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23-556: In the United States, those certified as airline transport pilots (unconditional) are authorized to act as pilot in command on scheduled air carriers ' aircraft under CFR 14 Part 121. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, pilots must hold an ATPL before they can be pilot in command of a multi-pilot aircraft flown for commercial air transport operations. Any pilot operating an aircraft for money must start by obtaining

46-434: A commercial pilot license (CPL). This permits the pilot to carry out aerial work , such as crop spraying or banner towing. However, in commercial air transport (CAT) operations, a CPL holder may only act as pilot in command of single-pilot aircraft or as co-pilot of multi-pilot aircraft. Commercial air transport is defined as "the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire". To act as pilot in command of

69-547: A CPL and IR are achieved, ATPL examination results are accepted for seven years after the most recent validity date of the IR entered in the CPL. ATPL exams are acceptable for the issue of a CPL, so most pilots skip the CPL exams and take their ATPL exams before they obtain their CPL. A CPL held by a pilot who has completed all ATPL theoretical exams is popularly known as a "frozen ATPL", although this term has no legal significance. After

92-405: A flight review has been completed. A flight test (administered by an FAA representative Designated Pilot Examiner ) that leads to a new certificate or rating may be substituted for the flight review. A proficiency check conducted by a Certified Flight Instructor for an additional Sport Pilot privilege may also be substituted for a flight review. Completion of a proficiency check administered by

115-480: A multi-pilot aircraft, the pilot must hold an ATPL. Like PPLs and CPLs, ATPLs do not expire. However, a pilot must hold a valid medical certificate and the appropriate class rating , type rating and/or instrument rating for the flying they intend to do. An applicant for an ATPL must already hold a CPL, a multi-engine instrument rating , and a multi-crew cooperation certificate. Alternatively, in EASA states and

138-530: A pilot in commercial air transport operations (from age 70 for balloons and sailplanes). The EASA ATPL requires candidates to pass fourteen separate theoretical exams, with a six-month residential or twelve-month distance-learning course mandatory during this phase. In EASA states and the United Kingdom, the 14 theoretical subjects included in the examination of ATPL applicants are: All exams must be passed within an 18-month period. A CPL and/or Instrument Rating must then be gained within 36 months. Provided that

161-494: A pilot-in-command under supervision means "a co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command." PICUS time is logged as PIC as long as "the intervention of the PIC in the interest of safety was not required", but must be countersigned by the PIC. PICUS time is typically only logged when the co-pilot is acting as pilot flying . Flight review A flight review

184-425: A suitably qualified full flight simulator . The minimum age to gain an ATPL is 21 years, and holders must have a Class 1 medical certificate. There are separate ATPL licences for aeroplanes and helicopters. From the age of 60-64, pilots may only act as part of a multi-pilot crew in commercial air transport operations, however they may continue to act as Pilot In Command. From the age of 65, they may no longer act as

207-499: Is a study program and flight instructor examination of aviation piloting skills. Periodic flight reviews are a pilot licensing requirement mandated by the aviation authorities of many countries. These reviews take different forms in different countries. In the United States , flight reviews are required every two years, and thus were formerly called biennial flight reviews (BFRs). For holders of pilot certificates issued by

230-638: Is only one certificated and qualified pilot at the controls of an aircraft. The PIC must be legally certificated (or otherwise authorized) to operate the aircraft for the specific flight and flight conditions, but need not be actually manipulating the controls at any given moment. The PIC is the person legally in charge of the aircraft and its flight safety and operation, and would normally be the primary person liable for an infraction of any flight rule. The strict legal definition of PIC may vary slightly from country to country. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definition is: "The pilot responsible for

253-520: The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) ATP practical test, the candidate must have at least 1500 hours of experience in aircraft, including 250 hours as a pilot-in-command (PIC), and be at least 23-years-old. Restricted Licenses (which allow the holder to perform only second-in-command duties) may be granted to individuals that meet one of the following criteria: The pilot can remove the restriction once they have achieved

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276-512: The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a flight review is required of every active holder of a U.S. pilot certificate at least every two years. The flight review consists of at least 1 hour of ground instruction and 1 hour in-flight with a qualified flight instructor , although completion of any Phase of the FAA WINGS program also satisfies the requirement for a flight review. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 61.56 specifies that

299-690: The United Kingdom, the applicant may only hold a Multi-Pilot License (MPL). ATPL holders who previously held an MPL are restricted to multi-pilot operations unless they complete a CPL skill test and other requirements. For aeroplanes, the applicant must have 1500 hours as a pilot of airplanes, including 500 hours in multi-pilot operations on airplanes, and a minimum number of hours as pilot in command (PIC) and/or pilot in command under supervision (PICUS). There are minimum hour requirements for cross-country flight , instrument flight , and night flight . Time as pilot of helicopters, sailplanes and touring motor gliders may be partially cross-credited. For helicopters,

322-403: The United States do not expire, pilots must undergo periodic flight reviews to ensure they are safe to operate aircraft. Pilot in command The pilot in command ( PIC ) of an aircraft is the person aboard an aircraft who is ultimately responsible for its operation and safety during flight. This would be the captain in a typical two- or three- pilot aircrew , or "pilot" if there

345-426: The applicant must have 1000 hours as a pilot of helicopters, as well as other hour requirements. Time as a pilot of aeroplanes may be cross-credited up to 50%. The applicant must pass a skill test, demonstrating their ability to perform procedures and manoeuvres, as PIC of a multi-pilot airplane under IFR. The applicant must hold a type rating for the aircraft used in the skill test. The skill test may be carried out in

368-493: The authority given to the captains of ships at sea, with similar justifications. It essentially gives the PIC the final authority in any situation involving the safety of a flight, irrespective of any other law or regulation. Logging flight time as a PIC is distinct from acting as the legal PIC of a flight. The PIC of a given flight may always log his or her flying time as such. Other crew members may or may not be authorized to log their time on that flight as PIC time, depending on

391-455: The crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 , an air transport certificate became a requirement for all commercial air transport pilots. This effectively raised the number of flight hours required for new commercial pilots from 250 to 1500. Applicants with military or university flying training can apply for a restricted airline transport pilot certificate (R-ATP) with a reduced number of hours. The R-ATP can be obtained at age 21. To be eligible to take

414-452: The flight of the aircraft." It is logged in the pilot's logbook as PIC but must be countersigned by the flight instructor . SPIC time may be partially used by the holder of a multi-crew pilot licence towards the issuance of a commercial pilot licence . Time logged as "pilot-in-command under supervision" (PICUS) may be partly used towards the hour requirements for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL). In EASA states,

437-427: The interests of safety. In Annex 2, par. "2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft", ICAO adds: The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command. ICAO Annex 2, par. 2.3.1, specifically empowers the PIC to override any other regulation in an emergency, and to take the safest course of action at his/her sole discretion. This provision mirrors

460-502: The normal prerequisites. The FAA ATP flight test can be taken in a light piston aircraft with 1,500 hours of experience, however, the FAA additionally requires a 'Type Rating' to pilot any large or jet-powered aircraft. Most FAA-certified pilots earn their ATP certificate and Type Rating (aircraft specific) simultaneously via the successful completion of a part 121 airline training program and type rating check-ride. While pilot certificates in

483-522: The operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time." In Annex 2, "Rules of the Air", under par. "2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command", ICAO declares: The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipulating the controls or not, be responsible for the operation of the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air, except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these rules in circumstances that render such departure absolutely necessary in

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506-406: The review must include: Before being able to act as pilot in command (PIC) in the United States, a pilot must have completed a flight review within the previous 24 calendar months. The FAA and instructors are quick to point out that it is not a pass/fail or graded test. There are no pass or fail criteria, although the instructor giving it can decline to endorse the pilot's log book to certify that

529-421: The specific circumstances and the controlling jurisdiction. Time logged as "student pilot in command" (SPIC) can sometimes be partly used towards the hour requirements for the issue of a commercial pilot licence (CPL). In EASA states, SPIC time means "a student pilot acting as pilot-in-command on a flight with an instructor where the latter will only observe the student pilot and shall not influence or control

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