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51-627: The Falconar Golden Hawk is a Canadian tandem seat, pusher configuration , tricycle gear , canard -equipped ultralight aircraft that is offered in kit form by Falconar Avia of Edmonton, Alberta . The Golden Hawk traces its lineage to the American Aerolights Falcon of 1983. After Falcon production ended, three companies produced versions of the design. Team Falcon restarted production in 1998 with their Falcon 2000, Falcon East produced one with their Peregrine Falcon and Falconar Avia produced one and termed their version of

102-513: A drive train . Typically, the forward crankset is connected by a left-side timing chain to the rear crankset, which in turn is connected by a right-side chain to the rear wheel. This configuration is called crossover rear drive , and requires both of the rear cranks to have chainrings. To work reliably, both of the left-side cranks must be tandem- or left-drive specific to accept the left-hand threading used on left pedals. The second most popular solution, due to not requiring tandem-specific cranks,

153-467: A "triplet" (or quad) that can be transformed into a tandem by simply removing the center section of the frame." Tandems are subjected to unique stresses caused by additional riders and weight requiring solutions specific to tandem construction. The phrase "Tandem Specific" was popularized by its use in Santana tandem catalogs during the 1990s. To transfer power from all pedals to the rear wheel requires

204-520: A bridge or hill. This technique allows the rear rider to apply continuous power as the front rider steadies the tandem during the initial take-off. This reduces the risk of the tandem toppling over due to starting on an incline. The rear rider will continue to pedal as the front rider attempts to get the foot used for steadying the tandem clipped into the pedal. Riders may choose to synchronise their pedalling through in- phase (IP) or out-of-phase (OOP) pedalling. In in-phase pedalling, each rider's cranks are

255-546: A compromise on cadence . The tandem velomobile bicycle record was set at 83 km/h in 2013. Tandem bicycles are used in competitions such as the Paralympics with blind and visually impaired cyclists riding as stokers with fully sighted captains . Cycling at the Summer Olympics featured a men's tandem event in 1908 and from 1920 to 1972. Tandems may also be used for bicycle touring and may provide

306-485: A conventional side-by-side cockpit. The Grumman A-6 Intruder , General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark , Sukhoi Su-24 , and the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has

357-429: A full 90° phase difference. Generally, OOP provides the greatest benefits to the tandem team that has disparate leg-strength. When the tandem is pedalled IP it is possible, and often happens, that the stronger rider literally drops the pedals out from beneath the feet of the weaker rider and cause the latter to be unable to contribute meaningfully. Using OOP makes a significant difference in gearing choice as each rider has

408-489: A link from the second set of handlebars to the front fork. Others include the 1897 Geneva, and the 1898 Stearns. Tandems are also available as tricycles ; the conventional tandem trike has a small but devoted following in the United Kingdom and is available in one-wheel and two-wheel drive designs. Recumbent tandem tricycles are also gaining popularity throughout the world. There are short wheelbase models, with

459-419: A male uses claspers at the end of his abdomen to grab a female between the head and thorax , forming a tandem. The pair may take flight while in tandem. Tandem bicycle The term tandem refers to the seating arrangement (fore to aft, not side by side), not the number of riders. A bike with two riders side by side is called a sociable . Tandem bicycles are sometimes called "Daisy Bells". This

510-523: A man asking " Daisy Bell " to marry him, saying, "It won't be a stylish marriage. I can't afford a carriage. But you'll look sweet upon the seat of a bicycle built for two!" In the Columbia Pictures comedy shorts, The Three Stooges occasionally ride on a tandem bicycle for their recurring gags. In the BBC and LWT TV series, The Goodies are famously well known to ride their main tranportion,

561-426: A pair of horses side-by-side). For example, a Brewer's van fully loaded with 25 barrels might weigh 8 tons, requiring 2 or 3 horses. In carting , when pulling heavy loads with tandem harness, the carter walks to the left of the shaft horse holding its left rein with his right hand, and holding the reins of the lead horse in his left hand. The harness for the leader (front horse) is slightly different than for

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612-440: A single bike and rider. On flat terrain and downhill, most of the power produced by cyclists is used to overcome wind resistance, so tandems can reach higher speeds than the same riders on single bicycles. They are not necessarily slower on climbs, but are perceived as such, in part due to the need for a high level of coordination between the riders, especially if the physical abilities of the two riders are very different, requiring

663-488: A solution to the problem of riders with different abilities that wish to tour together. Each rider may exert themselves as they wish and all riders travel at the same speed. The UK has specialist time trial events that have National competition records over 10, 25, 50 and 100-mile events against the clock. There are also 12 and 24-hour time trials ran by the CTT and VTTA riders. There are also place to place records that are run by

714-538: A timing chain from the front crankset to the rear crankset. This is less popular because it requires considerably more chain than the first two arrangements. Such a setup is called a crossover front drive . A rare solution to the requirement of coordinated pedaling is the use of a jackshaft plus two freehubs, thus allowing one rider to coast while the other continues to pedal. This also allows riders to select different crank positions, such as inphase (IP), or Out-Of-Phase (OOP), while pedaling together. Davinci Tandems use

765-420: A trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, trainers and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and gliders where drag reduction is paramount. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final B-52 bomber series used

816-521: A two-rider tandem with an extra "dummy" seat attached, a full three-rider version was built for them by Raleigh . A marching band in Bruges , Belgium , uses a six-place tandem bicycle fitted to carry certain of their instruments in a way that allows them to play music while underway . In the '80s or '90s, an eight-seat tandem bicycle was built and demonstrated in Philadelphia. Some designs such as

867-404: A unique "Independent Drive" whereby the intermediate shaft transfers the power from the stoker and captain cranks into a converter which allows up to four chainrings. This variant also allows stoker and captain cranks to freewheel (coast) independently. The front crankset typically has only one chainring. The rear crankset typically has many chainrings, sometimes on both sides. On a tandem where

918-487: A wheel that is completely "dishless" (i.e. symmetric). The disadvantage is this may increase the Q-factor of the stoker's cranks and may also cause "heel-strike" of the stoker's shoes on the chain stays. Others use shorter axles (often 145 mm wide) thereby trading a little decrease in the strength of the wheel for the advantage of a similar decrease in the bending moment of the axle spindle. Rear hubs may also be threaded on

969-452: Is an arrangement in which two or more animals, machines, or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line. The English word tandem derives from the Latin adverb tandem , meaning at length or finally . It is a word play , using

1020-417: Is called single side rear drive . The forward crankset is connected by a right-side timing chain to the rear crankset, which in turn is connected by a right-side chain to the rear wheel. This requires that one of the rear chainrings be devoted to the timing chain and limits shifting options. The least popular solution is to run a drive chain from the forward crankset all the way to the rear wheel, and also run

1071-467: Is important that heat transfer and dissipation has been engineered properly. In particular, carbon tandem forks can provide all the benefits of comfort and control, but are also designed to handle the increased heat load. Stoker handlebars are typically connected to a stoker stem that is clamped around the captain's seatpost . The stoker handlebars are typically bullhorns or drop bars with "dummy levers" instead of brake levers for gripping. Because of

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1122-437: Is in reference to " Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" which is a popular song, written in 1892 by British songwriter Harry Dacre , with the well-known chorus, "Daisy, Daisy / Give me your answer, do. / I'm half crazy / all for the love of you", ending with the words, "a bicycle built for two". On conventional tandems, the front rider steers as well as pedals the bicycle and is known as the captain , pilot , or steersman ;

1173-481: Is nothing other than the skill of the Whip (driver) to prevent a tandem leader from turning to face his driver. Three horses in a row is sometimes called a randem/random or trandem/trandom . Tandem bicycles are named for their tandem seating, a more common arrangement than side-by-side " sociable " seating. Tandem bikes are also used in road racing , track racing , and para-cycling . The Messerschmitt KR200

1224-497: Is via conventional ailerons . Yaw is controlled with wing-tip rudders. The aircraft is advertised as spin -proof. The Golden Hawk has been well received. Reviewer Andre Cliche described it as "a fantastic-looking aircraft that has no equal to stimulate the public's interest. Because of its futuristic looks Hollywood has used it several times in movies." Data from Cliche and Falconar Avia General characteristics Performance Tandem Tandem , or in tandem ,

1275-458: The RRA Tandems can have more than two riders – tandem refers to the arrangement of the riders one behind the other rather than the number of riders. Bicycles for three, four, or five riders are referred to as "triples" or "triplets", "quads" or "quadruplets", and "quints" or "quintuplets" respectively. One such familiar to UK TV viewers was the "trandem" ridden by The Goodies . Originally

1326-753: The Second Anglo-Boer War . Tandem popularity began to decline after World War II until a revival started in the late 1960s. In the UK The Tandem Club was founded in 1971, new tandems came on to the market from the French companies Lejeune and Gitane , and in the USA Bill McCready founded Santana Cycles in 1976. Modern technology has improved component and frame designs, and many tandems are as well-built as modern high-end road and off-road bikes. A song written in 1892 has

1377-528: The DaVinci can allow independent pedaling through the use of multiple freewheels. In another design, the rear rider steers and propels the rear wheel with pedals, and the front rider propels the front wheel with both hands and feet. Tandems come with both upright and recumbent seating. The Bilenky Viewpoint and the Hase Pino are hybrid upright/recumbent tandems steered by the captain who sits upright in

1428-490: The Latin phrase (referring to time, not position) for English "at length, lengthwise". When driving horses , tandem refers to one horse harnessed in front of another to pull a load or vehicle . A tandem arrangement provides more pulling power than a single horse, such as for pulling a heavy load up a steep hill, out of heavy mud or snow, or pulling heavy loads on narrow tracks or through narrow gates and doorways (too wide for

1479-706: The advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler , a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider , TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions. During mating among odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ),

1530-440: The advantages and disadvantages that entails. The rear rider starts clipped in while the front rider holds the tandem upright. For those who can get accustomed to the rear rider always being clipped in, the distinct advantage to this technique will become obvious when trying to start at the foot of a bridge or on a hill. If the tandem team does not practice this, then they often reserve this type of start for when they are faced with

1581-479: The design the Golden Hawk. The design has a composite fuselage and strut-braced wings made from aluminium and covered in doped aircraft fabric . The tip rudders and canard are also fabric-covered. The main landing gear is equipped with hydraulic disk brakes. The aircraft can be disassembled in ten minutes for ground transportation on a trailer or for storage. The canard surface controls pitch, while roll

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1632-655: The distance between the axles (up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) in the European Union, 40–96 inches (1.02–2.44 m) in the United States), mechanically there are many configurations. Either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. In the United States, both axles are typically powered and equalized; in the European Union, one axle is typically unpowered, and can often be adjusted to load, and even raised off

1683-423: The extra weight and stresses, tandem wheels may use a higher spoke count, sturdier rims, higher pressure tires , a stronger freewheel, dishless spoke configuration, or asymmetric wheels. Tandems wear out rear wheels faster than front wheels; therefore, they may use non-symmetrical wheel setups, such as more spokes or a sturdier rim on the rear wheel. The dish of a wheel measures the amount of asymmetry between

1734-424: The full mass of the tandem in their power stroke, so lower gears are preferred. However, using OOP can help develop leg strength for the very same reason. Some argue that this produces a smoother power stroke, or that it reduces stress on the drive train because the point of maximum power is reduced to roughly half and distributed over the chainrings. Since the market for tandem bicycles is significantly smaller than

1785-473: The ground, turning a tandem into a single- axle . The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem. Usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the Bell AH-1 Cobra

1836-423: The left side to allow the use of a drum brake. Specialty wheels such as Aerospoke or Shimano "Sweet-16" may build "tandem certified" racing wheelsets. The Aerospoke tandem wheelset is built up more than their roadset with special tandem hubs that can be removed and which facilitates stacking the rims flat into a travel case. A tandem bicycle has about twice the kinetic energy as a single bicycle traveling at

1887-409: The pedaling is designed to be in sync , both cranksets will use a chainring for the timing chain of the same size. The drive chain chainrings can be single gear or use a derailleur . To maintain the necessary tension on the timing chain, many tandems use an eccentric that is placed in the front rider's bottom bracket shell. An alternate solution is to implement a pulley, or idler, on the bottom of

1938-465: The rear rider only pedals and is known as the stoker , navigator or rear admiral . On most tandems the two sets of cranks are mechanically linked by a timing chain and turn at the same rate. Patents related to tandem bicycles date from the mid 1880s. In approximately 1898, Mikael Pedersen developed a two-rider tandem version of his Pedersen bicycle that weighed 24 pounds, and a four-rider, or "quad", that weighed 64 pounds. They were also used in

1989-414: The rear rider sitting over the rear wheel, either just in front of or even behind the rear axle. Several manufacturers offer folding tandems, either with small wheels or not, to facilitate packing and travelling. It is possible to add couplers either during manufacturing or as a retrofit so that the frame can be disassembled into smaller pieces to facilitate packing and travel. Santana manufactures

2040-439: The rear, while the stoker rides in a recumbent position in the front. Both also feature independent stoker pedaling. The "Buddy Bike" is designed to allow a child to sit on the front saddle with an adult on the rear saddle and steering with extra-long handlebars. Both riders, in the case of just two, may be able to steer. The Star Cycle Company, of Wolverhampton, England, marketed its "Combination Roadster tandem" in 1896. It had

2091-404: The rim and the hub flanges. To accommodate a large cassette , more space is needed on the drive side of the axle; this increases the complexity of manufacturing and truing the wheel. Tandem rear wheels tend to run a wider hub/axle to allow the right-side hub flange to be further right of wheel center and thus reduce the total dish of the wheel. Some modern tandems use a 160-mm-wide axle that allows

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2142-400: The same forward speed. This may be more than can be handled by the same brakes, especially rim brakes , as a single bicycle. Two alternatives have been employed to solve this problem: drum brakes and disc brakes. The Arai drum brake is used during long downhill descents where a rim brake might overheat the tire and possibly cause it to fail. The drum of the brake screws onto the left side of

2193-422: The same or opposite clock positions at any point in time. In out-of-phase pedalling, both riders have their cranks in differing non-opposite positions. This has the potential for a wide range of variation. Some tandem riders arrange their cranks so that they are 90° out of phase to produce what is called the "4 banger arrangement". In practice, OOP setups range from a mere two-tooth phase difference between cranks to

2244-411: The shoulder of the leader. A tandem cart is constructed in the style of a dogcart and used mainly for show, and should be tall enough for the driver to look over the head of the lead horse. A drayel is hardware at the tip of the shafts to attach the traces (pulling straps) from the front horse. Alternative to using a drayel, the leader's traces are hooked or buckled into the forward end of

2295-461: The tandem bicycle for travelling english countrysides and London. Compared to a conventional bicycle, a tandem has double the pedalling power , without necessarily doubling the speed, and with only slightly more frictional loss in the drivetrain. It has about the same wind resistance as a conventional bicycle. High-performance tandems may weigh less than twice as much as a single bike, so the power-to-weight ratio may be slightly better than that of

2346-491: The tandem hub, which must be threaded for the drum. The shoe plate slips over the axle and a small reaction arm from the shoe plate engages with the bicycle frame to prevent the plate from turning. The drum brake is typically controlled by a friction shift lever like a BARCON or similar. The brake is designed to be engaged continuously during a descent to maintain a steady speed. The standard brakes can be used in addition as necessary. Some modern tandems use disc brakes , with all

2397-497: The timing chain to take up slack. Idlers add friction and a potential point of failure to the drive train. Tandems have very different weight distribution and loads on wheels, brakes, and forks. A tandem-specific fork is designed to handle this. Custom tandem makers such as Co-Motion make specific forks for tandem, triple, and quad-bikes. Brake forces can be substantial. On any bicycle, the front brake (and thus fork) are critical to safe and efficient braking. On disc brakes tandems, it

2448-417: The wheeler (rear horse). For instance, the leader doesn't have shafts, so shaft holders are not needed, but often there are straps to support the traces (pulling straps) from sagging too low. Any straps running across the back of the leader should be sewn or use special buckles which don't leave a loose tab that might catch a rein in it. In carriage driving , the driver should carry a whip long enough to reach

2499-419: The wheeler's traces. Driving a tandem is challenging and led to the creation of tandem driving clubs and matches in the 19th century. The art of tandem driving requires an alert brain and sensitive fingers. It has been compared with playing a harp. It is, in many ways, more difficult than driving a team [of four horses]. Whereas the leaders of a team balance one another and keep each other straight, there

2550-553: Was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the Bell UH-1 Iroquois on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create

2601-492: Was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating; one passenger behind the driver. Tandem parking means parking one car in front of the other. The word tandem is also used to indicate a semi-trailer truck pulling more than one trailer. Tandem axles means one axle mounted closely in front of another. For trailers, the purpose is to bear heavier loads than a single axle provides. In heavy trucks, tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by

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