Aqua regia ( / ˈ r eɪ ɡ i ə , ˈ r iː dʒ i ə / ; from Latin , "regal water" or "royal water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid , optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a fuming liquid. Freshly prepared aqua regia is colorless, but it turns yellow, orange or red within seconds from the formation of nitrosyl chloride and nitrogen dioxide . It was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum , though not all metals.
23-491: [REDACTED] Look up AR , Ar , ar , or Appendix:Variations of "ar" in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. AR , Ar , or A&R may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Artists and repertoire AR (EP) , the debut EP by Addison Rae Periodicals [ edit ] Absolute Return + Alpha ,
46-463: A chemical element Aryl group in organic chemistry Relative atomic mass , symbolized as A r Other uses in science and technology [ edit ] Anti-reflective , coating of lenses Aspect ratio (aeronautics) , of a wing Military and weapons [ edit ] A US Navy hull classification symbol: Repair ship (AR) Armalite Rifle AR-15–style rifle , rifles based on ArmaLite's AR-15 Army Reserve (Ireland) ,
69-956: A hedge fund publication The Adelaide Review , an Australian arts magazine American Renaissance (magazine) , a white nationalist magazine and website Architectural Review , a British architectural journal Armeerundschau , a magazine of the East German army Other media [ edit ] Ar, city on the fictional planet Gor A.r. group , an avant-garde art group Alternate reality (disambiguation) , various fictional concepts Business [ edit ] Accounts receivable , abbreviated as AR or A/R Acoustic Research , an American audio electronics manufacturer Aerojet Rocketdyne , an American aerospace and defense manufacturer Aerolíneas Argentinas (IATA airline code AR) AtkinsRéalis , Canadian engineering company Some Alfa Romeo car models, e.g. AR51 Toyota AR engine Language [ edit ] Ar ,
92-412: A mixture of chloroplatinous acid ( H 2 [PtCl 4 ] ) and nitrosoplatinic chloride ( [NO] 2 [PtCl 4 ] ). The nitrosoplatinic chloride is a solid product. If full dissolution of the platinum is desired, repeated extractions of the residual solids with concentrated hydrochloric acid must be performed: and The chloroplatinous acid can be oxidized to chloroplatinic acid by saturating
115-613: A motorized three-wheeled vehicle common in South Asia Avis de réception , postal advice or acknowledgement of receipt Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title AR . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AR&oldid=1249694042 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
138-414: A nuclear hormone receptor Aortic regurgitation , a heart valve disease Autosomal recessive inheritance Mathematics [ edit ] ar-, a prefix of inverse hyperbolic functions Autoregressive model , concerning random processes in statistics Physics and chemistry [ edit ] Aqua regia , a chemical mixture Archimedes number in fluid dynamics Argon , symbol Ar,
161-696: A similar method is suitable for small scale recovery of platinum from laboratory residues. Aqua regia reacts with tin to form tin(IV) chloride , containing tin in its highest oxidation state: It can react with iron pyrite to form Iron(III) chloride : Aqua regia first appeared in the De inventione veritatis ("On the Discovery of Truth") by pseudo-Geber (after c. 1300 ), who produced it by adding sal ammoniac ( ammonium chloride ) to nitric acid. The preparation of aqua regia by directly mixing hydrochloric acid with nitric acid only became possible after
184-554: A state of India Politics and ethics [ edit ] Affirmative Repositioning , a political movement in Namibia Animal rights , a philosophy Animal rights movement , a social movement advocating for other animals Antipodean Resistance , an Australian neo-Nazi group Other uses [ edit ] 🜇 or AR, a numismatic abbreviation for "silver" Argent , the heraldic tincture of silver Assistant referee (association football) Auto rickshaw ,
207-512: A strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use. Aqua regia dissolves gold , although neither constituent acid will do so alone. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will dissolve a very small quantity of gold, forming gold(III) ions ( Au ). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions ( Cl ), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions ( [AuCl 4 ] ), also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid
230-405: Is precipitated by treatment with iron(II) chloride . Platinum in the filtrate, as hexachloroplatinate(IV), is converted to ammonium hexachloroplatinate by the addition of ammonium chloride . This ammonium salt is extremely insoluble, and it can be filtered off. Ignition (strong heating) converts it to platinum metal: Unprecipitated hexachloroplatinate(IV) is reduced with elemental zinc , and
253-407: Is an equilibrium reaction that favors formation of tetrachloroaurate(III) anions. This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid . In addition, gold may be dissolved by the chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are: or Solid tetrachloroauric acid may be isolated by evaporating
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#1732765012674276-492: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages AR">AR The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Aqua regia Upon mixing of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid, chemical reactions occur. These reactions result in the volatile products nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gas: as evidenced by
299-521: Is preferred among most over the more traditional chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes , because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling. Because its components react quickly, resulting in its decomposition , aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains
322-436: Is the following: Similar equations can be written for platinum . As with gold, the oxidation reaction can be written with either nitric oxide or nitrogen dioxide as the nitrogen oxide product: The oxidized platinum ion then reacts with chloride ions resulting in the chloroplatinate ion: Experimental evidence reveals that the reaction of platinum with aqua regia is considerably more complex. The initial reactions produce
345-569: The Latin letter R when spelled out Ar (cuneiform) , a cuneiform combined sign Arabic , by ISO 639-1 language code Mathematics, science, and technology [ edit ] Computing [ edit ] ar (Unix) , a Unix archive format and handling tool Accelerated Reader , educational reading assessment software Augmented reality , an application of virtual reality in the real world Adobe Aero , an Adobe software Biology and medicine [ edit ] Androgen receptor ,
368-460: The discovery in the late sixteenth century of the process by which free hydrochloric acid can be produced. The third of Basil Valentine's keys ( c. 1600 ) shows a dragon in the foreground and a fox eating a rooster in the background. The rooster symbolizes gold (from its association with sunrise and the sun's association with gold), and the fox represents aqua regia. The repetitive dissolving, heating, and redissolving (the rooster eating
391-441: The excess aqua regia, and decomposing the residual nitric acid by repeatedly heating the solution with additional hydrochloric acid. That step reduces nitric acid (see decomposition of aqua regia ). If elemental gold is desired, it may be selectively reduced with reducing agents such as sulfur dioxide , hydrazine , oxalic acid , etc. The equation for the reduction of oxidized gold ( Au ) by sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 )
414-535: The fox eating the rooster) leads to the buildup of chlorine gas in the flask. The gold then crystallizes in the form of gold(III) chloride , whose red crystals Basil called "the rose of our masters" and "the red dragon's blood". The reaction was not reported again in the chemical literature until 1895. Antoine Lavoisier called aqua regia nitro-muriatic acid in 1789. When Germany invaded Denmark in World War II, Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy dissolved
437-474: The fuming nature and characteristic yellow color of aqua regia. As the volatile products escape from solution, aqua regia loses its potency. Nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) can further decompose into nitric oxide (NO) and elemental chlorine ( Cl 2 ): This dissociation is equilibrium-limited. Therefore, in addition to nitrosyl chloride and chlorine, the fumes over aqua regia also contain nitric oxide (NO). Because nitric oxide readily reacts with atmospheric oxygen ,
460-478: The gases produced also contain nitrogen dioxide , NO 2 (red fume): Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid , the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process for refining the highest purity (99.999%) gold . Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures . It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method
483-523: The gold Nobel Prizes of German physicists Max von Laue (1914) and James Franck (1925) in aqua regia to prevent the Nazis from confiscating them. The German government had prohibited Germans from accepting or keeping any Nobel Prize after jailed peace activist Carl von Ossietzky had received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935. De Hevesy placed the resulting solution on a shelf in his laboratory at
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#1732765012674506-539: The land component of the Irish Reserve Defence Forces (RDF) Places [ edit ] Ar (city) , in ancient Moab Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Switzerland Province of Arezzo , Italy, vehicle registration code Argentina (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code) .ar , the country code Top Level Domain for Argentina Arkansas , United States Armstrong–Ringsted Community School District , Iowa, United States Arunachal Pradesh ,
529-496: The solution with molecular chlorine ( Cl 2 ) while heating: Dissolving platinum solids in aqua regia was the mode of discovery for the densest metals, iridium and osmium , both of which are found in platinum ores and are not dissolved by aqua regia, instead collecting as insoluble metallic powder (elemental Ir, Os) on the base of the vessel. As a practical matter, when platinum group metals are purified through dissolution in aqua regia, gold (commonly associated with PGMs)
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