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53-510: Angel Capital Association ( ACA ) is the official industry alliance of over 100 of the largest angel investor groups in the United States. Since its founding in 2004, it has played a significant role in bringing together the previously separate angel and venture capital industries, in order to make networking, practices, and innovation in the field of investment easier. ACA, which grew out of four Angel Organization Summits convened by

106-438: A blend approach using aspects of each. Funds are often distinguished by asset-based categories such as equity , bonds , property , etc. Also, perhaps most commonly funds are divided by their geographic markets or themes . Examples In most instances whatever the investment aim the fund manager will select an appropriate index or combination of indices to measure its performance against; e.g. FTSE 100 . This becomes

159-461: A "premium" to NAV (i.e., higher than NAV) or, more commonly, at a "discount" to NAV (i.e., lower than NAV). In the United States, at the end of 2018, there were 506 closed-end mutual funds with combined assets of $ 0.25 trillion, accounting for 1% of the U.S. industry. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) combine characteristics of both closed-end funds and open-end funds. They are structured as open-end investment companies or UITs. ETFs are traded throughout

212-624: A defined exit strategy , such as plans for an initial public offering or an acquisition . After taking into account the need to cover failed investments and the multi-year holding time for even the successful ones, however, the actual effective internal rate of return for a typical successful portfolio of angel investments is typically as 'low' as 20–30%. While the investor's need for high rates of return on any given investment can make angel financing an expensive source of funds, cheaper sources of capital, such as bank financing, are usually not available for most early-stage ventures. In recent years,

265-407: A few million dollars. The healthcare/medical industry accounted for the largest share of angel investments in 2010, with 30% of total angel investments (vs. 17% in 2009), followed by software (16% vs. 19% in 2007), biotech (15% vs. 8% in 2009), industrial/energy (8% vs. 17% in 2009), retail (5% vs. 8% in 2009) and IT services (5%). While more readily available than venture financing, angel investment

318-559: A limited term with enforced redemption of shares or units on a specified date. Many collective investment vehicles split the fund into multiple classes of shares or units. The underlying assets of each class are effectively pooled for the purposes of investment management, but classes typically differ in the fees and expenses paid out of the fund's assets. These differences are supposed to reflect different costs involved in servicing investors in various classes; for example: In some cases, by aggregating regular investments by many individuals,

371-464: A new trend has emerged in the business world known as "founding angels". These are angel investors who get involved with a startup even before it is officially established. Unlike a traditional business angel, because founding angels invest so early, they are typically seen as "founders" and typically have much greater involvement in the early stages of the business. Founding angels most often co-found startups with scientists, developers, or engineers in

424-497: A particular business arena, mentoring another generation of entrepreneurs, and making use of their experience and networks on a less than full-time basis. Because innovations tend to be produced by outsiders and founders in startups, rather than existing organizations, angel investors provide (in addition to funds) feedback, advice, and contacts. Because there are no public exchanges listing their securities, private companies meet angel investors in several ways, including referrals from

477-508: A retirement plan (such as a 401(k) plan ) may qualify to purchase "institutional" shares (and gain the benefit of their typically lower expense ratios ) even though no members of the plan would qualify individually. Some of the fund classes: One of the main advantages of collective investment is the reduction in investment risk ( capital risk ) by diversification . An investment in a single equity may do well, but it may collapse for investment or other reasons (e.g., Marconi ). If your money

530-447: A very high return on investment . Additionally, angel investors often mitigate the risk of an angel investment by allocating less than 10% of their portfolio to these types of investments. Because a large percentage of angel investments are lost completely when early-stage companies fail, professional angel investors seek investments that have the potential to return at least ten or more times their original investment within 5 years through

583-402: A whole. Another example of passive management is the " buy and hold " method used by many traditional unit investment trusts where the portfolio is fixed from outset. Additionally, some funds use a hybrid management strategy of enhanced indexing , in which the manager minimizes costs by broadly following a passive indexing strategy, but has the discretion to actively deviate from the index in

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636-576: A wide range of investment aims either targeting specific geographic regions ( e.g., emerging markets or Europe) or specified industry sectors ( e.g., technology). Depending on the country there is normally a bias towards the domestic market due to familiarity, and the lack of currency risk. Funds are often selected on the basis of these specified investment aims, their past investment performance, and other factors such as fees. The first (recorded) professionally managed investment funds or collective investment schemes, such as mutual funds , were established in

689-627: Is undertaking for collective investment in transferable securities , or short collective investment undertaking (cf. Law ). An investment fund may be held by the public, such as a mutual fund , exchange-traded fund , special-purpose acquisition company or closed-end fund , or it may be sold only in a private placement , such as a hedge fund or private equity fund . The term also includes specialized vehicles such as collective and common trust funds, which are unique bank-managed funds structured primarily to commingle assets from qualifying pension plans or trusts. Investment funds are promoted with

742-441: Is a systematic risk that all the shares could be affected by adverse market changes. To avoid this systematic risk investment managers may diversify into different non-perfectly-correlated asset classes. For example, investors might hold their assets in equal parts in equities and fixed income securities. If one investor had to buy a large number of direct investments, the amount this person would be able to invest in each holding

795-652: Is a way of investing money alongside other investors in order to benefit from the inherent advantages of working as part of a group such as reducing the risks of the investment by a significant percentage. These advantages include an ability to: It remains unclear whether professional active investment managers can reliably enhance risk adjusted returns by an amount that exceeds fees and expenses of investment management. Terminology varies with country but investment funds are often referred to as investment pools , collective investment vehicles , collective investment schemes , managed funds , or simply funds . The regulatory term

848-458: Is built into the vehicle. Often referred to as commission or load (in the U.S. ) this charge may be applied at the start of the plan or as an ongoing percentage of the fund value each year. While this cost will diminish your returns it could be argued that it reflects a separate payment for an advice service rather than a detrimental feature of collective investment vehicles. Indeed, it is often possible to purchase units or shares directly from

901-412: Is equitably divided into shares which vary in price in direct proportion to the variation in value of the fund's net asset value . Each time money is invested, new shares or units are created to match the prevailing share price; each time shares are redeemed, the assets sold match the prevailing share price. In this way there is no supply or demand created for shares and they remain a direct reflection of

954-419: Is invested in such a failed holding you could lose your capital. By investing in a range of equities (or other securities) the capital risk is reduced. This investment principle is often referred to as spreading risk . Collective investments by their nature tend to invest in a range of individual securities. However, if the securities are all in a similar type of asset class or market sector then there

1007-514: Is likely to be small. Dealing costs are normally based on the number and size of each transaction, therefore the overall dealing costs would take a large chunk out of the capital (affecting future profits). An investor that chooses to use an investment fund as a way to invest his or her money does not need to spend as much personal time making investment decisions, doing investment research, or performing actual trades. Instead, these actions and decisions will be done by one or more fund managers managing

1060-566: Is positively correlated with higher survival, additional fundraising outside the angel group, and faster growth measured through growth in website traffic". Angel capital fills the gap in seed funding between "friends and family" funding rounds and more robust start-up financing through formal venture capital. Although it is usually difficult to raise more than a few hundred thousand dollars from friends and family, most traditional venture capital funds are usually not able to make or evaluate small investments under US$ 1–2 million. On an annual basis,

1113-438: Is still extremely difficult to raise. However, some new models are developing that are trying to make this easier. Much like other forms of private equity, angel investment decision-making has been shown to suffer from cognitive biases such as the illusion of control and overconfidence . Angel investments bear extremely high risks and are usually subject to dilution from future investment rounds. As such, they require

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1166-630: Is that the financial "products" that are sold to the public are sufficiently transparent, with full disclosure about the nature of the terms. In the United Kingdom, the primary statute is the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 , where Part XVII, sections 235 to 284 deal with the requirements for a collective investment scheme to operate. It states in section 235 that a "collective investment scheme" means "any arrangements with respect to property of any description, including money,

1219-568: The Angel Capital Education Foundation . While individual angel investors and angel group leaders participate in ACA events, membership in the organization itself is only for organized groups of angel investors that meet ACA's requirements, and not for individual investors. ACA's website lists angel groups across the nation which bring together investors in local regions or specific industries. The founding chairman of ACA

1272-858: The Dutch Republic . Amsterdam-based businessman Abraham van Ketwich (also known as Adriaan van Ketwich) is often credited as the originator of the world's first mutual fund. The term "collective investment scheme" is a legal concept deriving initially from a set of European Union Directives to regulate mutual fund investment and management. The Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directives 85/611/EEC , as amended by 2001/107/EC and 2001/108/EC (typically known as UCITS for short) created an EU-wide structure, so that funds fulfilling its basic regulations could be marketed in any member state. The basic aim of collective investment scheme regulation

1325-550: The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation in 2002 and 2003, sponsors an annual summit meeting in a different city each year at which the leaders of the major organized angel groups, together with government leaders, academics and venture capitalists, share best practices and build new ideas based on this knowledge. ACA has become the nationally recognized voice of the angel investment community in the US, mirroring

1378-529: The JOBS Act of 2012 loosened those requirements starting in January 2013. Reaching nearly $ 23 billion in 2012 in the US, angel investors are not only responsible for funding over 67,000 start-up ventures annually, but their capital also contributed to job growth by helping to finance 274,800 new jobs in 2012. In 2013, 41% of tech sector executives named angel investors as a means of funding. Saudi Vision 2030

1431-607: The benchmark to measure success or failure against. The aim of most funds is to make money by investing in assets to obtain a real return (i.e. better than inflation). The philosophy used to manage the fund's investment vary and two opposing views exist. Active management —Active managers seek to outperform the market as a whole, by selectively holding securities according to an investment strategy . Therefore, they employ dynamic portfolio strategies, buying and selling investments with changing market conditions, based on their belief that particular individual holdings or sections of

1484-532: The $ 7.5 billion invested in US-based companies throughout Q2 2011, 3–4 times as much as the total amount invested within New England. Total angel investments in the United States in 2021 were $ 29.1 billion, an increase of 15.2 percent over 2020, with 69,060 companies receiving funding. In the United States, angels are generally accredited investors in order to comply with current SEC regulations, although

1537-544: The UK as angel investors were named by two-thirds of technology entrepreneurs as a means of funding. By 2015, angel investments had increased throughout the UK, with angels making an average number of five investments, compared to 2.5 in 2009. The same report also found an increase in angel investors making impact investments , with 25% of angels saying they had made an impact investment in 2014. Geographically, Silicon Valley dominates United States angel investing, receiving 39% of

1590-627: The US; by 2006, there were over 200. Angels typically invest their own funds (unlike venture capitalists , who manage the pooled money of others in a professionally managed fund ). Although typically reflecting the investment judgment of an individual, the entity providing the funding may be a trust , business, limited liability company , investment fund, or other vehicle. A Harvard report by William R. Kerr, Josh Lerner, and Antoinette Schoar provides evidence that angel-funded startups are more likely to succeed than companies reliant on other forms of initial financing. The paper found "that angel funding

1643-406: The combined value of all angel investments in the US almost reaches the combined value of all US venture capital funds, while angel investors invest in more than 60 times as many companies as venture capital firms (US$ 20.1 billion vs. $ 23.26 billion in the US in 2010, into 61,900 companies vs. 1,012 companies). There is no set amount for angel investors. Investments can range from a few thousand to

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1696-528: The day on a stock exchange. An arbitrage mechanism is used to keep the trading price close to net asset value of the ETF holdings. At the end of 2018, there were 1,988 ETFs in the United States with combined assets of $ 3.3 trillion, accounting for 16% of the U.S. industry. Unit investment trusts (UITs) are issued to the public only once when they are created. UITs generally have a limited life span, established at creation. Investors can redeem shares directly with

1749-554: The fund at any time (similar to an open-end fund) or wait to redeem them upon the trust's termination. Less commonly, they can sell their shares in the open market. Unlike other types of mutual funds, unit investment trusts do not have a professional investment manager. Their portfolio of securities is established at the creation of the UIT. In the United States, at the end of 2018, there were 4,917 UITs with combined assets of less than $ 0.1 trillion. Some collective investment vehicles have

1802-546: The fund. Each fund has a defined investment goal to describe the remit of the investment manager and to help investors decide if the fund is right for them. The investment aims will typically fall into the broad categories of Income (value) investment or Growth investment. Income or value based investment tends to select stocks with strong income streams, often more established businesses. Growth investment selects stocks that tend to reinvest their income to generate growth. Each strategy has its critics and proponents; some prefer

1855-478: The growth achieved a net loss is achieved. This can greatly increase the investment risk of the fund by increased volatility and exposure to increased capital risk. Gearing was a major contributory factor in the collapse of the split capital investment trust debacle in the UK in 2002. Collective investment vehicles vary in availability depending on their intended investor base: Some vehicles are designed to have

1908-420: The hopes of earning modestly higher returns. An example of active management success When analysing investment performance, statistical measures are often used to compare 'funds'. These statistical measures are often reduced to a single figure representing an aspect of past performance: Depending on the nature of the investment, the type of 'investment' risk will vary. A common concern with any investment

1961-424: The investment fund. The fund manager managing the investment decisions on behalf of the investors will of course expect remuneration. This is often taken directly from the fund assets as a fixed percentage each year or sometimes a variable (performance based) fee. If the investor managed their own investments, this cost would be avoided. Often the cost of advice given by a stockbroker or financial adviser

2014-718: The investors' trusted sources and other business contacts, at investor conferences and symposia, and at face-to-face meetings organized by groups of angels where companies pitch directly to investors. According to the Center for Venture Research, there were 363,460 active angel investors in the US in 2021. In the late 1980s, angels started to coalesce into informal groups with the goal of sharing deal flow and due diligence work and pooling their funds to make larger investments. Angel groups are generally local organizations made up of 10 to 150 accredited investors interested in early-stage investing. In 1996, there were about 10 angel groups in

2067-411: The market will perform better than others. Passive management —Passive managers stick to a portfolio strategy determined at outset of the fund and not varied thereafter, aiming to minimize the ongoing costs of maintaining the portfolio . Many passive funds are index funds , which attempt to replicate the performance of a market index by holding securities proportionally to their value in the market as

2120-688: The most sophisticated and advanced network of angel investors in the world. Incorporated in 2002, the National Angel Capital Organization (NACO) pioneered the angel investing movement and supported the formation of regional angel networks in Canada. According to both NACO and the Business Development Bank of Canada , there are 20,000–50,000 active angel investors in Canada. Over 4,000 are members of 45 angel groups that are NACO members. Before 2000, it

2173-411: The power to borrow money to make further investments; a process known as gearing or leverage . If markets are growing rapidly this can allow the vehicle to take advantage of the growth to a greater extent than if only the subscribed contributions were invested. However this premise only works if the cost of the borrowing is less than the increased growth achieved. If the borrowing costs are more than

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2226-445: The providers without bearing this cost. Although the investor can choose the type of fund to invest in, they have no control over the choice of individual holdings that make up the fund. If the investor holds shares directly, he has the right to attend the company's annual general meeting and vote on important matters. Investors in a collective investment vehicle often have none of the rights connected with individual investments within

2279-445: The purpose or effect of which is to enable persons taking part in the arrangements (whether by becoming owners of the property or any part of it or otherwise) to participate in or receive profits or income arising from the acquisition, holding, management or disposal of the property or sums paid out of such profits or income". Collective investment vehicles may be formed under company law , by legal trust or by statute . The nature of

2332-685: The role that the National Venture Capital Association plays for the venture community. ACA is the official US representative member of the World Business Angels Association . Since ACA was formed with a charitable purpose of education and research in the field of angel investment, chairmembers and leaders of ACA are frequently involved in educational programs such as the Power of Angel Investing Seminars produced by ACA's affiliated foundation,

2385-403: The technology space who bring in the technology upon which the start-up is based. After they are founded, they are actively engaged in the management of startups, typically in a non-executive position, supporting the day-to-day running of the business. They less often have a predefined exit strategy, and more often hold onto equity long into the company's development. Canada is reportedly home to

2438-466: The underlying assets. A closed-end fund issues a limited number of shares (or units) in an initial public offering (or IPO ) or through private placement. If shares are issued through an IPO, they are then traded on a stock exchange . or directly through the fund manager to create a secondary market subject to market forces . The price that investors receive for their shares may be significantly different from net asset value (NAV); it may be at

2491-526: The vehicle and its limitations are often linked to its constitutional nature and the associated tax rules for the type of structure within a given jurisdiction. Typically there is: Please see below for general information on specific forms of vehicles in different jurisdictions. The net asset value (NAV) is the value of a vehicle's assets minus the value of its liabilities. The method for calculating this varies between vehicle types and jurisdiction and can be subject to complex regulation. An open-end fund

2544-501: The venture. In terms of returns, 35 percent of investments produced returns of between one and five times the initial investment, while 9 percent produced returns of multiples of ten times or more. The mean return, however, was 2.2 times the investment in 3.6 years and an approximate internal rate of return of 22 percent gross. The UK Business Angel market grew in 2009 through 2010 and, despite recessionary concerns, continues to show signs of growth. In 2013, this dynamic kept going on in

2597-716: Was James Geshwiler of Common Angels in Boston , who was succeeded by John May of the New Vantage Group in Washington DC . The current chairman of the organization is Tony Shipley of Queen City Angels of Cincinnati . Angel investor The application of the term "angel" originates in Broadway theater , where it was used to describe wealthy individuals who provided money for theatrical productions that would otherwise have had to shut down. This term, however,

2650-863: Was difficult for startups in China to find local angel investors. Entrepreneurs, such as Jack Ma of Alibaba Group and many others, needed to raise funds from Softbank, Goldman Sachs, Fidelity, and other institutions. However, by 2015, several Chinese Angel groups had been in operation. In 2012, the International Business Angels Assembly took place in the Russian Federation . This was an exclusive event devoted to private investing into innovative projects in Eastern Europe . In 2022, after Russia's invasion of Ukraine , all investors reduced their activity, this

2703-443: Was launched in 2016; since then, the entrepreneurship ecosystem is being built from scratch. The number of angel investor groups reached eight in 2022. The Indian Government introduced Atal Incubation centers and Technology Incubation and Development of Entrepreneurs, a program to solely support ICT startups in building emerging technologies including AI, IoT, and blockchain. Collective investment scheme An investment fund

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2756-689: Was not used in the context of investing in companies until 1978, when William Wetzel, a then-professor at the University of New Hampshire and founder of its Center for Venture Research, completed a pioneering study on how entrepreneurs raised seed capital in the US. He began using the term "angel" to describe the investors who supported them. A similar term, " patron ", is commonly used in arts. Angel investors are often retired entrepreneurs or executives who may be interested in angel investing for reasons that go beyond pure monetary return. These reasons include: wanting to keep abreast of current developments in

2809-425: Was noticeable in private funds, which reduced the volume of investments by 4 times compared to 2021. A study by NESTA in 2009 estimated there were between 4,000 and 6,000 angel investors in the UK with an average investment size of £42,000 per investment. Furthermore, each angel investor on average acquired 8 percent of the venture in the deal, with 10 percent of investments accounting for more than 20 percent of

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