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57-586: The commodity exchange fell into disuse in the 17th century, following the Fall of Antwerp (1584-1585), when Amsterdam replaced Antwerp as the Low Countries ' main trading centre. Following a fire in 1858, the building was reconstructed, and from 1872 once again served the purpose of housing a bourse, this time as a true stock exchange, the Antwerp Stock Exchange. In 1997 this stock exchange

114-466: A Bronze Age urn burial in Norfolk, England , prompted Sir Thomas Browne to describe the antiquities found. He expanded his study to survey burial and funerary customs, ancient and current, and published it as Hydriotaphia or Urn Burial (1658). In ancient Greece, cremation was usual, and the ashes were typically placed in a painted Greek vase . In particular, the lekythos , the shape of vase ,

171-564: A common reference in thought experiments in probability wherein marbles or balls of different colors are used to represent different results and the urn represents the "container" of the whole set of possible states. Funerary urns (also called cinerary urns and burial urns ) have been used by many civilizations. After death, corpses are cremated , and the ashes are collected and put in an urn. Pottery urns, dating from about 7000 BC, have been found in an early Jiahu site in China, where

228-490: A samovar it has a small tap near the base for extracting either tea or hot water. Unlike an electric water boiler , tea may be brewed in the vessel itself, although they are equally likely to be used to fill a large teapot . In Neoclassical furniture, it was a large wooden vase-like container which was usually set on a pedestal on either side of a side table. This was the characteristic of Adam designs and also of Hepplewhite 's work. Sometimes they were "knife urns", where

285-418: A design by Domien de Waghemakere . A rectangular open space was enclosed by a colonnade covered with star and net vaults. The gallery concept of this building served as a model for London's Royal Exchange (designed by Hendrik van Paesschen), as well as for Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Lille. The high-rise 'pagoda towers' with octagonal and cylindrical hull may have served as a lookout for the harbor. Every nation had

342-654: A different place from the body, to symbolize a particular affection for the place by the departed. In the modern funeral industry , cremation urns of varying quality, elaborateness, and cost are offered, and urns are another source of potential profit for an industry concerned that a trend toward cremation might threaten profits from traditional burial ceremonies. Biodegradable urns are sometimes used for both human and animal burial. They are made from eco-friendly materials such as recycled or handmade paper, salt, cellulose or other natural products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements, and sometimes include

399-531: A few meters into the Scheldt, beyond the main line of the estacade, so as to form a kind of ravelin with parapet. On this ravelin, which projected out from the estacade, the Prince in-stalled a battery of three demi-cannons, for the defense of the bulwark against an attack by enemy ships, and stationed fifty soldiers there. A little bit beyond each side of the bridge along its length, between the fort of Saint-Mary and

456-545: A flash that lit up both riverbanks for an instant followed by a column of smoke. The other ship managed to avoid the floating rafts and came to rest against the estacade on the Flemish side where it detonated. The river's water was sent over the dikes flooding everything in its path, stones were hurled nearly a mile away, the earth in Antwerp trembled, 800 Spaniards are said to have been killed , Caspar de Robles being one of

513-561: A group of Antwerpian ships stationed around one enormous vessel which turned out to be a floating battery, intended to attack the Spanish forts and the bridge over the Scheldt. It had four masts, three of which were topped with bullet-proof crow's nests where musketeers were stationed, its flanks were equipped with 20 large cannons and numerous small and medium pieces, and its hull was encased in cork and empty barrels wrapped in oakum to make it unsinkable. It could accommodate 500 musketeers. This

570-585: A high proportion of its middle class and mercantile population, Antwerp's trade suffered for two centuries afterwards as Dutch forts blockaded the River Scheldt until 1795. At the time Antwerp, in modern Belgium , was not only the largest Dutch city, but was also the cultural, economic, and financial centre of the Seventeen Provinces and of Northwestern Europe . On 4 November 1576, unpaid Spanish soldiery mutinied: they plundered and burnt

627-415: A large metropolis with more than 100,000 inhabitants, including 10,000 foreign merchants, mostly Spaniards and Portuguese. From 1531 the old bourse was given a new building, conceived as a rectangular square with galleries covered on four sides, built on top of a street intersection. For half a century this exchange would be the focal point of European trade and the model for cities with similar ambitions. On

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684-580: A lost cause. Being cut off as they were and with supplies running low, famine was taking its toll. The city's Catholics energetically demanded that negotiations with Farnese commence. These lengthy negotiations were conducted by Marnix in the Spanish headquarters at the Singelberg  [ nl ] in Beveren and on 17 August he signed the surrender of the city. After the siege, the Dutch fleet on

741-543: A more or less permanent location at the exchange. After a fire in 1583, the Bourse was immediately rebuilt to the same plan. The Siege of Antwerp (1584-1585) and the surrender to the 'Spanish' Army of Flanders led to a decline in trade, with Antwerp unable to compete with Amsterdam. Between 1661 and 1810 the building was used, among other things, as a drawing academy and seat of the Guild of Saint Luke . The open interior space

798-455: A new partner was found: the Marriott hotel chain. A heritage budget was also released from the Flemish government for the restoration of the Bourse. In October 2014, it was announced that the new building application for the project was approved by the city of Antwerp. But at the beginning of December 2014, it became known that various local residents had appealed to the permanent deputation of

855-484: A number of walls that probably point to medieval timber construction. Dark gray sand was also found, indicating medieval garden and / or agriculture. The most remarkable find, however, was the discovery of some urns dating from the Iron Age . When the excavations and archaeological investigation are completed, an underground parking garage would be built under the former Bourse. After a long and intensive renovation, it

912-433: A seed intended to grow into a tree at the site of the burial. Besides the traditional funeral or cremation ashes urns, it may also be possible to keep a part of the ashes of the loved one or beloved pet in keepsake urns or ash jewellery, although this might be banned in some localities as the law of certain countries may prohibit keeping any human remains in a private residence. It is even, in some places, possible to place

969-626: A total of 32 burial urns are found, and another early finds are in Laoguantai, Shaanxi . There are about 700 burial urns unearthed over the Yangshao (5000–3000 BC) areas and consisting more than 50 varieties of form and shape. The burial urns were used mainly for children, but also sporadically for adults. The Urnfield culture ( c.  1300 BC – 750 BC), a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe , takes its name from its large cemeteries of urn burials. The discovery of

1026-465: Is especially often used for funerary urns , vessels used in burials, either to hold the cremated ashes or as grave goods , but is used in many other contexts. Large sculpted vases are often called urns, whether placed outdoors, in gardens or as architectural ornaments on buildings, or kept inside. In catering, large vessels for serving tea or coffee are often called "tea-urns", even when they are metal cylinders of purely functional design. Urns are also

1083-668: The Eighty Years' War , after a siege lasting over a year from July 1584 until August 1585. The city of Antwerp was the focal point of the Protestant-dominated Dutch Revolt , but was forced to surrender to the Spanish forces under the command of Alessandro Farnese . Under the terms agreed, all the Protestants of Antwerp were given four years to settle their affairs and leave the city. Many migrated north, especially to Amsterdam . Apart from losing

1140-722: The Dutch using these floodplains to try to regain control over the Scheldt (using low draft oar and sail boats with small cannon emplacements on them), the Spanish position largely held firm, as many of the Spanish forts had been equipped with cannon and high quality troops. Several attempts were made by the Dutch to steer " fire ships " into the Spanish pontoon bridge with the first and most spectacular of which being Federigo Giambelli 's "infernal machines". The cargo hold of each of two ships were converted into masonry lined blast chambers filled with gunpowder and heaped over with old gravestones, pieces of marble, iron hooks, stone balls, nails, and scrap metal then covered with planks and brush to give

1197-558: The Flemish riverbank and twenty near the Brabantian riverbank, ready to intervene at any moment. The entire span of this gigantic structure was no less than 2,400 feet in length from one bank to the other. It was completed on February 25, 1585. In response to the closure of the Scheldt by this bridge, the Dutch flooded the lowlands adjacent to the Scheldt, effectively submerging most roads in scattered areas and leaving Spanish forts either flooded or isolated on small islands. Despite

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1254-538: The Low Countries, protected by forts built at strategic intervals, to provide the army with a reliable flow of supplies. When the siege of Antwerp began Parma's army was well supplied. The first stage of the siege saw encirclement lines constructed around Antwerp and forts built along the Scheldt estuary so as to cut off trade with Ghent and Dendermonde. The purpose of capturing the strongholds along both banks of

1311-494: The Netherlands and what was to become Belgium . 51°13′00″N 4°24′00″E  /  51.2167°N 4.4°E  / 51.2167; 4.4 Urn An urn is a vase , often with a cover, with a typically narrowed neck above a rounded body and a footed pedestal . Describing a vessel as an "urn", as opposed to a vase or other terms, generally reflects its use rather than any particular shape or origin. The term

1368-513: The Scandinavian countries. Each of these masts was fitted at the tip with a large iron point, in the form of a lance, and was to be used to keep at some distance the boats, the ships, and the machines that the enemy would probably not fail to send toward the estacade with the intention of destroying it. The soldiers called these two barriers, which resembled rafts, “the floaters.” To complete this defense system, twenty vessels were stationed near

1425-399: The Scheldt would have allowed Parma to control the passage of vessels trying to deliver relief supplies to Antwerp. Unfortunately, Fort Lillo wasn't captured so an alternative plan to control river traffic had to be devised; the construction of a bridge to blockade the Scheldt. So as to negate any effects from not possessing Lillo, it was decided to build the bridge in a spot upstream from

1482-602: The Spanish Netherlands and Captain-General of the army of Flanders . In mid-June, 1584, Alexander Farnese had decided the time was right to make preparations for besieging Antwerp. Farnese left Bruges for Antwerp on July 3, 1584. When the siege of Antwerp began (1584) most of the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant had been recaptured in the preceding year. The Prince of Parma's forces had been reinforced in

1539-415: The appearance of an ordinary fire-ship. To ignite these floating bombs, one was equipped with a slow-burning match cord and the other had a sophisticated clock work that would throw sparks at a preset time. On the evening of April 4, 1585, the ships were launched. The ship with the clockwork ran aground along the riverbank quite some distance from the bridge where the powder ignited with a loud thunder and

1596-548: The approaches of the entire bridge, the Prince had put just beyond, approximately within reach of a line, both on the Antwerpian side and on the Zealander side, a row of 33 boats arranged in groups of three. The three boats of each group were joined together by strong pieces of wood, and upon the boats were lying, pointed in the direction of the enemy and securely fastened, the ship masts which had been fetched from Denmark and

1653-453: The ashes of two people in so-called companion urns. Cremation or funeral urns are made from a variety of materials such as wood, nature stone, ceramic, glass, or steel. A figural urn is a style of vase or larger container where the basic urn shape, of either a classic amphora or a crucible style, is ornamented with figures. These may be attached to the main body, forming handles or simply extraneous decorations, or may be shown in relief on

1710-540: The body itself. The Ashes , the prize in the biennial Test cricket competition between England and Australia , are contained in a miniature urn . Urns are a common form of architectural detail and garden ornament . Well-known ornamental urns include the Waterloo Vase . A tea urn is a heated metal container traditionally used to brew tea or boil water in large quantities in factories, canteens or churches. They are not usually found in domestic use. Like

1767-466: The bridge itself, and which was protected, on both sides – on the Antwerpian (up river) side and on the Zealander side (down river) – by a musket ball proof parapet made of wood and packed with clay. Between the fort of Saint-Mary and the center of the bridge, but closer to the fort than to the middle of the river, on each side, Farnese had twelve equally massive piles driven into the riverbed, securely chained and connected by heavy beams; these piles advanced

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1824-517: The bridge, Farnese immediately set to repairing the damage done to the bridge. The repair was merely a façade which the Hollanders discovered some days later. The rebels weren't ready to give up yet. Their next plan was to attack the Kouwenstein  [ nl ] counter-dike and demolish large portions so as to allow relief ships from Holland and Zeeland to pass. The Kouwenstein dike

1881-438: The casualties. Antwerpian sailors were sent to assess the damage but the effect of the explosion terrified them so that they didn't venture far enough. The Dutch were supposed to launch a relief mission from Holland and Zeeland following the launch of a signal rocket but since the reconnaissance team reported there was no damage, the rocket wasn't launched and the project aborted. Upon noticing that there were no ships approaching

1938-606: The city during what was called the Spanish Fury . Thousands of citizens were massacred and hundreds of houses were burnt down. As a result, Antwerp became even more engaged in the rebellion against the rule of Habsburg Spain . The city joined the Union of Utrecht (1579) and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt, which no longer was merely a Protestant rebellion but had become a revolt of all Dutch provinces. Relieved from

1995-468: The city. The Spanish troops behaved impeccably, and Antwerp's Protestant population was given four years to settle their affairs before leaving. Some returned to Roman Catholicism but many moved north and ended what had been a golden century for the city. Of the pre-siege population of 100,000 people, only 40,000 remained. Many of Antwerp's skilled tradesmen were included in the Protestant migration to

2052-417: The end of the ravelin, were additional piles driven into the sandbar, slightly exceeding the water level of the river, and interconnected by heavy beams, which, in this way, constituted a sturdy stop barrier for enemy ships or machines which could come up against the estacade. Starting at fort Saint-Philip, an estacade constructed exactly like the one which we just described, extended out from that side towards

2109-542: The fort and where the river makes two sharp bends. Two new forts were built; Saint-Mary on the Flemish bank and Saint-Philip on the Brabant bank. The bridge was built between these two forts. The bridge is described as follows: Starting from fort Saint-Mary, the estacade was formed by large, solid tree trunks, deep-ly driven into the riverbed or into the sandbar, spaced three feet apart from each other in width, and four feet in length. These tree trunks were planted as close to

2166-728: The great battles with the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, Philip II of Spain turned his attention back to the uprising in the Low Countries and in the autumn of 1577 sent prince Alessandro Farnese with reinforcement troops to aid Don Juan of Austria in Flanders regain control over Flanders, Brabant, and the United Provinces. Don Juan died on October 1, 1578, whereupon Farnese became the Governor-General of

2223-637: The initiative of Thomas Gresham , the representative of the English crown in Antwerp, the Royal Exchange, London was opened in 1565 on this model. It was also called "the Bourse" until Queen Elizabeth I , after a visit on January 23, 1570, changed its name to the Royal Exchange. The Middelburg stock exchange was opened in 1592, then Rotterdam in 1595 and Amsterdam in 1611. The first building in Brabant's late Gothic style dates from 1531, after

2280-612: The metal construction for the covering of the interior. The reconstructed building housed Antwerp stock exchange, which opened in 1872. This true stock exchange was used until 1997, when it was merged into the Brussels Stock Exchange . With the closure of the stock exchange, the building lost its purpose and was abandoned and neglected. Various proposals to redevelop the building went nowhere for fifteen years. The investment file started moving again in October 2013, after

2337-423: The middle of the Scheldt as possible, out to a distance of 450 feet, the point where the depth of the riverbed no longer allowed piles to be driven. This formidable matrix of piles was joined together by heavy wooden beams, well nailed and immobilized by chains, which gave the entire structure an unfailing rigidity and stability. On this foundation was laid a pathway, made of heavy wooden planks and beams, which formed

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2394-495: The middle of the river, for a distance of 950 feet. Between the two parts of the bridge which were thus advancing to meet one another, a large space of about 1,000 paces, had remained open, where the depth and flow of the Scheldt did not allow tree trunks or piles to be driven into the riverbed. Alessandro Farnese had 32 large barks, which had been brought from Ghent by way of the Stekene Canal, placed side by side, one next to

2451-424: The north, laying the commercial foundation for the subsequent " Dutch Golden Age " of the northern United Provinces . Although the city returned to prosperity, the Dutch blockade of commercial shipping in the Scheldt remained in place and prevented the city recovering its former glory. The blockade was maintained for the next two centuries and was an important and traumatic element in the history of relations between

2508-406: The other. At the bow and stern, these boats were each immobilized with two anchors and chained one to the other. Each boat was equipped with two pieces of artillery. There was a distance of about 10 feet between them, but they were held in place and in line by a solid chain which ran from one to the other and connected them all together, and by way of a deck that covered all of them. In order to defend

2565-463: The previous years, both in quantity and quality, yet at the start of the siege, his troops did not exceed 10,000 infantrymen and 1,700 cavalrymen. During the recapture of Flanders and Brabant, Farnese improved the logistics of the Spanish army in Flanders by further investing in what is dubbed the " Spanish Road ." It was a main road leading north from Habsburg holdings in Northern Italy into

2622-418: The province against the building permit. In April 2015, the province confirmed the building permit on the condition of a few adjustments to meet the concerns of local residents. In February 2016, as part of excavations to convert the site into a Marriott Hotel, various archaeological finds were made. Floor levels, walls, and a fireplace/oven from the late Middle Ages were found. Pile pits were also found under

2679-471: The rebel ships to run aground. The Holland-Zeeland ships drifted with the tide out to sea leaving the Antwerpians to their fate. Of the roughly 4,000 soldiers the rebels engaged in this enterprise, nearly half perished. Though Parma put even more effort into reinforcing the dike, it was unnecessary as this bloody defeat put an end to any effective resistance. After the battle, Alexander Farnese noticed

2736-430: The river Scheldt was kept in position, blocking the city's access to the sea and cutting it off from international trade. Parma stationed experienced Castilian troops within Antwerp to make sure the city would not fall into enemy hands. The moderateness of Parma's demands and the behaviour of his troops were a complete surprise given the bloodiness of the siege and the rampage of 1576. Parma issued strict orders not to sack

2793-401: The top lifted off, and cutlery was stored inside. Urns were also used as decorative turnings at the cross points of stretchers in 16th and 17th century furniture designs. The urn and the vase were often set on the central pedestal in a "broken" or "swan's" neck pediment. "Knife urns" placed on pedestals flanking a dining-room sideboard were an English innovation for high-style dining rooms of

2850-435: Was a low-lying levee three miles long, in many places barely ten feet wide, with deep water on both sides. It ran from Stabroek in Brabant (where Mansfeld's troops were encamped) across the flooded land, to the Scheldt, not far from Fort Lillo. Farnese understood the strategic importance of this dike and had it fortified. Though the first attempt to demolish it failed, Farnese took further preventive measures. The second attempt

2907-512: Was another Giambelli invention called the Finis Belli ("End of War"), into which they put great hope but the mission failed. The ship was simply too big and unwieldy. It was an expensive abject failure. The capture of the End of War further disheartened the Antwerpians leaving the impression that there was no way to defeat Parma. In the end the Dutch abandoned their efforts, considering Antwerp

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2964-466: Was at his headquarters in Beveren when the attack began and the roar of cannons woke him whereupon he rushed to the battle. He assessed the critical nature of the situation and immediately set to reversing the tide. Seven hours after the start of the attack, he did just that by putting artillery in place and using blocks of pikemen. The battle went on so long that the ocean's tide shifted causing many of

3021-460: Was domed in 1853 by Charles Marcellis, following the example of London's Crystal Palace . After a second fire on 2 August 1858 had once again destroyed the building, the Antwerp city authorities twice organized a design competition in which the old concept had to be preserved. The current building was finally completed in 1872 by architect Joseph Schadde. It is a remarkable combination of the neo-gothic style and revolutionary techniques, in particular

3078-479: Was merged into Brussels Stock Exchange (presently Euronext ), and the building was once more abandoned and neglected. Following extensive restoration, the building is now part of a multipurpose events venue known as the Antwerp Trade Fair . From 1531 to 1661, it was the site of the world's first dedicated commodity exchange. As Antwerp took over the role of trade center from Bruges , it grew into

3135-518: Was on Sunday 26 May. Both the Antwerpian fleet led by Marnix Saint-Aldegonde and the Holland-Zeeland fleet led by Count Hohenlohe launched a coordinated attack on the dike. The rebels initially captured vast portions of the dike and started piercing it in several locations. Eventually, an opening was made that was large enough for a relief ship to pass through and make its way to Antwerp, on which were Marnix and Hohenlohe. Alexander Farnese

3192-824: Was reopened in October 2019 as an events venue ( Antwerp Trade Fair ) with restaurant, hotel and public passage. The ground floor with its central square is open to the public from Saturday to Sunday, between 10:00 and 17:00. The building was used as a venue for the 2021 World Choir Games , co-hosted by Antwerp and Ghent . 51°13′10″N 4°24′22″E  /  51.219306°N 4.406111°E  / 51.219306; 4.406111 Fall of Antwerp Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe East Indies Western Europe European waters Americas East Indies The fall of Antwerp ( Dutch : val van Antwerpen [vɑl vɑn ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)] ) on 17 August 1585 took place during

3249-526: Was used for holding oil in funerary rituals. Romans placed the urns in a niche in a collective tomb called a columbarium (literally, dovecote ). The interior of a dovecote usually has niches to house doves . Cremation urns were also commonly used in early Anglo Saxon England , and in many Pre-Columbian cultures . In some later European traditions, a king's heart, and sometimes other organs, could be placed in one or more urns upon his death, as happened with King Otto of Bavaria in 1916, and buried in

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