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64-730: The original 3D RAGE (also known as Mach64 GT) chip was based upon a Mach64 2D core with new 3D functionality and MPEG-1 acceleration. The 3D RAGE was released in April 1996. The 3D RAGE was used in ATI's 3D Xpression video board. Additionally, this chip was found integrated into the IBM Aptiva 2176 line with the Stealth case, and came with a Free Copy of MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat that only worked with this graphics chip to showcase its abilities. The memory configuration on this integrated chip

128-575: A Rage Theater chip for composite and S-Video TV-in. This chip was used on the game-oriented Rage Fury Pro boards and the business oriented Xpert 2000 PRO . The Rage 128 Pro was generally an even match for the Voodoo 3 2000, RIVA TNT2 and Matrox G400, but was often hindered by its lower clock (often at 125 MHz) when competing against the high end Voodoo3 3500, TNT2 ultra and G400 MAX. The Rage Fury MAXX board held dual Rage 128 Pro chips in an alternate frame rendering (AFR) configuration to allow

192-414: A B-frame. Because of this, a very low bitrate B-frame can be inserted, where needed, to help control the bitrate. If this was done with a P-frame, future P-frames would be predicted from it and would lower the quality of the entire sequence. However, similarly, the future P-frame must still encode all the changes between it and the previous I- or P- anchor frame. B-frames can also be beneficial in videos where

256-506: A GOP size of 15–18. i.e. 1 I-frame for every 14-17 non-I-frames (some combination of P- and B- frames). With more intelligent encoders, GOP size is dynamically chosen, up to some pre-selected maximum limit. Limits are placed on the maximum number of frames between I-frames due to decoding complexing, decoder buffer size, recovery time after data errors, seeking ability, and accumulation of IDCT errors in low-precision implementations most common in hardware decoders (See: IEEE -1180). "P-frame"

320-462: A bitrate less than 1.5 Mbit/s, make up what is known as a constrained parameters bitstream (CPB), later renamed the "Low Level" (LL) profile in MPEG-2. This is the minimum video specifications any decoder should be able to handle, to be considered MPEG-1 compliant . This was selected to provide a good balance between quality and performance, allowing the use of reasonably inexpensive hardware of

384-521: A capable VGA/GUI accelerator core. RAGE 128 added inverse discrete cosine transform ( IDCT ) acceleration to the DVD repertoire. It was ATI's first dual texturing renderer, in that it could output two pixels per clock (two pixel pipelines ). The processor was known for its well-performing 32-bit color mode, but also its poorly dithered 16-bit mode ; the RAGE 128 was not much faster in 16-bit color despite

448-571: A near-double increase in performance. As the name says, AFR renders each frame on an independent graphics processor. This board was meant to compete with the NVIDIA GeForce 256 and later the 3dfx Voodoo 5 . While it was able to somewhat match 32 MB SDR GeForce 256 boards, the GeForce 256 cards with DDR memory still easily came out on top. Though there were few games that supported hardware transform, clipping, and lighting (T&L) at

512-523: A new triangle setup engine , perspective correction improvements, fog support and transparency implementations, specular lighting support, and enhanced video playback and DVD support. The 3D Rage Pro chip was designed for Intel 's Accelerated Graphics Port ( AGP ), taking advantage of execute-mode texturing, command pipelining, sideband addressing, and full 2×-mode protocols. Initial versions relied on standard graphics memory configurations: up to 8  MiB of SGRAM or 16 MB of WRAM , depending on

576-410: A picture) redundancy common in video to achieve better data compression than would be possible otherwise. (See: Video compression ) Before encoding video to MPEG-1, the color-space is transformed to Y′CbCr (Y′=Luma, Cb=Chroma Blue, Cr=Chroma Red). Luma (brightness, resolution) is stored separately from chroma (color, hue, phase) and even further separated into red and blue components. The chroma

640-408: A portion of an MPEG program, and is also used by the decoder to determine when data can be discarded from the buffer . Either video or audio will be delayed by the decoder until the corresponding segment of the other arrives and can be decoded. PTS handling can be problematic. Decoders must accept multiple program streams that have been concatenated (joined sequentially). This causes PTS values in

704-480: A single stream, ensuring simultaneous delivery, and maintaining synchronization. The PS structure is known as a multiplex , or a container format . Presentation time stamps (PTS) exist in PS to correct the inevitable disparity between audio and video SCR values (time-base correction). 90 kHz PTS values in the PS header tell the decoder which video SCR values match which audio SCR values. PTS determines when to display

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768-691: A source of annoyance. Because of the subsampling, Y′CbCr 4:2:0 video is ordinarily stored using even dimensions ( divisible by 2 horizontally and vertically). Y′CbCr color is often informally called YUV to simplify the notation, although that term more properly applies to a somewhat different color format. Similarly, the terms luminance and chrominance are often used instead of the (more accurate) terms luma and chroma. MPEG-1 supports resolutions up to 4095×4095 (12 bits), and bit rates up to 100 Mbit/s. MPEG-1 videos are most commonly seen using Source Input Format (SIF) resolution: 352×240, 352×288, or 320×240. These relatively low resolutions, combined with

832-457: A specific video is. I-frame only MPEG-1 video is very similar to MJPEG video. So much so that very high-speed and theoretically lossless (in reality, there are rounding errors) conversion can be made from one format to the other, provided a couple of restrictions (color space and quantization matrix) are followed in the creation of the bitstream. The length between I-frames is known as the group of pictures (GOP) size. MPEG-1 most commonly uses

896-473: A video at high speed. Given moderately higher-performance decoding equipment, fast preview can be accomplished by decoding I-frames instead of D-frames. This provides higher quality previews, since I-frames contain AC coefficients as well as DC coefficients. If the encoder can assume that rapid I-frame decoding capability is available in decoders, it can save bits by not sending D-frames (thus improving compression of

960-453: Is also subsampled to 4:2:0 , meaning it is reduced to half resolution vertically and half resolution horizontally, i.e., to just one quarter the number of samples used for the luma component of the video. This use of higher resolution for some color components is similar in concept to the Bayer pattern filter that is commonly used for the image capturing sensor in digital color cameras. Because

1024-402: Is an abbreviation for "Predicted-frame". They may also be called forward-predicted frames or inter-frames (B-frames are also inter-frames). P-frames exist to improve compression by exploiting the temporal (over time) redundancy in a video. P-frames store only the difference in image from the frame (either an I-frame or P-frame) immediately preceding it (this reference frame is also called

1088-571: Is defined by the standard, and small errors in the bitstream may cause noticeable defects. This structure was later named an MPEG program stream : "The MPEG-1 Systems design is essentially identical to the MPEG-2 Program Stream structure." This terminology is more popular, precise (differentiates it from an MPEG transport stream ) and will be used here. Program Streams (PS) are concerned with combining multiple packetized elementary streams (usually just one audio and video PES) into

1152-472: Is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-2. The design was heavily influenced by H.261 . MPEG-1 Video exploits perceptual compression methods to significantly reduce the data rate required by a video stream. It reduces or completely discards information in certain frequencies and areas of the picture that the human eye has limited ability to fully perceive. It also exploits temporal (over time) and spatial (across

1216-518: Is integrated with the RAGE LT PRO chip to support multi-screen viewing; i.e., simultaneous outputs to TV, CRT and LCD. In addition, the RAGE LT PRO can drive two displays with different images and/or refresh rates with the use of integrated dual, independent CRT controllers. The Rage LT Pro was often used in desktop video cards that had a VESA Digital Flat Panel port to drive some desktop LCD monitors digitally. After ATI stopped producing

1280-540: Is no longer covered by any essential patents and can thus be used without obtaining a licence or paying any fees. The ISO patent database lists one patent for ISO 11172, US 4,472,747, which expired in 2003. The near-complete draft of the MPEG-1 standard was publicly available as ISO CD 11172 by December 6, 1991. Neither the July 2008 Kuro5hin article "Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2", nor an August 2008 thread on

1344-524: Is one Cb block of 8x8 and one Cr block of 8x8. This set of 6 blocks, with a picture resolution of 16×16, is processed together and called a macroblock . All of these 8x8 blocks are independently put through DCT and quantization. A macroblock is the smallest independent unit of (color) video. Motion vectors (see below) operate solely at the macroblock level. If the height or width of the video are not exact multiples of 16, full rows and full columns of macroblocks must still be encoded and decoded to fill out

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1408-484: Is only possible to the nearest I-frame. When cutting a video it is not possible to start playback of a segment of video before the first I-frame in the segment (at least not without computationally intensive re-encoding). For this reason, I-frame-only MPEG videos are used in editing applications. I-frame only compression is very fast, but produces very large file sizes: a factor of 3× (or more) larger than normally encoded MPEG-1 video, depending on how temporally complex

1472-654: Is provided through software implementations. These GPUs are either integrated into the mainboard or occupy a Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM) . Vertex shaders  : Pixel shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units . MPEG-1 MPEG-1 is a standard for lossy compression of video and audio . It is designed to compress VHS -quality raw digital video and CD audio down to about 1.5 Mbit/s (26:1 and 6:1 compression ratios respectively) without excessive quality loss, making video CDs , digital cable / satellite TV and digital audio broadcasting (DAB) practical. Today, MPEG-1 has become

1536-489: The anchor frame ). The difference between a P-frame and its anchor frame is calculated using motion vectors on each macroblock of the frame (see below). Such motion vector data will be embedded in the P-frame for use by the decoder. A P-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks (DCT and Quantized), in addition to any forward-predicted blocks (Motion Vectors). If a video drastically changes from one frame to

1600-563: The ATI ES1000 for server use. The chip was basically a die-shrunk Rage Pro, optimized to be very inexpensive for applications where only basic graphics output was necessary. Rage XL has improved bilinear filtering on transparent textures compared to the Rage Pro. In the continuing struggle to create the fastest and most advanced 3D accelerator, ATI came up with the RAGE 128 . The chip

1664-674: The Joint Photographic Experts Group and CCITT 's Experts Group on Telephony (creators of the JPEG image compression standard and the H.261 standard for video conferencing respectively), the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) working group was established in January 1988, by the initiative of Hiroshi Yasuda ( Nippon Telegraph and Telephone ) and Leonardo Chiariglione ( CSELT ). MPEG

1728-618: The MP3 article. All patents in the world connected to MP3 expired 30 December 2017, which makes this format totally free for use. On 23 April 2017, Fraunhofer IIS stopped charging for Technicolor's MP3 licensing program for certain MP3 related patents and software. The following corporations filed declarations with ISO saying they held patents for the MPEG-1 Video (ISO/IEC-11172-2) format, although all such patents have since expired. Part 1 of

1792-517: The Power Mac 6500 . In IBM-compatible PCs, several motherboards and video cards used the chipset as well including: the 3D Xpression+ , the 3D Pro Turbo , and the original All-in-Wonder . The 3D Rage IIc was the last version of the Rage II core and offered optional AGP support. The Rage IIc was used in the original iMac (Revision A) in 1998. ATI made a number of changes over the 3D RAGE II:

1856-539: The 3D engine. In order to improve performance even more, ATI engineers also incorporated an 8 KB pixel cache used to write pixels back to the frame buffer . Later, ATI developed a successor to the original Rage 128, called the Rage 128 Pro . This chip carried several enhancements, including an enhanced triangle setup engine that doubled geometry throughput to eight million triangles/s, better texture filtering, DirectX 6.0 texture compression, AGP 4×, DVI support, and

1920-641: The ATI brand was phased out in 2010). Rage Mobility succeeded the Rage LT and Rage LT Pro. Almost every version of Rage was used in mobile applications, but there were also some special versions of these chips which were optimized for this. They were ATI's first graphics solutions to carry the Mobility naming. Such chips included: Original Reference Card # (RAGE 128 Pro) : 109-60600-10 Pixel pipelines  : Vertex shaders  : Texture mapping units  : Render output units OpenGL 1.0 (Generic 2D)

1984-526: The MPEG-1 standard covers systems , and is defined in ISO/IEC-11172-1. MPEG-1 Systems specifies the logical layout and methods used to store the encoded audio, video, and other data into a standard bitstream, and to maintain synchronization between the different contents. This file format is specifically designed for storage on media, and transmission over communication channels , that are considered relatively reliable. Only limited error protection

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2048-640: The MPEG-1 standard very strictly defines the bitstream , and decoder function, but does not define how MPEG-1 encoding is to be performed, although a reference implementation is provided in ISO/IEC-11172-5. This means that MPEG-1 coding efficiency can drastically vary depending on the encoder used, and generally means that newer encoders perform significantly better than their predecessors. The first three parts (Systems, Video and Audio) of ISO/IEC 11172 were published in August 1993. Due to its age, MPEG-1

2112-585: The RAGE LT, ATI used the Rage 128 and Rage 128 Pro as the base chip for their new Mobility Mobile Graphics. The Rage XL was a low-cost RAGE Pro-based card. As a low-power chip with capable 2D & 3D acceleration, the Rage XL was used on many low-end graphics cards. It was also seen on Intel motherboards as recently as 2004, and was still used in 2006 for server motherboards. The Rage XL has been succeeded by

2176-648: The Rage Pro Turbo name stuck, and eventually ATI was able to release updated versions of the driver which granted a visible performance increase in games, however this was still not enough to garner much interest from PC enthusiasts. The 3D Rage Pro was mainly sold in the retail market as the Xpert@Work or the Xpert@Play , with the only difference being a TV-out port on the Xpert@Play version. It

2240-440: The Rage Pro for the retail market, by simultaneously renaming the chip to Rage Pro Turbo , and releasing a new Rage Pro Turbo driver-set (4.10.2312) that supposedly increased performance by 40%. In reality, early versions of the new driver only delivered increased performance in benchmarks such as Ziff-Davis ' 3D Winbench 98 and Final Reality . In games, however, performance actually suffered. Despite this poor introduction,

2304-728: The background behind an object is being revealed over several frames, or in fading transitions, such as scene changes. A B-frame can contain any number of intra-coded blocks and forward-predicted blocks, in addition to backwards-predicted, or bidirectionally predicted blocks. MPEG-1 has a unique frame type not found in later video standards. "D-frames" or DC-pictures are independently coded images (intra-frames) that have been encoded using DC transform coefficients only (AC coefficients are removed when encoding D-frames—see DCT below) and hence are very low quality. D-frames are never referenced by I-, P- or B- frames. D-frames are only used for fast previews of video, for instance when seeking through

2368-412: The decoder, with residual difference coding using a discrete cosine transform (DCT) of size 8×8, scalar quantization , and variable-length codes (like Huffman codes ) for entropy coding . H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and all of its described design elements were also used in MPEG-1. Modeled on the successful collaborative approach and the compression technologies developed by

2432-646: The final standard (for parts 1–3) was approved in early November 1992 and published a few months later. The reported completion date of the MPEG-1 standard varies greatly: a largely complete draft standard was produced in September 1990, and from that point on, only minor changes were introduced. The draft standard was publicly available for purchase. The standard was finished with the 6 November 1992 meeting. The Berkeley Plateau Multimedia Research Group developed an MPEG-1 decoder in November 1992. In July 1990, before

2496-465: The first draft of the MPEG-1 standard had even been written, work began on a second standard, MPEG-2 , intended to extend MPEG-1 technology to provide full broadcast-quality video (as per CCIR 601 ) at high bitrates (3–15  Mbit/s) and support for interlaced video. Due in part to the similarity between the two codecs, the MPEG-2 standard includes full backwards compatibility with MPEG-1 video, so any MPEG-2 decoder can play MPEG-1 videos. Notably,

2560-525: The following five Parts : The predecessor of MPEG-1 for video coding was the H.261 standard produced by the CCITT (now known as the ITU-T ). The basic architecture established in H.261 was the motion-compensated DCT hybrid video coding structure. It uses macroblocks of size 16×16 with block-based motion estimation in the encoder and motion compensation using encoder-selected motion vectors in

2624-524: The gstreamer-devel mailing list were able to list a single unexpired MPEG-1 Video and MPEG-1 Audio Layer I/II patent. A May 2009 discussion on the whatwg mailing list mentioned US 5,214,678 patent as possibly covering MPEG-1 Audio Layer II. Filed in 1990 and published in 1993, this patent is now expired. A full MPEG-1 decoder and encoder, with "Layer III audio", could not be implemented royalty free since there were companies that required patent fees for implementations of MPEG-1 Audio Layer III, as discussed in

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2688-484: The human eye is much more sensitive to small changes in brightness (the Y component) than in color (the Cr and Cb components), chroma subsampling is a very effective way to reduce the amount of video data that needs to be compressed. However, on videos with fine detail (high spatial complexity ) this can manifest as chroma aliasing artifacts. Compared to other digital compression artifacts , this issue seems to very rarely be

2752-670: The lower bandwidth requirements. In 32-bit mode, RAGE 128 was more than a match for the RIVA TNT , and the Voodoo 3 did not support 32-bit at all. The chip was meant to compete with the NVIDIA RIVA TNT, Matrox G200 and 3dfx Voodoo 2 in 1998. ATI implemented a caching technique it called Twin Cache Architecture (TCA) with Rage 128. The Rage 128 used an 8  kB buffer to store texels that were used by

2816-464: The middle of the video to reset to zero, which then begin incrementing again. Such PTS wraparound disparities can cause timing issues that must be specially handled by the decoder. Decoding Time Stamps (DTS), additionally, are required because of B-frames. With B-frames in the video stream, adjacent frames have to be encoded and decoded out-of-order (re-ordered frames). DTS is quite similar to PTS, but instead of just handling sequential frames, it contains

2880-451: The model. RAGE Pro offered performance in the range of Nvidia 's RIVA 128 and 3dfx 's Voodoo accelerator, but generally failed to match or exceed its competitors. This, in addition to its (early) lack of OpenGL support, hurt sales for what was touted to be a solid gaming solution. In February 1998, ATI introduced the 2× AGP version of the Rage Pro to the OEM market and attempted to reinvent

2944-461: The most widely compatible lossy audio/video format in the world, and is used in a large number of products and technologies. Perhaps the best-known part of the MPEG-1 standard is the first version of the MP3 audio format it introduced. The MPEG-1 standard is published as ISO / IEC 11172 , titled Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s . The standard consists of

3008-414: The next (such as a cut ), it is more efficient to encode it as an I-frame. "B-frame" stands for "bidirectional-frame" or "bipredictive frame". They may also be known as backwards-predicted frames or B-pictures. B-frames are quite similar to P-frames, except they can make predictions using both the previous and future frames (i.e. two anchor frames). It is therefore necessary for the player to first decode

3072-593: The next I- or P- anchor frame sequentially after the B-frame, before the B-frame can be decoded and displayed. This means decoding B-frames requires larger data buffers and causes an increased delay on both decoding and during encoding. This also necessitates the decoding time stamps (DTS) feature in the container/system stream (see above). As such, B-frames have long been subject of much controversy, they are often avoided in videos, and are sometimes not fully supported by hardware decoders. No other frames are predicted from

3136-405: The other simultaneous stream (e.g. video). The MPEG Video Buffering Verifier (VBV) assists in determining if a multiplexed PS can be decoded by a device with a specified data throughput rate and buffer size. This offers feedback to the multiplexer and the encoder, so that they can change the multiplex size or adjust bitrates as needed for compliance. Part 2 of the MPEG-1 standard covers video and

3200-527: The performance of a Rage Fury card. The optimal OS for the Rage Fury MAXX is Windows 98/ME. Windows 95 and Mac OS were not supported. The Rage 128 Pro graphics accelerator was the final revision of the Rage architecture and the last use of the Rage brand name. While the next iteration was initially code-named as Rage 6 , ATI decided to rename it Radeon for release. The name is still in use today by AMD after acquiring ATI in 2006 (and indeed after

3264-407: The picture (though the extra decoded pixels are not displayed). To decrease the amount of temporal redundancy in a video, only blocks that change are updated, (up to the maximum GOP size). This is known as conditional replenishment. However, this is not very effective by itself. Movement of the objects, and/or the camera may result in large portions of the frame needing to be updated, even though only

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3328-490: The position of the previously encoded objects has changed. Through motion estimation, the encoder can compensate for this movement and remove a large amount of redundant information. TV-out The term TV-out is commonly used to label the connector of equipment providing an analog video signal acceptable for a television AV input . TV-out is different from AV-out in that it only provides video, no audio. Types of signals and their respective connectors include: On

3392-579: The professional 3D and CAD community and Heidi drivers are available for AutoCAD users. Drivers were also provided in operating systems including Windows 95 , Windows NT , the Mac OS , OS/2 , and Linux . ATI also shipped a TV encoder companion chip for RAGE II, the ImpacTV chip. RAGE II was integrated into several Macintosh Computers, including the first revision of the Macintosh G3 (Beige) and

3456-408: The proper time-stamps to tell the decoder when to decode and display the next B-frame (types of frames explained below), ahead of its anchor (P- or I-) frame. Without B-frames in the video, PTS and DTS values are identical. To generate the PS, the multiplexer will interleave the (two or more) packetized elementary streams. This is done so the packets of the simultaneous streams can be transferred over

3520-479: The same channel and are guaranteed to both arrive at the decoder at precisely the same time. This is a case of time-division multiplexing . Determining how much data from each stream should be in each interleaved segment (the size of the interleave) is complicated, yet an important requirement. Improper interleaving will result in buffer underflows or overflows, as the receiver gets more of one stream than it can store (e.g. audio), before it gets enough data to decode

3584-499: The time, the MAXX's lack of hardware T&L would put it at a disadvantage when such titles became more widespread. It was later discovered by ATI that Windows NT 5.x operating systems (Windows 2000, XP) did not support dual AGP GPUs in the way ATI had implemented them. NT put them both on the AGP bus and switched between them, and so the board could only operate as a single Rage 128 Pro with

3648-507: The time. MPEG-1 has several frame/picture types that serve different purposes. The most important, yet simplest, is I-frame . "I-frame" is an abbreviation for " Intra-frame ", so-called because they can be decoded independently of any other frames. They may also be known as I-pictures, or keyframes due to their somewhat similar function to the key frames used in animation. I-frames can be considered effectively identical to baseline JPEG images. High-speed seeking through an MPEG-1 video

3712-550: The video content). For this reason, D-frames are seldom actually used in MPEG-1 video encoding, and the D-frame feature has not been included in any later video coding standards. MPEG-1 operates on video in a series of 8×8 blocks for quantization. However, to reduce the bit rate needed for motion vectors and because chroma (color) is subsampled by a factor of 4, each pair of (red and blue) chroma blocks corresponds to 4 different luma blocks. That is, for 4 luma blocks of size 8x8, there

3776-690: Was 2 Megabytes. The second generation Rage (aka Mach64 GT-B) offered roughly two times greater 3D performance. Its graphics processor was based again on a re-engineered Mach64 GUI engine that provided optimal 2D performance with either single-cycle EDO memory or high-speed SGRAM . The 3D Rage II chip was an enhanced, pin compatible version of the 3D Rage accelerator. The second-generation PCI -bus compatible chip boosted 2D performance by 20 percent and added support for MPEG-2 (DVD) playback. The chip also had driver support for Microsoft Direct3D and Reality Lab , QuickDraw 3D Rave, Criterion RenderWare , and Argonaut BRender . OpenGL drivers are available for

3840-523: Was also the built-in graphic chipset in the Sun Ultra 5/10 workstations , their first computer model to offer commodity PC hardware components, as well as the built-in graphic chipset of the second revision of the Macintosh G3 (Beige) . It was also used in later revisions of the original iMac , namely Revision B and C. Rage LT or Mach64 LT was often implemented on motherboards and in mobile applications like notebook computers . This late 1996 chip

3904-482: Was announced in two flavors, the RAGE 128 GL and the RAGE 128 VR. Aside from the VR chip's lower price, the main difference was that the former was a full 128-bit design, while the VR, still a 128-bit processor internally, used a 64-bit external memory interface. Rage 128 was compliant to Direct3D 6 and OpenGL 1.2 . It supported many features from the previous RAGE chips, such as triangle setup, DVD acceleration, and

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3968-405: Was chosen for transmission over T-1 / E-1 lines and as the approximate data rate of audio CDs . The codecs that excelled in this testing were utilized as the basis for the standard and refined further, with additional features and other improvements being incorporated in the process. After 20 meetings of the full group in various cities around the world, and 4½ years of development and testing,

4032-624: Was formed to address the need for standard video and audio formats, and to build on H.261 to get better quality through the use of somewhat more complex encoding methods (e.g., supporting higher precision for motion vectors). Development of the MPEG-1 standard began in May 1988. Fourteen video and fourteen audio codec proposals were submitted by individual companies and institutions for evaluation. The codecs were extensively tested for computational complexity and subjective (human perceived) quality, at data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s. This specific bitrate

4096-433: Was very similar to the Rage II and supported the same application coding. It integrated a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) transmitter for notebook LCDs and advanced power management (block-by-block power control). The RAGE LT PRO, based on the 3D RAGE PRO, was the very first mobile GPU to use AGP. It offered Filtered Ratiometric Expansion , which automatically adjusted images to full-screen size. ATI's ImpacTV2+

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