67-576: The Amana Colonies are seven villages on 26,000 acres (110 km) located in Iowa County in east-central Iowa , United States : Amana (or Main Amana, German: Haupt-Amana ), East Amana , High Amana , Middle Amana , South Amana , West Amana , and Homestead . The villages were built and settled by German Radical Pietists , who were persecuted in their homeland by the German state government and
134-402: A center of exchange where all goods were purchased. By the 1890s, these stores were buying a great amount of goods and raw materials from the outside world. Just Middle Amana alone had more than 732 invoices from outside companies. Amana purchased anything deemed necessary to run the society efficiently, such as raw wool, oil, grease, starch, pipes and fittings. Most of the grain was purchased from
201-480: A female householder with no husband present, and 30.20% were non-families. 25.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.40% under the age of 18, 6.30% from 18 to 24, 27.80% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 17.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
268-658: A for-profit organization during the Great Depression , the Amana Society ( Amana-Gesellschaft ), which included the Amana Corporation . Today, the Seven Villages of Amana are a tourist attraction known for their restaurants and craft shops. The colony was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1965. As of the 2010 Census , the population of the seven villages in order of population
335-672: A new commune. They agreed to purchase the 5,000-acre (20 km) Seneca Indian Reservation near Buffalo , which had recently become open to European settlement following the Second Treaty of Buffalo Creek . The first settlement was called Ebenezer after the Eben-Ezer in the Books of Samuel . Over 800 members of the Community immigrated to Ebenezer from Germany. The Community founded a "provisional constitution" in 1843 that defined
402-415: A person in need away. They would feed and shelter the homeless who would pass through on the train. Some would even be hired as laborers. They would receive good wages, a permit home for the length of their stay and three meals a day in the communal kitchen. The homeless were not the only outside help. Amana would hire many outside laborers to do industrial and agricultural jobs. They worked in the woolen shop,
469-483: A population of 16,355 in the county, with a population density of 27.8881/sq mi (10.7677/km ). There were 7,258 housing units, of which 6,677 were occupied. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,671 people, 6,163 households, and 4,301 families residing in the county. The population density was 27 people per square mile (10 people/km ). There were 6,545 housing units at an average density of 11 units per square mile (4.2 units/km ). The racial makeup of
536-462: A population of 16,662 in the county, with a population density of 28.3911/sq mi (10.9619/km ). 96.24% of the population reported being of one race. 90.48% were non-Hispanic White, 0.67% were Black, 2.97% were Hispanic, 0.21% were Native American, 0.56% were Asian, 0.01% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 5.10% were some other race or more than one race. There were 7,341 housing units, of which 6,811 were occupied. The 2010 census recorded
603-403: A portion of land—the community would fall apart as a result. Therefore, the constitution was amended on October 23, 1850, to make the Community exclusively communal. The 5,000-acre (20 km) purchase was adequate for the first 800 villagers. However, the success of the community brought new settlers, and by 1854, it was apparent that a larger tract of land was needed. Furthermore, the growth of
670-541: A triangular shape, with chapels at the corners, in conscious representation of the Trinity . A square cloister sited against the flank of the abbey church was built at Inden (816) and the abbey of St. Wandrille at Fontenelle (823–833). At Fulda , a new cloister (819) was sited to the liturgical west of the church "in the Roman manner" familiar from the forecourt of Old St. Peter's Basilica because it would be closer to
737-401: A year, and parents of children receiving an additional $ 5 to $ 10 per child. This money was expected to be spent at village stores. Members who failed to budget adequately would be admonished by the Community. If the member did not mend his ways, they could be expelled by the community. Members who were expelled or voluntarily left the Community would receive all of the money they had invested into
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#1732773021233804-556: The 2020 census , the population was 16,662. The county seat is Marengo . Iowa County is one of seven counties in the United States to share the same name as the state they are located in. The other six counties are Arkansas County , Hawaii County , Idaho County , New York County , Oklahoma County , and Utah County . Iowa County was formed on February 17, 1843. It was named for the Iowa River , which flows through
871-547: The Küchebaas . Kitchens typically had a large brick hearth stove, a wood- or coal-burning oven, and a 6-foot-long (1.8 m) sink. Though kitchens originally had to bring water from the nearest well, they were the first buildings to be connected to the colony waterworks. Kitchens were named after the Küchebaas. The communal kitchen concept eroded some time around 1900, as married residents began to eat in their own homes. Food
938-752: The Lutheran Church. Calling themselves the True Inspiration Congregations ( German : Wahre Inspirations-Gemeinden ), they first settled in New York near Buffalo in what is now the town of West Seneca . However, seeking more isolated surroundings, they moved to Iowa (near present-day Iowa City ) in 1856. They lived a communal life until 1932. For eighty years, the Amana Colony maintained an almost completely self-sufficient local economy , importing very little from
1005-602: The Lutheran Church and began to study the Pietist teachings of Philipp Spener . Gruber and Rock fervently spread their beliefs and gained a following originally known as the New Spiritual Economy. They believed that God communicated through individuals with the "gift of inspiration", just as he did in the days of the prophets . This individual was called an instrument (German: Werkzeug ) because he
1072-665: The Mississippi and Missouri Railroad built a railroad station in nearby Homestead. Recognizing the need for the rail connection, the Community purchased the entire village of Homestead ( Heimstätte ) ( 41°45′36″N 91°52′14″W / 41.7600°N 91.8706°W / 41.7600; -91.8706 ). This brought their land holdings to 26,000 acres (110 km): 10,000 acres (40 km) in timberland, 7,000 acres (28 km) in cultivated fields, 4,000 acres (16 km) in grazing land, 500 acres (2.0 km) in settlements, and 100 acres (40 ha) in vegetable gardens. Most of
1139-500: The poverty line , including 4.50% of those under age 18 and 5.40% of those age 65 or over. In the 2008 US presidential election , a nearly equal number of Iowa County voters voted for each major candidate. In the 2012 US presidential election , Mitt Romney received 4,551 votes (51.8%). In the 2016 US presidential election , Donald Trump received 5,193 votes (59.1%). In the 2020 US presidential election , Donald Trump received 6,009 votes (61.8%). The population ranking of
1206-667: The 1,200 Inspirationalist settlers from New York arrived in 1864. By 1908, the Community had grown to 1,800 and owned over $ 1.8 million in assets. The Great Council of the Brethren, also known as the Board of Trustees, oversaw the affairs and conduct of the Amana Society. Trustees were expected to tend to the internal affairs of the Society as well as its external business interests. Trustees were elected annually by popular vote from
1273-613: The Amana Colonies was laid out in 1855 ( 41°48′01″N 91°52′20″W / 41.8002°N 91.8723°W / 41.8002; -91.8723 ). The new colony was originally to be named Bleibetreu , German for "remain faithful". However, residents found difficulty properly pronouncing the word in English. Instead, the Inspirationalists settled on Amana , a Biblical name with similar meaning. Under Iowa law,
1340-543: The Amana Society is Amana Refrigeration , Inc. George C. Foerstner worked in the woolen mill and became a traveling salesman for the mill after the Great Change. With the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, Foerstner recognized the need for beverage coolers. He started the Electric Equipment Company in 1934 using $ 3,500 of his own savings. The company was sold to the Amana Society in 1936 and renamed
1407-497: The Amana, Iowa refrigerator plant property to Wramia001, a Chicago-based limited liability company, in October, 2020 for $ 92.6 million dollars. Amana will continue to manufacture Amana, JennAir, KitchenAid, Maytag and Whirlpool refrigerators at the plant, built in 1940, under a long-term lease agreement. Today, heritage tourism has become important to the economy of the Amana area. There are hotels and bed and breakfasts that support
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#17327730212331474-481: The Community had to incorporate as a business, so the Amana Society was founded as the governing body in 1859. Shortly thereafter, the Community agreed to adopt a new constitution. The resulting twelve-article document was very similar to the amended Ebenezer Constitution. One early problem for each settler was the lack of rail access; the nearest station was in Iowa City 20 miles (32 km) away. However, in 1861
1541-463: The Community in the wake of economic turmoil in the late 1830s. Metz and other leaders realized that they had to find a new home for the Community. On August 27, 1842, leaders of the Community gathered at Armenburg, Germany, to discuss a movement to the United States . The Community arrived in New York on October 26. For the next three months, church leaders examined tracts of land to establish
1608-472: The Community. They first leased land from a cloister near Ronneburg , then from the Arnsburg Abbey . They expanded to Engelthal Abbey in 1834, and managed all of their land holdings in common. It was at these estates that the philosophy of communal life began to grow within the Community. By the late 1830s, the Community was prospering. The Hesse government levied harsher fines and rents against
1675-623: The Ebenezer Society or the Community of True Inspiration (German: die Gemeinde der wahren Inspiration), they first settled in New York state near Buffalo in what is now West Seneca . However, in order to live out their beliefs in more isolated surroundings they moved west, to Iowa County in 1855, living a communal life until the mid-1930s. Today, Amana is a major tourist attraction known mainly for its restaurants and craft shops, and
1742-662: The Electrical Department of the Amana Society, though Foerstner remained as manager. The company was twice awarded the Army-Navy "E" Award during World War II for filling military contracts. Goods were produced in the Middle Amana woolen mill. In 1947, the company produced the first commercial upright freezer . Two years later, the Amana Society sold off the Electrical Department to an investment group organized by Foerstner. Renamed Amana Refrigeration, Inc.,
1809-488: The German word for stalk or stem. The Amana Society, Inc., corporate heir to the land and economic assets of communal Amana, continues to own and manage some 26,000 acres (110 km) of farm, pasture and forest land. Agriculture remains an important economic base today just as it was in communal times. Because the land was not divided up with the end of communalism, the landscape of Amana still reflects its communal heritage. In addition, over 450 communal-era buildings stand in
1876-569: The Iowa Office of Energy Independence, which produces fertilizer, heat for buildings, and methane for generating electricity. The digester processes organic waste streams from industrial partners such as Genencor International , Cargill and the International Paper Cedar River Mill, as well as manure , thereby reducing local methane emissions . The most widely known business enterprise that emerged from
1943-656: The affairs of the external world. The early medieval cloister had several antecedents: the peristyle court of the Greco-Roman domus , the atrium and its expanded version that served as forecourt to early Christian basilicas , and certain semi-galleried courts attached to the flanks of early Syrian churches. Walter Horn suggests that the earliest coenobitic communities, which were established in Egypt by Saint Pachomius c. AD 320 , did not result in cloister construction, as there were no lay serfs attached to
2010-471: The authority to appoint foremen for each industry. Individuals could petition the Bruderrath if they sought more money, a larger house, or a lighter workload. The Head Elder had the highest level of authority in each village, even over the Bruderrath trustee. Each community member was provided with an annual sum, with men receiving $ 40 to $ 100 a year depending on their career, women receiving $ 25 to $ 30
2077-515: The authority to approve marriage. Men were not allowed to marry until they were 24 years old. If the Great Council found no fault with the union, then the couple could be wed after a year's wait. An elder would bless the marriage and the community would provide a wedding feast. The community did not recognize divorce , and second marriages (even in the case of a widow ) were considered particularly reprehensible. A citizen would be expelled from
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2144-399: The calico-printing shop or one of the many others. Another important governing aspect of the society was the church, which was run by the Board of Trustees. Children and their parents worshiped together. Mothers with young children sat in the back of the church. Other children sat in the first few rows. Men and women were separated during worship: men on one side and women on the other side of
2211-461: The church (this practice continues to this day). Older people and the "in-betweens" who were people in their thirties and forties had to attend a separate service. The service that members attended and where the members sat was a statement of their status in society. Services were held eleven times a week and did not include musical instruments and hymn singing. Amana would interact with the outside world in two ways, buying and selling. Each village had
2278-400: The church, Metz and Heinemann were able to revive interest in the Community. Heinemann retreated from the Community's affairs in 1823, making Metz the sole leader of the church. The Community continued to face persecution from German states for their refusal to serve as soldiers or utilize public schools. In the 1830s, Metz conceived of the notion of leasing a large area of land as a refuge for
2345-500: The cloister." Cloistered (or claustral) life is also another name for the monastic life of a monk or nun . The English term enclosure is used in contemporary Catholic church law translations to mean cloistered, and some form of the Latin parent word "claustrum" is frequently used as a metonymic name for monastery in languages such as German. Cloistered clergy refers to monastic orders that strictly separate themselves from
2412-476: The colonies as a whole have been listed as a National Historic Landmark since 1965. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 587 square miles (1,520 km ), of which 586 square miles (1,520 km ) is land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km ) (0.2%) is water. The county is intersected by the Iowa River and the north fork of the English River . The 2020 census recorded
2479-461: The common fund plus interest. Originally, marriage was permitted only "with the consent of God" through the Werkzeug . Marriage was considered a spiritual weakness. Ceremonies were not joyous affairs, but were instead designed to impress the importance of the task upon the couple. Childbearing was similarly discouraged. Views on marriage gradually liberalized, and the Great Council was later given
2546-405: The community as the Great Change. Most residents of the Amana Colony are considered tri-lingual. They speak American English , High German ( Hochdeutsch ), and a dialect known as Amana German ( Kolonie-Deutsch ). The language is High German in origin, but has strong influences of American English. For example, the word for rhubarb is Piestengel , combining the English word " pie " with
2613-506: The community for one year for marrying an individual outside of the colonies, even if the partner wished to join the society. There was no cooking in the homes of Amana citizens; instead, citizens originally ate together in groups of thirty to forty-five. Communal kitchens, each with its own garden, hosted meals. Men would sit at one table while women and small children would sit at another. Prayers were said in German before and after meals. Meals were not considered social affairs so conversation
2680-503: The community of monks, and thus no need for separation within the walled community. Horn finds the earliest prototypical cloisters in some exceptional late fifth-century monastic churches in southern Syria, such as the Convent of Saints Sergius and Bacchus , at Umm-is-Surab (AD 489), and the colonnaded forecourt of the convent of Id-Dêr, but nothing similar appeared in the semi-eremitic Irish monasteries' clustered roundhouses nor in
2747-537: The community. Amana Elementary School is in Middle Amana , and Clear Creek–Amana Middle School and Clear Creek–Amana High School are in Tiffin . Amana High School in Middle Amana was established after a 1935 bond election. The school closed in 1991. Clear Creek–Amana Middle School was previously in Middle Amana. Iowa County, Iowa Iowa County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa . As of
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2814-519: The company grew to manufacture refrigerators and air conditioners. The Raytheon Corporation purchased Amana Refrigeration on January 1, 1965, although the Amana division was mostly autonomous. Amana produced the first practical commercial microwave oven in 1967. The division was sold to Goodman Global in 1997 and then sold to Maytag in 2001. It became part of the Whirlpool Corporation when it purchased Maytag in 2006. Whirlpool sold
2881-417: The county was 98.70% White , 0.17% Black or African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.30% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.36% from other races , and 0.38% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 6,163 households, out of which 32.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 6.60% had
2948-492: The county. The first courthouse was a log cabin built in 1847. This was rented by the county until 1850 when a second courthouse was completed. In 1861 construction of a third courthouse was begun. The current courthouse was built in 1892 after the county had outgrown the previous one. Iowa County is home to the Amana Colonies , a group of settlements of German Pietists , comprising seven villages. Calling themselves
3015-402: The distractions of laymen and servants. Horn offers as early examples Abbot Gundeland's "Altenmünster" of Lorsch abbey (765–774), as revealed in the excavations by Frederich Behn. Lorsch was adapted without substantial alteration from a Frankish nobleman's villa rustica , in a tradition unbroken from late Roman times. Another early cloister, in the abbey of Saint-Riquier (790–799), took
3082-451: The earliest Benedictine collective communities of the West. In the time of Charlemagne ( r. 768–814 ) the requirements of a separate monastic community within an extended and scattered manorial estate led to the development of a "monastery within a monastery" in the form of the locked cloister, an architectural solution allowing the monks to perform their sacred tasks apart from
3149-428: The elders of the Community. The trustees would then elect out of their own a president, vice president, and secretary; incumbents were usually re-elected. The group met alternately in different villages on the first Tuesday of each month. Each June, the trustees were expected to keep the Society informed of the general condition of its affairs. The Great Council also served as the high court of the Community. Each village
3216-545: The faith were imprisoned, flogged , and stripped of their possessions. To escape persecution, many Inspirationalists moved to Hesse , the most liberal German state at the time. Here, the number of Inspirationalists greatly multiplied. Gruber died in 1728 and Rock followed in 1749; left without an instrument, the Inspirationalists' numbers declined in the subsequent decades. Within a span of a few months starting in 1817, Michael Krausert, Barbara Heinemann , and Christian Metz were all named instruments. Although Krausert soon left
3283-469: The following table is based on the 2020 census of Iowa County. † county seat The following public school districts have areas in Iowa County: 41°41′10″N 92°04′01″W / 41.68611°N 92.06694°W / 41.68611; -92.06694 Cloister A cloister (from Latin claustrum , "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along
3350-461: The girls. Children stayed with their mothers until they were two years old. Then, the child would have to attend Kinderschule until the age of seven. At that point, the child would attend school six days a week, all year round until the age of fourteen or fifteen. At school, they shelled, cleaned and graded seed corn, picked fruit, and studied reading, writing and arithmetic. Amana was known for its hospitality towards outsiders. Members would never turn
3417-428: The group of four traveled across the new lands. However, they could not agree on an appropriate location. Two elders were then sent to the state of Iowa to examine the large government land grants. Finding appropriate lands near the Iowa River , they returned to Ebenezer to encourage purchase. The Inspirationalists sent four men to purchase the land and all holdings in the vicinity. The first village in what would become
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#17327730212333484-423: The industrializing American economy. The Amanians were able to achieve this independence and lifestyle by adhering to the specialized crafting and farming occupations that they had brought with them from Europe. Craftsmen passed their skills and techniques on from one generation to the next. They used hand, horse, wind, and water power, and made their own furniture, clothes, and other goods. The community voted to form
3551-437: The intentions of the community, which they called the Ebenezer Society. All lands and buildings were to be held in common, and prosperous settlers were expected to pay community expenses. The initial plan was that, after some time, the land would be divided among the people according to their contribution of money and labor. However, leaders saw that the disparity in wealth, skills and age would make it difficult for all to purchase
3618-635: The land is in Iowa County , with approximately 1,700 acres (690 ha) in Johnson County . By 1862, five more villages were laid, bringing the total number to seven: Each village had between forty and one hundred houses, a church, school, bakery, dairy, wine-cellar, post office, sawmill, and general store. Every able-bodied man was expected to serve in the fire department, and each village had its own fire department. Most houses were two stories and built with local sandstone, which has an unusual hue. They are mostly square with gable roofs. The last of
3685-453: The nearby city of Buffalo concerned church elders, who thought that it could become a bad influence. Buffalo's growth also greatly increased nearby real estate prices, making an extension to Ebenezer financially unfeasible. Metz met with Community leaders on August 31, 1854, to discuss the situation, and the group agreed to send four men (including Metz) to search for a new home out west. The new Kansas Territory seemed like an ideal location, so
3752-485: The outside for their flour-mill, and the printing establishment used cotton goods from the southern states. This brings into question whether Amana was truly an economically isolated society. In March 1931, in the wake of the Great Depression , the Great Council disclosed to the Amana Society that the villages were in dire financial condition. The Depression was particularly harsh in the Colony because fire had badly damaged
3819-653: The seven villages—vivid reminders of the past. On June 23, 1965, the National Park Service deemed the Amana Colonies worthy of distinction as a National Historic Landmark . When the National Register of Historic Places was founded a year later, the Colonies were automatically listed. Amana Farms is home to Iowa’s largest privately held forest. Amana Farms has built a 1,600,000 US gal (6,100 m) anaerobic digester with funding from
3886-465: The tourist industry, as well as many independent shops, local artists and craftspeople, and restaurants serving family-style meals. Historic preservation efforts by several local non-profit organizations, as well as the Amana Society, Inc., in conjunction with governmental, land-use and historic preservation ordinances attempt to preserve the natural and built environment of Amana. Clear Creek–Amana Community School District operates public schools serving
3953-434: The walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a warm southern flank, usually indicates that it is (or once was) part of a monastic foundation, "forming a continuous and solid architectural barrier... that effectively separates the world of the monks from that of the serfs and workmen, whose lives and works went forward outside and around
4020-418: The woolen mill and destroyed the flour mill less than ten years earlier. At the same time, Society members were seeking more personal freedom. The Society agreed to split into two organizations: The non-profit Amana Church Society oversaw the spiritual needs of the community, while the for-profit Amana Society was incorporated as a joint-stock company . The transition was completed in 1932 and came to be known in
4087-413: Was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males. The median income for a household in the county was $ 41,222, and the median income for a family was $ 48,946. Males had a median income of $ 31,220 versus $ 24,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 18,884. About 3.40% of families and 5.00% of the population were below
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#17327730212334154-470: Was as follows: The Community of True Inspiration (Amana Church) continues to worship in the Middle Amana meeting house, though "Special services, Sunday school, and fellowship activities are held in the larger Main Amana meeting house." The Amana Colony stems from a religious movement started in 1714 in Germany by Eberhard L. Gruber and Johann F. Rock. They had both grown displeased with the dogmatism of
4221-672: Was discouraged. There were as many as fifty-five communal kitchens: sixteen in Amana, ten in Middle Amana, nine in Homestead, six in South and West Amana, and four in East and High Amana. The kitchen boss ( Küchebaas ) was tasked with kitchen operations: cooking, serving, preserving, and chicken husbandry. Kitchen personnel were appointed by the Bruderrat . Communal kitchens were usually large, two-story structures with an attached residence for
4288-420: Was governed by a group of seven to nineteen elders. Decisions would be made for each village by a group of these elders led by one of the trustees. This governing board was known as the Bruderrath . Elders were selected based on their piety and spirituality. Werkzeug had the authority to appoint elders, but at times when there were no such individuals, they were selected by the Great Council. The Bruderrath had
4355-581: Was rice soup, fried potatoes, creamed spinach , boiled beef, streusel, and tea or coffee. Menus changed with the seasons; for example, more beef and pork was served in the autumn and winter because it was easier to keep fresh meat. Common positions held by women were in the kitchens, communal gardens, and laundry, among eight occupations. Men on the other hand had 39 different jobs to choose from, including barber, butcher, tailor, machine shop worker, and doctor. Children also participated in jobs, such as harvesting and agricultural duties for boys and kitchen work for
4422-521: Was still cooked in the communal kitchens, but housewives would take the food home. Kitchen staff and single residents still ate in the communal kitchens. Each kitchen operated individually and had different practices. However, menus were largely standardized across the colonies to prevent any residents from receiving more than their fair share. Saturday night would offer pork sausages or pork rinds , boiled potatoes, cottage cheese with chives , bread with cream cheese, and streusel . The noon meal on Sunday
4489-577: Was thought to be used as a tool of God's will to speak directly to his people. To spread their beliefs, the group led by Rock and Gruber traveled through Germany, Switzerland , and the Dutch Republic . The group became known as the Community of True Inspiration , and followers were called Inspirationalists. The Inspirationalists faced the opposition of the governments of the German states because they refused to serve as soldiers and would not send their children to Lutheran public schools. Adherents to
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