The American Forces Information Service ( AFIS ) was a United States Department of Defense -providing news service that supplied information about the U.S. military .
61-878: In 1952 the Office of the Secretary of Defense established the Office of Armed Forces Information and Education. In 1977 AFIS was established. AFIS was originally responsible for the Armed Forces Information Program as well as the Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Department of Defense Directive 5105.74 disestablished AFIS on October 1, 2008, and created the Defense Media Activity . The DMA provides news stories about military operations worldwide and includes all
122-417: A Patients' Bill of Rights to reduce the ability of managed care organizations to affect medical decisions. Levin was an advocate for embryonic stem-cell research because of its potential to cure diseases like Alzheimer's , diabetes , and Parkinson's . Senator Levin was one of only three Democratic senators to dissent from Harry Reid 's leadership to vote against the nuclear option which switched
183-494: A March 2009 letter, Senator Carl Levin , Chairman of the Senate Armed Service Committee, wrote that the department was apparently exercising the authority to appoint other significant officials—termed Deputy Under Secretaries of Defense (DUSDs)—"without statutory authorization, without limitation, and without Senate confirmation." Levin was "concerned that the proliferation of DUSDs at multiple levels of
244-607: A declaration from the U.N. it is far better to have one, and that means that we've got to bring the world along here." Levin has strongly argued that the War in Iraq was a diversion from the War on Terror . On CNN on November 14, 2005, Levin said that "before the war, the President was saying that you cannot distinguish between Saddam Hussein and Iraq. As a matter of fact, he said that so often that he tried to connect Saddam Hussein with
305-1191: A major global bank, HSBC , misused by Mexican drug traffickers, Russian fraudsters, and rogue regimes like Iran. Levin also led tax investigations that attracted international attention for exposing tax misconduct by wealthy individuals and profitable corporations. Highlights included investigations that exposed abusive tax shelters designed and marketed by accounting firms like KPMG ; a 13-year network of 58 offshore trusts and corporations established and used by wealthy Texas brothers, Sam and Charles Wyly , to evade paying their fair share; Swiss banks like UBS and Credit Suisse that helped U.S. tax cheats hide assets; and complex corporate tax schemes that enabled Apple , Microsoft , Hewlett-Packard , and Caterpillar to avoid paying millions, even billions in taxes. His inquiries into corporate misconduct were equally famous. Levin's highlights here included exposing Enron 's use of accounting deceptions, financial gimmicks, and executive pay schemes leading to its collapse into bankruptcy; unfair credit card practices that loaded up average U.S. families with debt; JPMorgan Chase 's $ 6 billion loss from hidden, reckless derivative trades by
366-573: A major threat. The bottom line is simple: We have a new opportunity to seek a cooperative approach with Russia on missile defense, and we should seize it. The upside potential of such an effort is huge – a geopolitical game changer. The downside is minimal." As Chair of the Armed Services Committee, Levin was instrumental in the enactment of the Matthew Shephard and James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 and
427-702: A non-PAS DUSD for Strategy, Plans, and Forces, though the FY11 NDAA recommended eliminating this position. Nevertheless, a number of positions have been redesignated or eliminated during the Obama administration, pursuant to statutory language contained in the National Defense Authorization Acts of FY10 and FY11 . and subsequent internal DoD reports. Carl Levin Carl Milton Levin (June 28, 1934 – July 29, 2021)
488-520: A plan to set a date for withdrawal, saying that, "I don't think we know enough about how these events are gonna unfold, for there to be a deadline." Levin supported the U.S. keeping a "limited footprint" in troops and in bases in Afghanistan, and said at that time he would focus the remainder of his senate tenure on the "rapid transfer of responsibility for Afghan security to the Afghans." Levin
549-442: A senate hearing on the Afghanistan surge, saying that, "Where I have questions is whether the rapid deployment of a large number of U.S. combat forces, without an adequate number of Afghan security forces for our troops to partner with, serves that mission." Levin opposed setting a timetable for Afghanistan, voting against Senate Amendment 4204, requiring the President to submit a safe and orderly redeployment plan for combat troops and
610-634: A seventh term to the Senate. On March 9, 2015, Levin announced he was joining the Detroit -based law firm Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn LLP . At the same time, he founded the Levin Center at Wayne State University Law School , dedicated to "strengthening the integrity, transparency, and accountability of public and private institutions by promoting and supporting bipartisan, fact-based oversight; advancing good governance, particularly with respect to
671-673: A special assistant attorney general for the Michigan Attorney General's Office . Levin was a member of the Detroit City Council from 1969 to 1977, serving as the council's president for the last four of those years. In 1978 , Levin ran for the United States Senate , defeating Republican incumbent Robert P. Griffin . Levin was re-elected in 1984 , 1990 , 1996 , 2002 , and 2008 . On March 7, 2013, Levin announced that he would not seek
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#1732772228283732-602: A special assistant attorney general for the state of Michigan and chief appellate defender for the city of Detroit from 1968 to 1969. Levin was elected to the Detroit City Council (known then as the Detroit Common Council) in 1969, serving two four-year terms from 1970 to 1977. Levin served as president of the City Council throughout his entire second term, until the end of his tenure. During his time as council president, Levin became so frustrated with
793-407: A taxi driver and on an auto factory line. He then attended Harvard Law School , where he earned his Juris Doctor in 1959. He also received an honorary degree from Swarthmore College in 1980, as well as honorary degrees from Michigan State University in 2004, Wayne State University in 2005, and Michigan Technological University in 2008. After earning his Juris Doctor, Levin was admitted to
854-631: A withdrawal date for U.S. forces in Iraq. After continued criticism over the Iraq War troop surge , in August 2007, Levin and senator John Warner ( R - VA ), visited military bases in Mosul and Baghdad , saying that the surge brought "credible and positive results," though it failed to bring the political reconciliation needed and urged the Iraqi Parliament to hold a " no-confidence vote " on
915-699: Is no bar to this nation's holding one of its own citizens as an enemy combatant.' " – U.S. Senator Carl Levin, 2011 As part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (the main annual bill used to fund the US military) Levin and Senator John McCain ( ranking Republican on Armed Services Committee- AZ ) included provisions that affirmed the authority of the United States military to detain captured individuals, including terrorists, in accordance with
976-622: The Armed Services Committee from 2001 to 2003 and from 2007 until his retirement in 2015. He became the Democratic ranking member on the committee on January 7, 1997, and served in that position when the Democratic Party was in the minority. Levin previously chaired the committee when the Democratic Party was the majority party in the Senate, January 3–20, 2001 and June 6, 2001 – January 6, 2003. Levin joined
1037-875: The State Bar of Michigan . He entered private practice as a lawyer for Grossman, Hyman and Grossman and taught law at Wayne State University and the University of Detroit Mercy . Levin served as General Counsel for the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, where he helped form the Detroit Public Defender's Office and led the Appellate Division of that office, which has become the State Appellate Defender's Office. He served as
1098-502: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's handling of repossessed houses in Detroit (leading neighborhoods to suffer from significant urban decay ), that he and other members of the council, went out with a bulldozer "to help raze some of the houses." He was close to Detroit Mayor Coleman Young , the city's first African-American Mayor, and was described by Forbes as Mayor Young's "right hand man." During his time on
1159-573: The United Nations , so that "Saddam will be looking down the barrel of a gun, with the world at the other end rather than just the United States." Levin was one of 23 Senators who voted against the Iraq Resolution, saying that "If we are going to take on Saddam at some point, it is critical that we have the world with us, that there be a U.N. resolve that authorizes war, because the consequences are very, very severe. If we go without
1220-634: The United States Department of Defense . It is the principal civilian staff element of the U.S. Secretary of Defense , and it assists the Secretary in carrying out authority, direction and control of the Department of Defense in the exercise of policy development, planning, resource management, fiscal, and program evaluation responsibilities. OSD (along with the Joint Staff ) is the Secretary of Defense's support staff for managing
1281-422: The law of war and required such detention for members of al Qaeda and others who planned or carried out the attacks against the United States. As initially proposed the provisions applied to American citizens. After objections were raised that such detention violates Americans' constitutional rights, Levin agreed to include language (to section 1032, later 1021 , of the bill) which exempted American citizens from
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#17327722282831342-427: The 2009 MDA/AIAA Annual Missile Defense Conference, Levin spoke in favor of the U.S.-Russian cooperation on missile defense: "Leaders in both the U.S. and Russia have recently expressed interest in exploring missile defense cooperation. Did you ever believe that some of our missile defense engineers and experts might be working together with their Russian counterparts? It could happen and if it does, it could help address
1403-614: The Armed Services Committee upon joining the Senate. Recalling when he was assigned the committee seat, he said that he wanted to learn more about the armed services. "I had never served, and I thought there was a big gap in terms of my background and, frankly, felt it was a way of providing service." He was a strong advocate for cost controls regarding military procurements. He has also pushed for less secrecy in government, working to declassify many documents, particularly where false and misleading claims of ties between Iraq and al-Qaeda are concerned. Having believed that in order to improve
1464-592: The Assistant Secretaries of Defense, Assistants to the Secretary of Defense, General Counsel , Director, Operational Test and Evaluation , Director of Administration and Management , and other staff offices that the Secretary establishes in order to assist in carrying out their assigned responsibilities. The Secretary and Deputy Secretary manage several Under Secretaries each of whom in turn manage several Assistant Secretaries of Defense . There are also several special officers reporting directly to
1525-569: The City Council, Levin practiced law part-time, working as a counsel for the Schlussel, Lifton, Simon, Rands and Kaufman law firm from 1971 to 1973. He later served as the general counsel at Jaffe, Snider, Raitt, Garratt and Heuer, from 1978 to 1979. Levin was elected to the United States Senate in 1978, defeating incumbent Republican Senator Robert P. Griffin . Levin was the sponsor of 51 bills that became law. Levin chaired
1586-740: The Democratic senators were acting as if Iraq was "their property" and that they should "come to their senses" and "respect democracy". After the 2006 midterm elections , with the Democratic Party taking control of the Senate and Levin being reappointed Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, he was seen to have gained an influential position to oppose the Bush administration 's Iraq policy, initially proposing efforts for "phased withdrawals". Though on January 10, 2007, after Bush announced intentions to send an additional 20,000 troops to Iraq, Levin said that he would support
1647-1063: The Department of Defense, and it corresponds to what the Executive Office of the President of the U.S. is to the U.S. president for managing the whole of the Executive branch of the federal government. OSD includes the immediate offices of the Secretary (SECDEF) and the Deputy Secretary of Defense (DEPSECDEF), as well as the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment; Under Secretary of Defense for Policy; Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller); Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness; and Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence & Security. All of these positions are Presidential appointments which require U.S. Senate confirmation, as do each of their sole deputies. Other positions include
1708-493: The Deputy Secretary of Defense (DEPSECDEF), all five Under Secretaries of Defense (USDs), and all Assistant Secretaries of Defense (ASDs), as well as any officials specifically designated in U.S. Code have historically been considered Presidentially-Appointed, Senate-Confirmed (PAS) officials, in that the Senate must provide "advice and consent" for each individual before he or she can operate in an official capacity. In
1769-513: The Secretary may, at his or her discretion, appoint within OSD five additional non-PAS DUSDs beyond the five statutory PAS-PDUSDs. The USD(I) appears to be maintaining at least three non-PAS DUSDs, although they have been renamed. The USD (AT&L) has maintained the non-PAS DUSD for Installations and Environment, though the FY11 NDAA recommended merging this post with the newly created ASD for Operational Energy Plans and Programs. The USD(P) has maintained
1830-508: The Secretary of Defense. Major elements of OSD (listed hierarchically): The composition of OSD is in a state of consistent flux, as Congress and DoD routinely create new offices, redesignate existing ones, and abolish others. During the Obama administration, Congress has sought to clarify the organization of OSD, and has worked with the department to move toward a standardization of official naming conventions. Many Defense officials, including
1891-411: The Senate away from operating on a supermajority basis, to requiring only a simple majority for certain decisions, on November 21, 2013. Levin supported changing the rules to a simple majority for confirmation votes, but did not support using the nuclear option to do so, saying in his speech on the floor on that day that this "removes an important check on majority overreach" and that he wished to "preserve
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1952-713: The Senate to the Rahall Energy Policy Bill (H.R. 6), but lost 65–27. On January 22, 2013, Levin introduced the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore Conservation and Recreation Act (S. 23; 113th Congress) into the Senate. The act designated as wilderness about 32,500 acres (130 km ) of the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in the state of Michigan. The newly designated lands and inland waterways comprise
2013-785: The Sleeping Bear Dunes Wilderness, a new component of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Levin worked to prevent garbage from Canada from being disposed of in Michigan. In 2011, the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority (DWCPA), in conjunction with the City of Detroit and MDOT, and through the leadership of Senator Carl M. Levin, opened a 21,000-square-foot public dock and terminal on
2074-676: The U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations . During his tenure the senator led investigations into such matters as money laundering, offshore tax abuse, and corporate misconduct. Highlights from his money laundering investigations included exposing money laundering via Citibank private bank accounts serving the wealthy and corrupt including Mexico's Raúl Salinas de Gortari and Gabon's late President Omar Bongo ; correspondent accounts opened for high-risk offshore banks moving suspect funds; embassy and personal accounts opened for foreign leaders like Chile's Augusto Pinochet and Equatorial Guinea's dictator Teodoro Obiang ; and accounts at
2135-537: The United States and the international community lacked a strategy for success in Afghanistan, and that NATO failed to supply troops and equipment needed in emergency situations. Levin was opposed to the 2009 Afghanistan troop surge (adding 30,000 U.S. combat troops), stressing the advancement of training and expanding the Afghan National Army ; saying that the ANA should increase to 240,000 by 2012, from
2196-625: The attackers on us, on 9/11 , so often, so frequently and so successfully, even though it was wrong, that the American people overwhelmingly thought, because of the President's misstatements that as a matter of fact, Saddam Hussein had participated in the attack on us on 9/11. That was a deception. That was clearly misinformation. It had a huge effect on the American people." Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki hit back at senior U.S. politicians who have called for al-Maliki to be removed from office. He singled out Levin and Hillary Clinton , saying
2257-678: The enactment of the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act, which cut red tape out of the federal procurement system and prioritized the purchase of commercial products over government-unique designs. He teamed with Senator John McCain to write the Weapon Systems Acquisition Reform Act, which virtually eliminated cost overruns on major defense purchases for a period of several years after its enactment. For 15 years, from 1999 to 2014, Senator Levin served in leadership positions on
2318-409: The government of Prime Minister al-Maliki. In October 2011, Levin said that President Barack Obama made the "right decision" in withdrawing U.S. troops from Iraq at the end of 2011, and not continuing a U.S. military presence. "This is not just a foreign war. They brought that war to our shores on 9/11. They are at war with us. The Supreme Court said, and I am going to read these words again, 'There
2379-502: The legislation ending " Don't Ask, Don't Tell " policy for gays in the military in 2010. He played a vital role in the enactment of legislation addressing the problem of sexual assault in the military in 2013 and 2014. Levin led Senate investigations into the treatment of detainees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Abu Ghraib . He also played a key role in the enactment of the Detainee Treatment Act , which prohibited
2440-573: The legislative process; and promoting civil discourse on current issues of public policy". Levin became Michigan's senior senator in 1995, and he was the longest-serving senator in the state's history. At the time of his retirement Levin was the fourth longest-serving incumbent in the U.S. Senate. He released his memoir, Getting to the Heart of the Matter: My 36 Years in the Senate , in March 2021. It
2501-475: The military service media centers, Stars and Stripes newspapers as well as the American Forces Radio and Television Service and its American Forces Network (AFN). This United States military article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Office of the Secretary of Defense The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is a headquarters-level staff of
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2562-632: The military the United States needed to shut down unneeded installations and get rid of excess infrastructure, Levin helped lead passage of the Defense Base Realignment and Closure Act, which closed some military bases. Levin supported the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program , ensuring that all nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from post-Soviet states , are secured and dismantled. Levin argued that Nunn-Lugar presented "a chance to bury
2623-666: The natural, historical, and cultural legacy of the lakes, including historic lighthouses. He played a leading role in helping found the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Keweenaw National Historic Park (National Park Service), and in legislation to preserve Michigan wilderness areas. Levin authored the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 , which established the first effective disclosure requirements for federal lobbyists and association provisions that significantly tightened
2684-678: The needs of each specific child. Levin was a hesitant sponsor of the No Child Left Behind Act . In 2009, Senator Levin directed the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations to investigate whether Department of Energy policies caused a rise in the price in crude oil . He also led an investigation in 2001 to try to discover the cause of the spike in gasoline prices that summer. Levin opposed raising mandatory automobile fuel efficiency standards . Levin led opposition in
2745-589: The new Hitlers and Stalins of that region before they have a chance to take root." After members of the U.S. House of Representatives and then-Senator Bob Smith ( R - NH ) threatened to redirect funds from the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, Levin joined a bipartisan group of senators in opposition to the 20% reduction in funding. In 2003, he voted in favor of the Nunn-Lugar Expansion Act, expanding
2806-536: The organization could muddy lines of authority and may not be in the best interest of the Department of Defense." Subsequent legislation established five Senate-confirmed Principal Deputies (i.e., "first assistants"), one for each Under Secretary of Defense. The FY10 NDAA gave the Department of Defense until January 1, 2011, to eliminate or redesignate all other Deputy Under Secretaries who are not Principal Deputy Under Secretaries of Defense (PDUSDs). The FY11 NDAA extended this deadline to January 1, 2015. During that time,
2867-561: The original goal of 134,000, and the number of active members of the Afghan National Police should expand to 160,000, from the initial goal of 96,000. Though Levin advocated a "surge of Afghan security forces," he said that he wouldn't rule out temporarily expanding the number of combat forces, but stuck with his original position. He questioned top Obama administration officials including Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates during
2928-462: The original treaty until 2021 and reducing both the U.S. and Russia 's deployed strategic nuclear arsenal, by almost two-thirds. In an op-ed in The Hill , Levin said that, "This treaty is a strong statement that the United States is committed to reducing the dangers to the world that nuclear weapons present. That commitment makes it easier for us to work with the international community." During
2989-582: The plan if it were tied to a broader strategy of reducing the overall amount of U.S. troops; receiving opposition from his own party. In late January 2007, amid what was seen as the fiercest political battle over the Iraq strategy during the Iraq War, Levin joined a bipartisan group of senators, including then Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Joe Biden ( D - DE ), Susan Collins ( R - ME ), and Chuck Hagel ( R - NE ), to oppose any further escalation in Iraq; and in voting in March 2007, in favor of setting
3050-533: The provisions to non-Soviet countries, and in 2005 cosponsored Senate Amendment 1030, removing congressionally imposed restrictions that delay the implementations of 2003 expansion act. In 1992, he voted to ratify the START I treaty, and for the ratification of START II in 1996, banning MIRV 's and Intercontinental ballistic missiles . In 2010, Levin voted in favor of the New START Treaty , extending
3111-603: The requirement for military detention. The provision affirming the authority for military detention was modified to specify that it did not affect existing law or authorities relating to the detention of U.S. citizens or lawful resident aliens, but did not specifically exclude them from indefinite detention. Levin quoted the Supreme Court's 2004 decision in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld in support of his language authorizing indefinite detention. The 2015 National Defense Authorization Act
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#17327722282833172-642: The riverfront. In 2013, the facility was named the Carl M. Levin Building in honor of the senator's efforts to transform the Detroit riverfront. As co-chair of the Senate Great Lakes Task Force, he fought to protect Michigan's signature natural resource. His work included support for Great Lakes harbors, which are vital to Michigan's economy and the nation's; work to increase funding for Great Lakes environmental restoration; and to preserve
3233-557: The rules governing gifts to Members of Congress from lobbyists and others. Levin was the author of the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 which prohibited gifts of honoraria to Members of Congress and significantly limited the use of expensive junkets. He also authored the Whistleblower Protection Act , which protected federal employees who expose wasteful and unnecessary practices. Senator Levin supported
3294-542: The so-called London Whale ; and risky investments by the United States' largest banks to profit from physical commodities like oil, natural gas, aluminum, and electricity at the expense of American businesses and families. Levin was a strong supporter of the creation of the Department of Education . Over the years, Levin introduced legislation and amendments to improve education, including an amendment that greatly reduced class sizes to help teachers better focus on
3355-474: The torture of detainees in U.S. custody. Levin insisted on the inclusion of language that, as affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court , ensured that the legislation would not deprive detainees of their right to access to the federal courts under a writ of habeas corpus . Under Levin's leadership, the Senate Armed Services Committee conducted oversight hearings ranging from counterfeit parts in the DOD procurement system to
3416-430: The use of "necessary and appropriate force" against those who "planned, authorized, committed or aided" al-Qaeda and its affiliates. Levin grew critical of the Bush administration's handling of the Afghanistan War , saying in 2005 that they "took their eye off the ball when we decided to go after Iraq instead of al-Qaeda , the people who had attacked us on 9/11, and their leader. In 2008, Levin became concerned that
3477-422: The use of private security contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2014, Levin was recognized by the Jewish Community Center Association of North America with the Frank L. Weil Jewish Military Award for legislation that has benefitted Jews and other minorities serving in the military. After the 9/11 terrorist attacks , Levin voted in favor of Senate Joint Resolution 23 , authorizing President George W. Bush
3538-443: Was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States senator from Michigan from 1979 to 2015. A member of the Democratic Party , he was the chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee from 2001 to 2003 and again from 2007 to 2015. Born in Detroit , Levin graduated from Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School . He worked as the general counsel of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission from 1964 to 1967, and as
3599-427: Was an early opponent of using U.S. military force in Iraq , saying in August 2002 that "if Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction , he wouldn't use them," and that "he's a survivalist, not a suicide bomber". Levin proposed the failed Multilateral Use of Force Authorization Act, as an alternative to the Iraq Resolution , pushing President George W. Bush to build an international coalition in conjunction with
3660-487: Was named the Carl Levin and Howard P. "Buck" McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015. In 2016, the Department of Defense named the office suite of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs in honor of Levin and Sen. John Warner to honor their bipartisan legislative accomplishments. Levin authored the Competition in Contracting Act, which has led to reductions in federal procurement costs. He played an instrumental role in
3721-418: Was published by Wayne State University Press . Levin was born in Detroit , the son of Jewish parents, Bess Rachel (née Levinson) and Saul R. Levin. Saul served on the Michigan Corrections Commission. Levin graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1952 and attended Swarthmore College . He graduated with his Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1956. During his student summers he worked as
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