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66-413: The AGS was founded by 31 New Yorkers, who were wealthy philanthropists, historians, publishers and editors. Among them were George Folsom , Henry Grinnell , Henry Varnum Poor , Hiram Barney , Alexander Isaac Cotheal, Henry Evelyn Pierrepont, S. De Witt Bloodgood, John Romeyn Brodhead , Joshua Leavitt and Archibald Russell. The founders held a joint interest in polar exploration, and readily organized

132-535: A Nobel Prize in Physics , a Pritzker Prize , 3 National Medal of Arts Awards, 15 Rome Prizes , 26 Guggenheim Fellowships , 3 MacArthur Fellowships , 9 Chrysler Design Awards , 3 Emmy Awards, a Tony, a Grammy, a Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering , and 3 Thomas Jefferson Awards for Public Architecture . The institution has also had 40 Fulbright Scholars since 2001 and 13 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowships since 2004. Notable faculty of

198-669: A sliding scale . On May 8, 2013, a group of students occupied President Bharucha's office in protest over news reports about ending free tuition. The administration, board of trustees, and those members of the Cooper Union community who had been occupying the Office of the President since early May reached an agreement that ended the occupation on July 12. Throughout 2013, 2014, and 2015, the Committee to Save Cooper Union (CSCU) —

264-464: A coalition of former and current students, alumni and faculty — campaigned to reverse this decision, urging the president and the board of trustees to return Cooper Union to "its tuition-free and merit-based mission, ensure the school’s fiscal recovery, and establish better governance structures." On September 1, 2015, the school and the CSCU announced the CSCU's lawsuit against the school's administration

330-960: A council member to attend the first International Geographical Congress . During World War I, the interdisciplinary, government-sponsored "Inquiry" in preparation for the Paris Peace Conference was led by the AGS and headquartered in the society's building in New York. After the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , President Woodrow Wilson and the American Delegation sailed for France . With them sailed AGS Director Isaiah Bowman and three truckloads of geographical information compiled by Bowman and 150 geographers, historians, economists, statisticians , ethnographers , political scientists, and scholars of international law. The AGS

396-448: A fire-resistant hollow brick tile he used in the building's construction. The building was the first in the world to be built with an elevator shaft, because Cooper, in 1853, was confident an elevator would soon be invented. However, he expected them to be cylindrical, so he designed the shaft in the shape of a circle. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961, and a New York City Landmark in 1965, and added to

462-564: A full-height Grand Atrium, prevalent interior windows, a four-story linear central staircase, and upper-level skyways , which reflect the design intention of inspiring, socially interactive space for students and faculty. In addition, the building's design allows for up to 75% natural lighting , further reducing energy costs. In 2010, 41 Cooper Square became the first academic and laboratory structure in New York City to meet Platinum-level LEED standards for energy efficiency. The building

528-510: A gift from AGS President John H. Finley. In his position as editor-in-chief of The New York Times , Finley invited early heroes of exploration and aviation to draw their routes and sign their names on his 18-inch globe. The society has continued the custom and has created a symbol of humanity's drive to explore the universe. Signers of the Fliers' & Explorers' Globe over the years are men and women who have explored certain places on earth for

594-627: A jeweler and tavern-keeper, and Edna ( née Ela) Folsom (1775–1851). The family moved to Portland, Maine in 1809. George was educated at Phillips Academy , Andover, MA, and graduated from Harvard College in 1822. Then he studied law with U.S. Attorney Ether Shepley in Saco, Maine , was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Worcester, Massachusetts . While studying law he prepared the History of Saco and Biddeford (on-line copy; 331 pages) which

660-522: A knowledge of some of the higher branches of education, could obtain tuition in studies not named in the regular course taught in our public schools." Discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, or sex was expressly prohibited. Originally intended to be named simply "the Union", the Cooper Union began with adult education in night classes on the subjects of applied sciences and architectural drawing , as well as day classes primarily intended for women on

726-485: A new building called 41 Cooper Square . A new classroom, laboratory, and studio facility designed by Thom Mayne replaced the aging Hewitt Academic Building at 41 Cooper Square . In contrast to the Foundation Building, 41 Cooper Square is of modern, environmentally "green" design , housing nine above-ground floors and two basements. The structure features unconventional architectural features, including

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792-541: A new caliber of regional experts, disseminate GIS data freely to the public and publish the results in popular media and scholarly journal. Each expedition is titled a Bowman Expedition, in honor of past AGS Director, Isaiah Bowman . Others include: The AGS archive contains field notes, original maps, sketches, photographs, journals, artifacts, correspondence, expedition flags and memorabilia, field equipment, telegrams, press clippings, event programs, radio logs, meeting records, and many other documents and artifacts. In 2011

858-612: A new tuition-based cross-disciplinary graduate program, expand its fee-based continuing education programs, and impose tuition on some students in its existing graduate programs. In December 2012, as a protest against the possibility of undergraduate tuition being charged, 11 students occupied a suite in the Foundation Building for a week. Charging high tuition was complicated by the school's lack of customary amenities offered by other high-tuition schools. The college ended its free tuition policy for undergraduates in 2014, but offers need-based tuition remission to incoming undergraduates on

924-498: A peer-reviewed, scholarly periodical devoted exclusively to geography titled Geographical Review . The journal contains articles on all aspects of current topical and regional issues within geography. Additionally, the society publishes a forty-page, full-color journal titled Focus' in Geography , which includes articles on a variety of topics aimed towards a broader audience of students, teachers, administrators and parents. Focus

990-449: A practice it discontinued in 2014, instead offering a half-tuition scholarship to each admitted student. As of 2024 , nearly half of its undergraduate students were attending on a tuition-free basis. In September 2024 the school announced that for the next four years, all students (including current students) would not pay tuition for their senior year. The Cooper Union was founded in 1859 by American industrialist Peter Cooper , one of

1056-509: A radical new model of American higher education based on Cooper's belief that an education "equal to the best technology schools established" should be accessible to those who qualify, independent of their race, religion, sex, wealth or social status, and should be "open and free to all". The college is divided into three schools: the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, the School of Art, and

1122-400: A series of open forums were held with students, faculty, and alumni to address a financial crisis. Current and past students voiced opposition to charging tuition. The then-president of the school, Jamshed Bharucha , indicated depletion of the school's endowment required additional sources of funding. In 2012, the college announced approval from its board of trustees to attempt to establish

1188-549: A smaller, more modern alternative to the Great Hall. A substantial portion of the annual budget, which supports the full-tuition scholarships in addition to the school's costs, is generated through revenues from real estate. Its endowment is over $ 600 million. The land under the Chrysler Building is owned by the endowment, and as of 2009, Cooper Union received $ 7 million per year from this parcel. Further, under

1254-621: A third time on April 23, 2007, along with Senator Edward Kennedy , Henry Kissinger , Norman Mailer , and others, at the memorial service for historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Most recently, Barack Obama delivered an economic policy speech at Cooper Union's Great Hall on April 22, 2010. On September 22, 2014, President of the Palestinian National Authority Mahmoud Abbas delivered his first formal speech in English. Other historic speakers in

1320-502: A very unusual arrangement, New York City real-estate taxes assessed against the Chrysler lease, held by Aby Rosen , are paid to Cooper Union, not the city. This arrangement would be voided if Cooper Union sold the real estate. In 2006, Tishman Speyer signed a deal with the school to pay rent that has escalated to $ 32.5 million in 2018. Around October 29, 2011, rumors circulated the school was in serious financial trouble. On October 31,

1386-562: Is dedicated completely to School of Art studio and classroom space in addition to the art studio spaces located throughout the building. The lowest basement level consists almost completely of the school's large machine shops and design laboratories, as well as much of the HVAC and supply infrastructure . The building's first basement level houses primarily the Frederick P. Rose Auditorium, a 198-capacity lecture hall and event space designed as

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1452-417: Is edited and written by academic and professional geographers and includes theme sections; maps and photos; and special country issues. Ubique , the society's thrice-yearly letter newsletter, serves as a vehicle for communication of Society news and events. Ubique is sent to all Fellows, Associates, Medalists, Geography Department Heads, and Galileo Circle Members. The AGS also provides geographers to speak to

1518-538: Is the largest of the three schools by a significant margin. The school offers ABET -accredited Bachelor of Engineering (BE) degree programs in core engineering fields and an interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science in Engineering (BSE) degree. Opportunities are also available for engineering students to pursue minors in bioengineering, chemistry, computer science, humanities and social sciences, and mathematics. Specialized facilities for teaching and research include

1584-533: The Greenback Party , becoming the oldest person ever nominated for the office by a political party . Cooper's dream was to give talented young people the one privilege he lacked: a good education from an institution which was "open and free to all". To achieve these goals, Cooper designated the bulk of his wealth to The Cooper Union. According to The New York Times in 1863, "It was rare that those of limited means, however eager they might be to acquire

1650-594: The Historic American Engineering Record in 1971. On February 27, 1860, the school's Great Hall, located in the basement level of the Foundation Building, became the site of a historic address by Abraham Lincoln . "Lincoln made his address on a snowy night before about 1,500 persons." Widely reported in the press and reprinted throughout the North in pamphlet form, the speech galvanized support for Lincoln and contributed to his gaining

1716-572: The Maurice Kanbar Center for Biomedical Engineering established in 2002 and the interdisciplinary Maker Space Lab, established in 2020 for the use of engineering, art, and architecture students. The School of Engineering offers master's degrees in chemical, civil, electrical, or mechanical engineering. Cooper Union undergraduate engineering students may earn a bachelor's degree and a master's degree in as little as five years. Consisting of roughly 200 students and 70 faculty members,

1782-718: The University of Vermont . In 1839, Folsom was married to Margaret Cornelia Winthrop (1801–1863), a daughter of Benjamin Winthrop and Judith (née Stuyvesant ) Winthrop of New York City. Margaret was a descendant of Peter Stuyvesant , the last Dutch Director-General of New Netherland , and John Winthrop , the 3rd Governor the Massachusetts Bay Colony . Together, they were the parents of three children: Folsom died on March 27, 1869, in Rome , Italy . He

1848-416: The 2024-2025 academic year and that they were proceeding as planned towards their goal of 100% coverage in the 2029 fiscal year. Admission to Cooper Union is highly competitive, with an acceptance rate of 12% across the three schools. The Cooper Union's School of Engineering is named in honor of Albert Nerken, a chemical engineering alumnus of the school. Its enrollment includes about 550 students, and

1914-587: The AGS Honors Committee and confirmation by the AGS Council. The AGS presents a number of awards and medals: George Folsom George Folsom (May 23, 1802 – March 27, 1869) was an American lawyer, historian, librarian, diplomat and senator from New York. Folsom was born on May 23, 1802, in Kennebunk , York County , District of Maine . He was the son of Thomas Folsom (1769–1844),

1980-543: The AGS arranges an array of expeditions to various locations. The expeditions the society has been connected with fall into three categories: Most notably: A Transcontinental Excursion was arranged and executed by the AGS in 1912. The idea for this excursion was generated by Professor William Morris Davis who, in 1908 "tried the unique experiment of conducting a geographical excursion in Europe, open to students of European and American universities". The excursion promoted

2046-416: The AGS have organized a Travel Program, sponsoring in excess of 250 educational trips for the general public. The AGS Travel Program lecturers are professional geographers, fellows of the society and authorities on the regions traveled. Trips are conducted through various means of travel, including private jet and ship. The American Geographical Society acquired its Fliers' & Explorers' Globe in 1929 as

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2112-452: The AGS moved to 3755 Broadway at 156th Street. This three story building was built on land donated by Archer Milton Huntington 's mother and designed by Charles Pratt Huntington . Audubon Terrace became the society's most prominent home and was visited by many scholars and dignitaries, including President Woodrow Wilson . After numerous relocations across New York City, the AGS is currently housed at 121 Sixth Avenue , Manhattan. The AGS

2178-581: The AGS of NY and the AGS Library at UW Milwaukee began a project to organize, rehouse and create the finding aid for the society archives. The AGS Library was transferred to the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1978. It holds a large collection of material from Latin American and the Polar Regions and contains over one-million items, some dating back to the 15th century. Since 1984,

2244-571: The AGS upon the request of Lady Franklin to search for her husband and his voyagers lost in the Polar Franklin Expedition . In September 1851, the committee formed to draft a constitution. On October 9, this committee undertook the constitution at a meeting held in the Geographical and Statistical Library in New York City. The society was not fully established until December 7, 1854, under a charter granted by legislator of

2310-484: The Albert Nerken School of Engineering. It offers undergraduate and master's degree programs exclusively in the fields of architecture , fine arts (undergraduate only), and engineering as well as a shared core curriculum in the humanities and social sciences. The Cooper Union was one of very few American institutions of higher learning to offer a full-tuition scholarship to every admitted student,

2376-829: The American Geographical Society were initially established at New York University in Washington Square. The university's chapel was used for some of the society's lectures and the AGS remained at this location until 1858. Later, two rooms located in Clinton Hall, formerly the Astor Opera House , became the society's next home in December 1858. In 1866, the American Geographical Society moved to Cooper Union at Cooper Square on Ninth Street, where it remained for ten years. In 1911,

2442-637: The Cooper Union School of Art offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) degree and a Certificate of Fine Arts. As a member school of AICAD , School of Art students may participate in exchange programs with the other colleges in the association, including California Institute of the Arts and Otis College of Art and Design . The Cooper Union Art program is often referred to as " generalist " or "versatile" when compared to other Fine Arts colleges; incoming students do not choose an academic major within

2508-529: The Fine Arts field, but instead are permitted and encouraged to select courses from any of the School of Art's departments. The curriculum place heavy emphasis on each student's creative and imaginative abilities, rather than technical precision in a specific medium. Located in both public spaces and specialized rooms, Cooper Union's galleries provide space for installations and showcases by students, faculty, and guest artists. Popular gallery locations include

2574-400: The Foundation Building are used primarily for interdisciplinary exhibitions with the School of Architecture. For presentations of video and digital media, the Great Hall and 41 Cooper Square's Rose Auditorium are used. The Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture at The Cooper Union offers a five-year NAAB accredited program established by John Hejduk . The philosophical foundation of the school

2640-518: The Great Hall have included Frederick Douglass , Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Mark Twain . The Great Hall continues to serve as an important metropolitan art space and has hosted lectures and performances by such key figures as Joseph Campbell , Steve Reich , Salman Rushdie , Ralph Nader , Hamza Yusuf , Richard Stallman , Rudolph Giuliani , Pema Chodron , Michael Bloomberg , Evo Morales , and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez . When not occupied by external or hosted events,

2706-554: The Great Hall is made accessible to students and faculty for large lectures and recreational activities, including the school's annual Culture Show. In 1994, the Cooper Union Forum of Public Programs was honored with a Village Award from the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation . In late 2008, the Great Hall was closed to students and outside events for the first major renovation of

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2772-411: The Great Hall lobby in the Foundation Building and newly opened 41 Cooper Gallery in 41 Cooper Square, which provides a two-story high space for large, three-dimensional exhibitions and works visible from both the building lobby and 7th street through large plate-glass windows. In addition, numerous smaller exhibition spaces exist throughout both buildings on campus. Larger spaces on the upper floors of

2838-690: The Party's nomination for the presidency . It is now referred to as the Cooper Union Address . Since then, the Great Hall has served as a platform for historic addresses by American Presidents Grant , Cleveland , Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , and Bill Clinton . Clinton spoke on May 12, 1993, about reducing the federal deficit and again on May 23, 2006, as the Keynote Speaker at The Cooper Union's 147th Commencement, along with Anna Deavere Smith . He appeared

2904-407: The School of Art, the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, and the Albert Nerken School of Engineering. Since 1859, the Cooper Union has educated thousands of artists, architects, and engineers, many of them leaders in their fields. After 1864 there were a few attempts to merge Cooper Union and Columbia University , but these were never realized. The Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum ,

2970-580: The State of New York' The society was primarily named the "American Geographical and Statistical Society"; possibly due to the fact that the organizational meeting was held in New York University 's "Geographical and Statistical Library". In 1871, the AGS amended its Charter and dropped "and Statistical" from its title, thus becoming the "American Geographical Society". The society's first and most ambitious attempt to influence governmental policy

3036-497: The acquaintance of European geographers with Americans. Currently, the AGS sends teams of scholars to improve U.S. understanding of foreign lands and peoples, in order to reduce international misunderstandings and improve humanitarian assistance in case of natural disasters, technological accidents, terrorist acts and war. The organization aims to build a multi-scale Geographic information system (GIS) for each world region, collect unclassified GIS data, conduct participatory GIS, train

3102-500: The architects Michael Webb , Peter Eisenman , Raimund Abraham , Lebbeus Woods , Diane Lewis and John Hejduk . The post-professional degree program in architecture was launched in 2009. Concentrations in one or a combination of three areas are offered: theory, history and criticism of architecture, urban studies and technologies. Cooper Union has developed an athletic program which fields teams in basketball, volleyball, and soccer. Awards received by Cooper Union alumni include

3168-451: The first time in recorded history, reached new extremes of height or depth, pioneered new means of travel, or set aviation records. Among them are such people as Charles Lindbergh , Amelia Earhart , Sir Edmund Hillary , William Beebe , Louise Arner Boyd and the Apollo 13 astronauts. Signers of the Fliers' & Explorers' Globe are proposed by AGS' Exploration Committee for approval by

3234-444: The hall since 1978. The Cooper Union has schools in architecture, fine art , and engineering. At present, these three fields represent Cooper Union's degree programs. The Faculty of Humanities and Social Studies provides classes and faculty to all three programs. In 2002, the school decided to generate revenue by razing its engineering building and having it replaced with a commercial building, and replacing its Hewitt Building with

3300-529: The international effort to map the entire world at 1:1,000,000. The venture lasted from 1920 to 1945 and eventually produced 107 map sheets at a total cost of more than one-half million dollars, mostly in private donations. During World War II , the society assisted more than forty agencies of the U.S. government. Contributing ethnographic data to U.S. Military Intelligence in the efforts to defuse Axis strongholds in Eastern Europe. The headquarters of

3366-471: The media on a variety of issues critical to human, environmental, political, and economic development. The AGS Writers Circle produces Commentary and Op Ed pieces about issues of importance to global society, such as geopolitics , spatial technologies (e.g. Geographic Information Sciences (GIS) and Spatial Modeling), water management, global climate change , globalization , urban growth and change, and social issues. To contribute to geographical understanding,

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3432-558: The next full-term president. On January 15, 2018, the Free Education Committee (FEC) of the school's Board of Trustees released their recommended plan to return to full-tuition scholarships for undergraduates only by the academic year starting in the fall of 2028. In March 2018, the board released its approved, updated version with the same milestone. In 2024, the school announced that approximately 83% of undergraduate tuition costs would be covered by scholarships in

3498-672: The organization's delegate to the International Geographical Congress in Warsaw, Poland. During this trip Louise traveled throughout Poland with local experts, documenting the life, work and customs of the rural people, a population that would undergo drastic changes during and after the Second World War. The AGS published her second book, Rural Poland . After World War I , the society undertook an ambitious effort to map "Hispanic America" as part of

3564-561: The richest businessmen in the United States. Cooper was a workingman's son who had less than a year of formal schooling. Cooper designed and built America's first steam railroad engine and made a fortune with a glue factory and iron foundry. He was a principal investor and first president of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company , which laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable , and once ran for President under

3630-474: The subjects of photography, telegraphy, typewriting and shorthand in what was called the college's Female School of Design. The early institution also had a free reading room open day and night, the first in New York City (predating the New York Public Library system), and a new four-year nighttime engineering college for men and a few women. In 1883, a five-year curriculum in chemistry

3696-525: Was added as an alternative to the applied science (engineering) program. A daytime engineering college was added in 1902, thanks to funds contributed by Andrew Carnegie . Initial board members included Daniel F. Tiemann , John E. Parsons , Horace Greeley and William Cullen Bryant , and those who availed themselves of the institute's courses in its early days included Augustus Saint-Gaudens , Thomas Alva Edison and William Francis Deegan . The Cooper Union's free classes have evolved into three schools:

3762-599: Was an American Republican member of the New York State Senate (1st D.) from 1845 to 1847, sitting in the 68th , 69th and 70th New York State Legislatures . At the 1846 New York state election , he ran on the American ticket for Lieutenant Governor of New York . He was U.S. Chargé d'affaires to the Netherlands from 1850 to 1853. In 1860, he received the honorary degree of Doctor of law from

3828-629: Was awarded the Scottish Geographical Medal by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 2001. The society has possessed a diverse line of presidents, including a New York City Mayor and The New York Times Editor. The first president was George Bancroft , an American historian and statesman who was prominent in the promotion of secondary education and public policy. The society's presidents have included: Other leaders The AGS publishes

3894-580: Was buried at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery . Cooper Union The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art , commonly known as Cooper Union , is a private college on Cooper Square in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Peter Cooper founded the institution in 1859 after learning about the government-supported École Polytechnique in France. The school was built on

3960-643: Was directly committed to the "Social Contract" and dedicated to education as "one of the last places that protects freedom, and teaching as a sociopolitical act, among other things." Among those other things were principles of free debate and theoretical discourse which drew source from deep wellsprings of lost histories such as the Bauhaus school of Architecture founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . The faculty includes architects, design and construction managers such as Peter Eisenman , Samuel Anderson , Nader Tehrani , and Diana Agrest . Former faculty members include

4026-535: Was founded in 1897 as part of Cooper Union by Sarah, Eleanor, and Amy Hewitt, granddaughters of Peter Cooper. Cooper Union's Foundation Building is an Italianate brownstone building designed by architect Fred A. Petersen , one of the founders of the American Institute of Architects . It was the first structure in New York City to feature rolled-iron I-beams for structural support; Peter Cooper himself invented and produced these beams. Petersen patented

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4092-399: Was funded in part by alumni donations, materialized in nameplates and other textual recognition throughout the building. Primarily designed to house the Cooper Union's School of Engineering and School of Art, the new building's first eight above-ground floors are populated by classrooms, small engineering laboratories, study lounges, art studio space, and faculty offices. The ninth, top floor

4158-512: Was instrumental in providing technical and professional support to the many polar expeditions of Louise Arner Boyd during the 1930s. Her long-time friendship with geographer and future Johns Hopkins University president, Isaiah Bowman , helped inspire in Louise a lifelong interest in geography and photography, which proved invaluable on all her expeditions. The AGS published her book, The Fiord Region of East Greenland , and also sent her in 1934 as

4224-433: Was made early in 1862. On January 7, a special committee was appointed to devise a taxation system to correspond with the present state of public affairs. The committee prepared a report which was printed and distributed to members of the society, members of Congress, and other public functionaries throughout the United States. The society also began to integrate globally within the international geographical community, sending

4290-627: Was published in 1830. In 1831 he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society , and was a member of its publishing committee from 1834 to 1837. About 1837, he removed to New York City, and practiced law there. He also became a member of the New York Historical Society , and was chosen the society's librarian, and one of the secretaries. In 1843, he translated and published The Despatches of Hernando Cortes (on-line copy; 431 pages). He

4356-479: Was resolved in the form of a consent decree signed by Cooper Union, then-New York State's Attorney General Eric Schneiderman , and the CSCU. The decree includes provisions for returning to a sustainable, tuition-free policy, increased board transparency, additional student, faculty and alumni trustees, an independent financial monitor appointed by the Attorney General, and a search committee to identify

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