can be modified. JSON Schema is based on the concepts from XML Schema (XSD) but is JSON-based. As in XSD, the same serialization/deserialization tools can be used both for the schema and data, and it
208-410: A Web application that communicates with a server in the background, without interfering with the current state of the page. In the article that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that the following technologies are incorporated: Since then, however, there have been a number of developments in the technologies used in an Ajax application, and in the definition of the term Ajax itself. XML
260-573: A browser side plug-in with a proprietary messaging format to manipulate DHTML elements (this system is also owned by 3DO ). Upon discovery of early Ajax capabilities, digiGroups, Noosh, and others used frames to pass information into the user browsers' visual field without refreshing a Web application's visual context, realizing real-time rich Web applications using only the standard HTTP, HTML, and JavaScript capabilities of Netscape 4.0.5+ and Internet Explorer 5+. Crockford then found that JavaScript could be used as an object-based messaging format for such
312-513: A company cofounded by Crockford and others in March 2001. The cofounders agreed to build a system that used standard browser capabilities and provided an abstraction layer for Web developers to create stateful Web applications that had a persistent duplex connection to a Web server by holding two Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connections open and recycling them before standard browser time-outs if no further data were exchanged. The cofounders had
364-438: A complete new page to be loaded from the server. This process was inefficient, as reflected by the user experience: all page content disappeared, then the new page appeared. Each time the browser reloaded a page because of a partial change, all the content had to be re-sent, even though only some of the information had changed. This placed additional load on the server and made bandwidth a limiting factor in performance. In 1996,
416-517: A crucial role in modern web development. One key advantage of Ajax is its capacity to render web applications without requiring data retrieval, resulting in reduced server traffic. This optimization minimizes response times on both the server and client sides, eliminating the need for users to endure loading screens. Furthermore, Ajax facilitates asynchronous processing by simplifying the utilization of XmlHttpRequest, which enables efficient handling of requests for asynchronous data retrieval. Additionally,
468-533: A lot of argument about how you pronounce that, but I strictly don't care." After RFC 4627 had been available as its "informational" specification since 2006, JSON was first standardized in 2013, as ECMA -404. RFC 8259, published in 2017, is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 90, and it remains consistent with ECMA-404. That same year, JSON was also standardized as ISO/IEC 21778:2017. The ECMA and ISO/IEC standards describe only
520-467: A practice which would have destroyed interoperability." JSON disallows "trailing commas", a comma after the last value inside a data structure. Trailing commas are a common feature of JSON derivatives to improve ease of use. RFC 8259 describes certain aspects of JSON syntax that, while legal per the specifications, can cause interoperability problems. In 2015, the IETF published RFC 7493, describing
572-572: A relational database without having to convert it to another data format. JSON being a subset of JavaScript can lead to the misconception that it is safe to pass JSON texts to the JavaScript eval () function. This is not safe, due to certain valid JSON texts, specifically those containing U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR or U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR , not being valid JavaScript code until JavaScript specifications were updated in 2019, and so older engines may not support it. To avoid
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#1732776263339624-424: A replacement for XML-RPC or SOAP . It is a simple protocol that defines only a handful of data types and commands. JSON-RPC lets a system send notifications (information to the server that does not require a response) and multiple calls to the server that can be answered out of order. Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON (or AJAJ) refers to the same dynamic web page methodology as Ajax , but instead of XML , JSON
676-613: A round-table discussion and voted on whether to call the data format JSML (JavaScript Markup Language) or JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), as well as under what license type to make it available. The JSON.org website was launched in 2001. In December 2005, Yahoo! began offering some of its Web services in JSON. A precursor to the JSON libraries was used in a children's digital asset trading game project named Cartoon Orbit at Communities.com (the State cofounders had all worked at this company previously) for Cartoon Network , which used
728-702: A simple Ajax request using the GET method, written in JavaScript . get-ajax-data.js: send-ajax-data.php: Fetch is a native JavaScript API. According to Google Developers Documentation , "Fetch makes it easier to make web requests and handle responses than with the older XMLHttpRequest." Fetch relies on JavaScript promises . The fetch specification differs from Ajax in the following significant ways: Ajax offers several benefits that can significantly enhance web application performance and user experience. By reducing server traffic and improving speed, Ajax plays
780-469: A single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element. XML separates "data" from "metadata" (via the use of elements and attributes), while JSON does not have such a concept. Another key difference is the addressing of values. JSON has objects with a simple "key" to "value" mapping, whereas in XML addressing happens on "nodes", which all receive a unique ID via the XML processor. Additionally,
832-495: A system. The system was sold to Sun Microsystems , Amazon.com , and EDS . JSON was based on a subset of the JavaScript scripting language (specifically, Standard ECMA -262 3rd Edition—December 1999 ) and is commonly used with JavaScript, but it is a language-independent data format. Code for parsing and generating JSON data is readily available in many programming languages . JSON's website lists JSON libraries by language. In October 2013, Ecma International published
884-510: A valid JSON text must consist of only an object or an array type, which could contain other types within them. This restriction was dropped in RFC 7158 , where a JSON text was redefined as any serialized value. Numbers in JSON are agnostic with regard to their representation within programming languages. While this allows for numbers of arbitrary precision to be serialized, it may lead to portability issues. For example, since no differentiation
936-593: A wide deployment of standards-compliant, cross browser Ajax with Gmail (2004) and Google Maps (2005). In October 2004 Kayak.com 's public beta release was among the first large-scale e-commerce uses of what their developers at that time called "the xml http thing". This increased interest in Ajax among web program developers. The term AJAX was publicly used on 18 February 2005 by Jesse James Garrett in an article titled Ajax: A New Approach to Web Applications , based on techniques used on Google pages. On 5 April 2006,
988-447: Is "pronounced / ˈ dʒ eɪ . s ə n / , as in ' Jason and The Argonauts ' ". The first (2013) edition of ECMA-404 did not address the pronunciation. The UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook states, " Douglas Crockford , who named and promoted the JSON format, says it's pronounced like the name Jason. But somehow, 'JAY-sawn' seems to have become more common in the technical community." Crockford said in 2011, "There's
1040-514: Is allowed and ignored around or between syntactic elements (values and punctuation, but not within a string value). Four specific characters are considered whitespace for this purpose: space , horizontal tab , line feed , and carriage return . In particular, the byte order mark must not be generated by a conforming implementation (though it may be accepted when parsing JSON). JSON does not provide syntax for comments . Early versions of JSON (such as specified by RFC 4627 ) required that
1092-520: Is also valid JavaScript syntax. The specification was started in 2012 and finished in 2018 with version 1.0.0. The main differences to JSON syntax are: JSON5 syntax is supported in some software as an extension of JSON syntax, for instance in SQLite . JSONC (JSON with Comments) is a subset of JSON5 used in Microsoft's Visual Studio Code : Several serialization formats have been built on or from
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#17327762633391144-401: Is an open standard file format and data interchange format that uses human-readable text to store and transmit data objects consisting of name–value pairs and arrays (or other serializable values). It is a commonly used data format with diverse uses in electronic data interchange , including that of web applications with servers . JSON is a language-independent data format. It
1196-422: Is made between integer and floating-point values, some implementations may treat 42 , 42.0 , and 4.2E+1 as the same number, while others may not. The JSON standard makes no requirements regarding implementation details such as overflow , underflow , loss of precision, rounding, or signed zeros , but it does recommend expecting no more than IEEE 754 binary64 precision for "good interoperability". There
1248-405: Is necessary is the serialization of data types that are not part of the JSON standard, for example, dates and regular expressions . The official MIME type for JSON text is application/json , and most modern implementations have adopted this. Legacy MIME types include text/json , text/x-json , and text/javascript . The standard filename extension is .json. JSON Schema specifies
1300-535: Is no inherent precision loss in serializing a machine-level binary representation of a floating-point number (like binary64) into a human-readable decimal representation (like numbers in JSON) and back since there exist published algorithms to do this exactly and optimally. Comments were intentionally excluded from JSON. In 2012, Douglas Crockford described his design decision thus: "I removed comments from JSON because I saw people were using them to hold parsing directives,
1352-431: Is no longer required for data interchange and, therefore, XSLT is no longer required for the manipulation of data. JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is often used as an alternative format for data interchange, although other formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can also be used. A variety of popular JavaScript libraries, including JQuery , include abstractions to assist in executing Ajax requests. An example of
1404-401: Is not a data interchange language. CBOR has a superset of the JSON data types, but it is not text-based. Ion is also a superset of JSON, with a wider range of primary types, annotations, comments, and allowing trailing commas. XML has been used to describe structured data and to serialize objects. Various XML-based protocols exist to represent the same kind of data structures as JSON for
1456-465: Is not the fifth version of JSON). YAML version 1.2 is a superset of JSON; prior versions were not strictly compatible. For example, escaping a slash / with a backslash \ is valid in JSON, but was not valid in YAML. YAML supports comments, while JSON does not. CSON (" CoffeeScript Object Notation") uses significant indentation , unquoted keys, and assumes an outer object declaration. It
1508-452: Is self-describing. It is specified in an Internet Draft at the IETF, with the latest version as of 2024 being "Draft 2020-12". There are several validators available for different programming languages, each with varying levels of conformance. The JSON standard does not support object references , but an IETF draft standard for JSON-based object references exists. JSON-RPC is a remote procedure call (RPC) protocol built on JSON, as
1560-472: Is the data format. AJAJ is a web development technique that provides for the ability of a web page to request new data after it has loaded into the web browser . Typically, it renders new data from the server in response to user actions on that web page. For example, what the user types into a search box , client-side code then sends to the server, which immediately responds with a drop-down list of matching database items. JSON has seen ad hoc usage as
1612-551: The Internet Engineering Task Force obsoleted RFC 7159 when it published RFC 8259 , which is the current version of the Internet Standard STD 90. Crockford added a clause to the JSON license stating, "The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil", in order to open-source the JSON libraries while mocking corporate lawyers and those who are overly pedantic. On the other hand, this clause led to license compatibility problems of
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1664-523: The Unicode line terminators U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR to appear unescaped in quoted strings, while ECMAScript 2018 and older do not. This is a consequence of JSON disallowing only "control characters". For maximum portability, these characters should be backslash-escaped. JSON exchange in an open ecosystem must be encoded in UTF-8 . The encoding supports
1716-548: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) released the first draft specification for the XMLHttpRequest object in an attempt to create an official Web standard . The latest draft of the XMLHttpRequest object was published on 6 October 2016, and the XMLHttpRequest specification is now a living standard . The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of Web technologies that can be used to implement
1768-526: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Asynchronous I " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
1820-599: The iframe tag was introduced by Internet Explorer ; like the object element, it can load a part of the web page asynchronously. In 1998, the Microsoft Outlook Web Access team developed the concept behind the XMLHttpRequest scripting object. It appeared as XMLHTTP in the second version of the MSXML library, which shipped with Internet Explorer 5.0 in March 1999. The functionality of
1872-411: The "I-JSON Message Format", a restricted profile of JSON that constrains the syntax and processing of JSON to avoid, as much as possible, these interoperability issues. While JSON provides a syntactic framework for data interchange, unambiguous data interchange also requires agreement between producer and consumer on the semantics of specific use of the JSON syntax. One example of where such an agreement
1924-438: The JSON license with other open-source licenses since open-source software and free software usually imply no restrictions on the purpose of use. The following example shows a possible JSON representation describing a person. Although Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of JavaScript and ECMAScript , his specification actually allows valid JSON documents that are not valid JavaScript; JSON allows
1976-928: The Windows XMLHTTP ActiveX control in IE 5 was later implemented by Mozilla Firefox , Safari , Opera , Google Chrome , and other browsers as the XMLHttpRequest JavaScript object. Microsoft adopted the native XMLHttpRequest model as of Internet Explorer 7 . The ActiveX version is still supported in Internet Explorer, but not in Microsoft Edge . The utility of these background HTTP requests and asynchronous Web technologies remained fairly obscure until it started appearing in large scale online applications such as Outlook Web Access (2000) and Oddpost (2002). Google made
2028-447: The XML standard defines a common attribute xml:id , that can be used by the user, to set an ID explicitly. XML tag names cannot contain any of the characters !"#$ %&'()*+,/;<=>?@[\]^`{|}~ , nor a space character, and cannot begin with - , . , or a numeric digit, whereas JSON keys can (even if quotation mark and backslash must be escaped). XML values are strings of characters , with no built-in type safety . XML has
2080-450: The allowed syntax, whereas the RFC covers some security and interoperability considerations. JSON grew out of a need for a real-time server-to-browser session communication protocol without using browser plugins such as Flash or Java applets, the dominant methods used in the early 2000s. Crockford first specified and popularized the JSON format. The acronym originated at State Software,
2132-553: The concept of schema , that permits strong typing, user-defined types, predefined tags, and formal structure, allowing for formal validation of an XML stream. JSON has several types built-in and has a similar schema concept in JSON Schema . XML supports comments, while JSON does not. Support for comments and other features have been deemed useful, which has led to several nonstandard JSON supersets being created. Among them are HJSON, HOCON, and JSON5 (which despite its name,
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2184-1273: The dynamic loading of content enhances the application's performance significantly. Besides, Ajax enjoys broad support across all major web browsers, including Microsoft Internet Explorer versions 5 and above, Mozilla Firefox versions 1.0 and beyond, Opera versions 7.6 and above, and Apple Safari versions 1.2 and higher. Asynchronous I Look for Asynchronous I on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Asynchronous I in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
2236-515: The existing page. By decoupling the data interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows web pages and, by extension, web applications, to change content dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern implementations commonly utilize JSON instead of XML. Ajax is not a technology, but rather a programming concept. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The webpage can be modified by JavaScript to dynamically display (and allow
2288-436: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_I " JSON JSON ( JavaScript Object Notation , pronounced / ˈ dʒ eɪ s ən / or / ˈ dʒ eɪ ˌ s ɒ n / )
2340-437: The first edition of its JSON standard ECMA-404. That same year, RFC 7158 used ECMA-404 as a reference. In 2014, RFC 7159 became the main reference for JSON's Internet uses, superseding RFC 4627 and RFC 7158 (but preserving ECMA-262 and ECMA-404 as main references). In November 2017, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 22 published ISO/IEC 21778:2017 as an international standard. On December 13, 2017,
2392-616: The full Unicode character set, including those characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane (U+0000 to U+FFFF). However, if escaped, those characters must be written using UTF-16 surrogate pairs . For example, to include the Emoji character U+1F610 😐 NEUTRAL FACE in JSON: JSON became a strict subset of ECMAScript as of the language's 2019 revision. JSON's basic data types are: Whitespace
2444-481: The language's 2019 revision. Various JSON parser implementations have suffered from denial-of-service attack and mass assignment vulnerability . JSON is promoted as a low-overhead alternative to XML as both of these formats have widespread support for creation, reading, and decoding in the real-world situations where they are commonly used. Apart from XML, examples could include CSV and supersets of JSON. Google Protocol Buffers can fill this role, although it
2496-520: The many pitfalls caused by executing arbitrary code from the Internet, a new function, JSON . parse () , was first added to the fifth edition of ECMAScript, which as of 2017 is supported by all major browsers. For non-supported browsers, an API-compatible JavaScript library is provided by Douglas Crockford . In addition, the TC39 proposal "Subsume JSON" made ECMAScript a strict JSON superset as of
2548-427: The same kind of data interchange purposes. Data can be encoded in XML in several ways. The most expansive form using tag pairs results in a much larger (in character count) representation than JSON, but if data is stored in attributes and 'short tag' form where the closing tag is replaced with /> , the representation is often about the same size as JSON or just a little larger. However, an XML attribute can only have
2600-416: The user to interact with) the new information. The built-in XMLHttpRequest object is used to execute Ajax on webpages, allowing websites to load content onto the screen without refreshing the page. Ajax is not a new technology, nor is it a new language. Instead, it is existing technologies used in a new way. In the early-to-mid 1990s, most Websites were based on complete HTML pages. Each user action required
2652-462: Was derived from JavaScript , but many modern programming languages include code to generate and parse JSON-format data. JSON filenames use the extension .json . Douglas Crockford originally specified the JSON format in the early 2000s. He and Chip Morningstar sent the first JSON message in April 2001. The 2017 international standard (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON"
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#17327762633392704-426: Was used for configuring GitHub 's Atom text editor . There is also an unrelated project called CSON ("Cursive Script Object Notation") that is more syntactically similar to JSON. HOCON ("Human-Optimized Config Object Notation") is a format for human-readable data, and a superset of JSON. The uses of HOCON are: JSON5 ("JSON5 Data Interchange Format") is an extension of JSON syntax that, just like JSON,
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