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30-574: Andhra Pradesh Capital Region ( ISO : Āndhra Pradēś Rājadhāni Prāntaṁ) is the metropolitan area of the capital city of Andhra Pradesh in India . The region is spread across the districts of Krishna , Guntur , Palnadu , NTR , Bapatla and Eluru . It includes the major cities of Vijayawada and Guntur . Vijayawada is the largest city and headquarters of the region. It is one the most populated metropolitan areas in Andhra Pradesh. The region

60-459: A chandrabindu instead of the anusvāra and vice versa. Anusvara is used when there is too little space for the chandrabindu . The anusvāra can represent a nasal vowel, a homoorganic nasal, or both. Anusvara is used in other languages using Indic scripts as well, usually to represent suprasegmental phones (such as phonation type or nasalization) or other nasal sounds. In the Bengali script ,

90-463: A diacritic in that it is always directly adjacent to the preceding consonant, even when consonants are spaced apart in titles or banners: বাং-লা-দে-শ baṅ-la-de-ś , not বা-ং-লা-দে-শ ba-ṅ-la-de-ś for বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh . It is never pronounced with the inherent vowel 'ô', and it cannot take a vowel sign (instead, the consonant ঙ uṅô is used before vowels). In the Burmese script ,

120-420: A nasal consonant homorganic to a following plosive , in contrast to the candrabindu ( anunāsika ), which indicates vowel nasalization . In practice, however, the two are often used interchangeably. The precise phonetic value of the phoneme, whether it is represented by anusvāra or candrabindu , is dependent on the phonological environment. Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of

150-520: A short vowel and an obstruent ( saṃbhāl- [səmbʱaːl] "to support", saṃdūk [sənduːk] "a chest"). The last rule has two sets of exceptions in which the anusvāra results only in the nasalization of the preceding short vowel. Words from the first set are morphologically derived from words with a long nasalized vowel ( baṃṭ- [bə̃ʈ] , "to be divided" from bāṃṭ- [bãʈ] , "to divide"; siṃcāī [sɪ̃tʃai] , "irrigation" from sīṃc- [sĩːtʃ] , "to irrigate"). In such cases,

180-646: Is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),

210-478: Is at the end of a word, it is pronounced as a voiced velar nasal /ŋ/ . Anunasika ( anunāsika ) is a form of vowel nasalization , often represented by an anusvara. It is a form of open-mouthed nasalization, akin to the nasalization of vowels followed by "n" or "m" in Parisian French . When "n" or "m" follows a vowel, the "n" or "m" becomes silent and causes the preceding vowel to become nasal (it

240-528: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Anusvara Anusvara ( Sanskrit : अनुस्वार , IAST : anusvāra ), also known as Bindu ( Hindi : बिंदु ), is a symbol used in many Indic scripts to mark a type of nasal sound , typically transliterated ⟨ṃ⟩ or ⟨ṁ⟩ in standards like ISO 15919 and IAST . Depending on its location in

270-431: Is partially spread across 6 districts and subdivided into 8 zones for administrative purposes. [1] It consists of 33 complete and 25 part mandals, totaling 58 mandals with 3 municipal corporations , 10 municipalities and 1006 gram panchayats spanning across 953 revenue villages. 16°30′30″N 80°38′30″E  /  16.50833°N 80.64167°E  / 16.50833; 80.64167 ISO 15919 ISO 15919

300-420: Is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, with the preceding vowel becoming nasalized allophonically , in the following cases: between a long vowel and a voiced plosive ( tāṃbā [taːmbaː] "copper", cāṃdī [tʃaːndiː] "silver"), between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive in loanwords ( dāṃt [daːnt] "repressed", baiṃk [bæːŋk] "a bank", khazāṃcī [kʰəzaːɲtʃiː] "cashier"), and between

330-452: Is pronounced with the soft palate extended downward to allow part or all of the air to leave through the nostrils). Anunasika is sometimes called a subdot because of its IAST representation. In Devanagari and related scripts, the anunasika is represented by the chandrabindu diacritic ( example : माँ). In Burmese , the anunasika, called သေးသေးတင် ( IPA: [θé ðé tɪ̀ɰ̃] ) and represented as ⟨ ံ ⟩ , creates

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360-454: Is represented as a circle shape after a letter: క - ka and కం - kam. The equivalent of the anusvara in the Thai alphabet is the nikkhahit (◌ํ). Used in rendering Sanskrit and Pali texts, it is written as an open circle above the consonant (for example อํ ). Its pronunciation depends on the following sound: if it is a consonant, the nikkhahit is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, and if it

390-510: Is under the jurisdiction of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority and covers an area of 8,603 km (3,322 sq mi) under 58 mandals . The capital city Amaravati is an urban notified area and will cover 217.23 km (83.87 sq mi), within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. After the bifurcation of United Andhra Pradesh , the newly formed Government of Andhra Pradesh constituted

420-564: The Devanagari script , anusvāra is represented with a dot ( bindu ) above the letter (e.g. मं ). In the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST), the corresponding symbol is ṃ ( m with an underdot ). Some transcriptions render notation of phonetic variants used in some Vedic shakhas with variant transcription (ṁ). In writing Sanskrit, the anusvara is often used as an alternative representation of

450-592: The bilabial nasal म् before bilabial consonants , etc . Unlike in other Indic languages, the same dot designating the anusvāra in Marathi is also used to mark a retension of the inherent vowel (it is inconsistently placed over a consonant after which the short central vowel is to be pronounced and not elided). In Nepali , the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization. Therefore, there is a great deal of variation regarding which occurs in any given position. Many words containing anusvara thus have alternative spellings with

480-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in

510-576: The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority in 2014 and the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region was formed with a extent of 7,319 km (2,826 sq mi). The limits of the region was expanded on 22 September 2015, which resulted in addition and removal of the mandals and villages taking the total area to 8,603 km (3,322 sq mi). As of 1 August 2020, government of Andhra Pradesh proposed three capitals, which are Visakhapatnam as

540-515: The anusvara ( အောက်မြစ် auk myit (့) IPA: [aʊʔ mjɪʔ] ) is represented as a dot under a nasalised final to indicate a creaky tone (with a shortened vowel). Burmese uses aalso a dot above a letter to indicate the /-ɴ/ nasalized ending (called "Myanmar Sign Anusvara" in Unicode), called သေးသေးတင် thay thay tin ( IPA: [θé ðé tɪ̀ɰ̃] ) (ံ) In the Sinhala script ,

570-455: The anusvara diacritic ( Bengali : অনুস্বার , romanized :  anuswār ) is written as a circle above a slanted line ( ং ), and represents /ঙ্/. It is used in the name of the Bengali language বাংলা [baŋla] and has merged in pronunciation with the letter ঙ unga in Bengali. Although the anusvara is a consonant in Bengali phonology , it is treated in the written system as

600-586: The anusvara is not a nonspacing combining mark but a spacing combining mark. It has a circular shape and follows its base letter ( ං). It is called binduva in Sinhala , which means "dot". The anusvara represents / ŋ / at the end of a syllable. It is used in the name of the Sinhala language සිංහල [ˈsiŋɦələ] . It has merged in pronunciation with the letter ඞ ṅa in Sinhala. The Telugu script has full-zero (sunna) ం , half-zero (arasunna) and visarga to convey various shades of nasal sounds. Anusvara

630-609: The earliest Vedic Sanskrit , it was an allophone of /m/ at a morpheme boundary, or of /n/ within morphemes, when it was preceded by a vowel and followed by a fricative ( /ś/, /ṣ/, /s/, /h/ ). In later Sanskrit its use expanded to other contexts, first before /r/ under certain conditions, then, in Classical Sanskrit , before /v/ and /y/ . Later still, Pāṇini gave anusvara as an alternative pronunciation as word-final sandhi , and later treatises also prescribed it at morpheme junctions and within morphemes. In

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660-532: The executive capital, Amaravati as the legislative capital, and Kurnool as the judicial capital, but the process was cancelled and reverted back to the original 2014 plan of a singular capital city at Amaravati on 22 November 2021. The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority is responsible for the administration and governance of the entire region under the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development of Andhra Pradesh. The region

690-508: The later written language, the diacritic used to represent anusvara was optionally used to indicate a nasal stop having the same place of articulation as a following plosive , which was written in some evolved scripts (e.g. in Bengali-Assamese) as an additional sandhi letter (no longer as a diacritic) for Vedic transcriptions of Sanskrit, to distinguish it with the anusvara diacritic that was used to transcribe other phonemes. In

720-433: The nasal stop with the same place of articulation as the following plosive. For example, [əŋɡə] 'limb (of the body)' may be written with either a conjunct, अङ्ग aṅga , or with an anusvara, अंग aṃga . A variant of the anusvara, the anunāsika or 'chandrabindu', was used more explicitly for nasalized vowels, as in अँश aṃśa for [ə̃ɕə] 'portion'. In Standard Hindi , the anusvāra is traditionally defined as representing

750-400: The preceding vowel: kuāṃ [kʊ̃ãː] , "a well". It results in vowel nasalization also medially between a short vowel and a non- obstruent ( kuṃvar [kʊ̃ʋər] "a youth", gaṃṛāsā [ɡə̃ɽaːsaː] "a long-handled axe") and, in native words, between a long vowel and a voiceless plosive ( dāṃt [dãːt] "tooth", sāṃp [sãːp] "a snake", pūṃch [pũːtʃʰ] "tail"). It

780-643: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

810-450: The various ancient phonetic treatises points towards different phonetic interpretations, and these discrepancies have historically been attributed to either differences in the description of the same pronunciation or to dialectal or diachronic variation. In a 2013 reappraisal of the evidence, Cardona concludes that these reflect real dialectal differences. The environments in which the anusvara could arise, however, were well defined. In

840-451: The vowel is sometimes denasalized ( [bəʈ] , [sɪtʃai] instead of [bə̃ʈ-] , [sɪ̃tʃai] ). The second set is composed of a few words like ( pahuṃc- [pahʊ̃tʃ] , "to arrive" and haṃs- [hə̃s] , "to laugh"). In Marathi , the anusvāra is pronounced as a nasal that is homorganic to the following consonant (with the same place of articulation ). For example, it is pronounced as the dental nasal न् before dental consonants , as

870-418: The word and the language for which it is used, its exact pronunciation can vary. In the context of ancient Sanskrit , anusvara is the name of the particular nasal sound itself, regardless of written representation. In Vedic Sanskrit , the anusvāra (lit. "after-sound" or "subordinate sound") was an allophonic (derived) nasal sound. The exact nature of the sound has been subject to debate. The material in

900-666: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for

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