The Anglo Belgian Corporation ( ABC ) is a Belgian manufacturer of medium speed diesel engines, primarily for the marine market, as well as stationary and locomotive markets.
88-528: On 26 October 1912 the Anglo Belgian corporation was founded; the company was to manufacture the new semi-diesel engines . One of the investors was the Onghena company, a manufacturer of gas engines, which would contribute part of their factory space and machinery towards the production of the new machines. Eight investors including Onghena each contributed 500,000 Belgian francs towards the enterprise;
176-461: A fleet of 40 owned and chartered container vessels ( 500 to 2500 TEU capacity) of which it owns 10 container vessels, including A La Marine, El Torro, Hermes Arrow and Maersk Nimes Its management team consists of Alexander Saverys (managing director), Chris Vermeersch (chief financial officer and manager finance). ASL Aviation group is registered in Dublin. It owns, operates and manages
264-617: A piston inside a cylinder connected to a flywheel by a connecting rod and crankshaft . Akroyd-Stuart's original engine operated on the four-stroke cycle (induction, compression, power and exhaust), and Hornsby continued to build engines to this design, as did several other British manufacturers such as Blackstone and Crossley . Manufacturers in Europe , Scandinavia and in the United States (and some British firms including Petter , Gardner and Allen ) built engines working on
352-451: A flat hot spot. Over time the compression ratios were increased from 3:1 to 14:1. Fuel injection started from 135 degrees before top dead center with low compression down to 20 degrees before top dead center with later higher compression engines increasing the hot air factor for ignition and increasing the fuel efficiency . Glowplugs finally replaced the preheating with a blowtorch methods and engine speeds were increased, resulting in what
440-783: A fleet of nearly 90 aircraft. It was formed in 1972 as Air Bridge Carriers UK, acquired by the Hunting group in the 1980s, rechristened to Hunting Cargo Airlines in 1992 and transferred to Ireland in 1997. In June 1998, it was sold to a consortium consisting of CMB and Safair (part of the Imperial Group) and rechristened ACL ( Air Contractors Limited). In 2007, Imperial sold its shareholding, and CMB has been its sole owner since 2010. Its major clients include DHL , UPS , TNT Express and Aer Lingus ; and it charters out its aircraft through Europe Airpost and Safair. As of September 2013, ASL Aviation's owned fleet consisted of: Shares of
528-407: A fresh charge of air into the crankcase and completing the cycle. Induction and compression are carried out on the upward stroke, while power and exhaust occur on the downward stroke. A supply of lubricating oil must be fed to the crankcase to supply the crankshaft bearings . Since the crankcase is also used to supply air to the engine, the engine's lubricating oil is carried into the cylinder with
616-601: A given engine size due to the more efficient combustion method. They had no hot bulb, relying purely on compression-ignition, and offered greater ease of use, as they required no pre-heating. The hot bulb engine was limited in its scope in terms of speed and overall power-to-size ratio. To make a hot bulb engine capable of powering a ship or locomotive, it would have been prohibitively large and heavy. The hot bulb engines used in Landini tractors were as much as 20 litres in capacity for relatively low power outputs. The main limit of
704-654: A large general cargo and container handling company in Antwerp. In July 1991 the Société Générale de Belgique , until then the main shareholder of the CMB, sold its shares to the holding Almabo and his shipping society Exmar, led by Marc Saverys . In 1995, half of CMB Transport (CMBT) was sold to Safmarine, a South African shipping company. In 1999, with the sale of the African network of AMI, CMB group's participation in
792-449: A lower compression ratio than Diesel's compression-ignition engines. The hot-bulb engine is much simpler to construct and operate than the steam engine. Boilers require at least one person to add water and fuel as needed and to monitor pressure to prevent overpressure and a resulting explosion. If fitted with automatic lubrication systems and a governor to control engine speed, a hot-bulb engine could be left running unattended for hours at
880-487: A maximum speed of around 100 rpm, while by the 1930s high-speed diesel engines capable of 2,000 rpm were being built. Also, due to the design of hot bulbs and the limitations of current technology in regard to the injector system, most hot bulb engines were single-speed engines, running at a fixed speed, or in a very narrow speed range. Diesel engines can be designed to operate over a much wider speed range, making them more versatile. This made these medium-sized diesels
968-519: A ninth investor the company Carels Brothers contributed diesel engine manufacturing licenses in exchange for a 5% return of the company's turnover. The name of the new company was Anglo Belgian Company , the Anglo indicating that some of the investment capital was to come from Britain, however World War I intervened and no capital was to come from England, but the name was kept. Initial production included engines ranging from 6 to 40 horsepower . After
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#17328012104041056-406: A popular choice for applications requiring a steady power output, such as farm tractors, generators , pumps and canal boat propulsion. Air is drawn into the cylinder through the intake valve as the piston descends (the induction stroke). During the same stroke, fuel is sprayed into the vaporizer by a mechanical (jerk-type) fuel pump through a nozzle. The injected fuel vapourises on contact with
1144-533: A red-hot metal surface inside a bulb, followed by the introduction of air (oxygen) compressed into the hot-bulb chamber by the rising piston. There is some ignition when the fuel is introduced, but it quickly uses up the available oxygen in the bulb. Vigorous ignition takes place only when sufficient oxygen is supplied to the hot-bulb chamber on the compression stroke of the engine. Most hot-bulb engines were produced as one or two-cylinder, low-speed two-stroke crankcase scavenged units. The concept of this engine
1232-470: A small percentage of the overall running period. This included marine use — especially in fishing boats — and pumping or drainage duties. The hot bulb engine was invented at the same time that dynamos and electric light systems were perfected, and electricity generation was one of the hot bulb engine's main uses. The engine could achieve higher R.P.M. than a standard reciprocating steam engine, although high-speed steam engines were developed during
1320-424: A strong jet of fuel oil into the core of the hot bulb where temperatures would be greatest, rather than the normal wide spray of atomised fuel, to maintain self-combustion under prolonged low load running or idling. Equally, as the engine's load increases, so does the temperature of the bulb. This causes the start of combustion to advance (occurring earlier in the cycle) which reduces power and efficiency. If combustion
1408-575: A subsidiary of Saverco NV, one of the holding companies of CMB and provides logistics services in Europe through its subsidiary, Delphis logistics (founded 2009). Delphis fully owns the logistics company Team Lines and acquired the Sjursoya container terminal in Oslo, Norway in 2009. In March 2012, the remaining bulk carrier interests of Delphis were transferred formally to the CMB group. Delphis controls
1496-444: A time. Another attraction was their safety. A steam engine, with its exposed fire and hot boiler, steam pipes and working cylinder could not be used in flammable conditions, such as munitions factories or fuel refineries. Hot-bulb engines also produced cleaner exhaust fumes. A big danger with the steam engine was that if the boiler pressure grew too high and the safety valve failed, a highly dangerous explosion could occur, although this
1584-466: A use, it is not uncommon to find vessels still fitted with their original hot bulb engines today. Although there is a common misconception that model glow plug engines are a variation of the hot bulb engine, this is not the case. Model glow engines are catalytic ignition engines. They take advantage of a reaction between platinum in the glow plug coil and methyl alcohol vapour whereby at certain temperatures and pressures platinum will glow in contact with
1672-458: A very popular choice for use in generator sets, replacing the hot bulb engine as the engine of choice for small-scale power generation. The development of small-capacity, high-speed diesel engines in the 1930s and 1940s, led to hot bulb engines falling dramatically out of favour. The last large-scale manufacturer of hot bulb engines stopped producing them in the 1950s and they are now virtually extinct in commercial use, except in very remote areas of
1760-473: Is allowed to advance too much then damaging pre-ignition can occur. This was a limiting factor on the power output of hot-bulb engines and in order to circumvent this limit some hot-bulb engines feature a system whereby water is dripped into the air intake to reduce the temperature of the air charge and counteract pre-ignition, thus allowing higher power outputs. The fact that the engine can be left unattended for long periods while running made hot-bulb engines
1848-532: Is no electrical system as found on a petrol engine, and no external boiler and steam system as on a steam engine. Another big attraction with the hot-bulb engine was its ability to run on a wide range of fuels. Even poorly combustible fuels could be used, since a combination of vaporiser and compression ignition meant that such fuels could be made to burn. The usual fuel was fuel oil, similar to modern-day diesel fuel , but natural gas , kerosene , crude oil , vegetable oil or creosote could also be used. This made
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#17328012104041936-434: Is normally a bung or stopcock that allows draining of the crankcase before starting. The lack of valves and the doubled-up working cycle also means that a two-stroke hot-bulb engine can run equally well in both directions. A common starting technique for smaller two-stroke engines is to turn the engine over against the normal direction of rotation. The piston will "bounce" off the compression phase with sufficient force to spin
2024-445: Is now classified as an indirect-injection diesel. Hot bulb or prechambered engines were always easier to produce, more reliable and could handle smaller amounts of fuel in smaller engines than the direct-injected "pure" diesels could. Hot-bulb engines were built by a large number of manufacturers, usually in modest series. These engines were slow-running (300-400 rpm) and mostly with cast-iron parts, including pistons. The fuel pump
2112-575: Is one of the oldest Antwerp ship-owners . It is controlled by the Saverys family who also own major stakes in the Exmar and Euronav groups. CMB was founded in 1895 under the name Compagnie Belge Maritime du Congo (CBMC). At the request of Leopold II of Belgium and with support from British investors, a maritime connection was opened with Congo Free State . On 6 February 1895 the CMBC ship Léopoldville
2200-450: Is the best known; in the 1920s they had about 80% of the world market. The Norwegian Sabb was a very popular hot bulb engine for small fishing boats, and many of them are still in working order. In America, Standard, Weber, Reid, Stickney, Oil City, and Fairbanks Morse built hot bulb engines. A limitation of the design of the engine was that it could only run over quite a narrow (and low) speed band, typically 50 to 300 rpm . This made
2288-412: Is then turned over, usually by hand, but sometimes by compressed air or an electric motor. Once the engine is running, the heat of compression and ignition maintains the hot bulb at the necessary temperature, and the blow-lamp or other heat source can be removed. Thereafter, the engine requires no external heat and requires only a supply of air, fuel oil and lubricating oil to run. However, under low power
2376-410: Is used to turn the engine when power is not being produced. The piston rises, expelling exhaust gases through the exhaust valve (the exhaust stroke). The cycle then starts again. The basic action of fuel injection and combustion is common to all hot-bulb engines, whether four- or two-stroke. The cycle starts with the piston at the bottom of its stroke. As it rises, it draws air into the crankcase through
2464-537: The Belgian Railways Class 77 and Voith Maxima ), as well as dual fuel (gas/oil) DZD engines. The DL and DV36 range are large-bore (365mm) series with outputs between 3900 and 10400 kW. These are intended for larger ships and oversized powerplants. The hydrogen internal combustion engines, made by BeHydro (see above) are used in the HydroTug. The EL23, a multi-fuel model, is the newest engine in
2552-821: The Lanz HL tractor. Other well known tractor manufacturers that used bulb engines were Bubba , Gambino , Landini and Orsi in Italy , HSCS in Hungary , SFV in France , and Ursus in Poland (who produced the Ursus C-45 , a direct copy of the 1934 Lanz Bulldog D 9506 , after World War II). At the start of the 20th century there were several hundred European manufacturers of hot bulb engines for marine use. In Sweden alone there were over 70 manufacturers, of which Bolinder
2640-676: The port of Antwerp . Bocimar International NV's fleet mainly consists of Capesize and Handysize bulk carriers . Some of these vessels are owned jointly with other shipowners such as the Wah Kwong Group (Hong Kong) and the Oak Maritime Group (Taiwan). It continues to build new vessels, the latest among them being at Hanjin Subic shipyard (HHIC Phil) and Samjin Shipyard (Korea) Bocimar's business consists mostly of
2728-434: The steam engine , which was then the dominant source of power in industry. Condenserless steam engines achieved an average thermal efficiency (the fraction of generated heat that is actually turned into useful work) of around 6%. Hot-bulb engines could easily achieve 12% thermal efficiency. From the 1910s to the 1950s, hot-bulb engines were more economical to manufacture with their low-pressure crude-fuel injection and had
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2816-404: The two-stroke cycle with crankcase scavenging. The latter type formed the majority of hot-bulb engine production. The flow of gases through the engine is controlled by valves in four-stroke engines, and by the piston covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall in two-strokes. In the hot bulb engine combustion takes place in a separated combustion chamber called the "vaporizer" (also called
2904-548: The " hot tube " engine (which allowed the volume of the vaporiser to be altered with engine speed, thus changing the overall compression ratio) added complexity and cost and still could not provide power-to-weight ratios in the same league as the rapidly developing diesel engine . To create even combustion throughout the multiple hot bulbs in multi-cylinder engines is difficult. The hot bulb engine's low compression ratio in comparison to diesel engines limited its efficiency, power output and speed. Most hot bulb engines could run at
2992-418: The "hot bulb") usually mounted on the cylinder head, into which fuel is sprayed. It is connected to the cylinder by a narrow passage and is heated by combustion gases while running; an external flame, such as a blow torch or slow-burning wick, is used for starting; on later models, electric heating or pyrotechnics were sometimes used. Another method was the inclusion of a spark plug and vibrator-coil ignition;
3080-425: The 1890s, and its low fuel and maintenance requirements, including the ability to be operated and maintained by only one person, made it ideal for small-scale power generation. Generator sets driven by hot bulb engines were installed in numerous large houses in Europe , especially in rural areas, as well as in factories, theatres, lighthouses , radio stations and many other locations where a centralised electrical grid
3168-459: The CMB group are listed on NYSE Code CMB.BR, Euronext Brussels and are included in the Next 150 index . Its major shareholders are Saverco/Marc Saverys (49,43%), Victrix/Virginie Saverys (15,99%) with the balance owned by CMB and third parties Similar to other ship owners, CMB's earnings declined in the worldwide economic recession starting from 2007. However, they started to bounce back towards
3256-597: The December 24th, 1944, CMB's 1928 Leopoldville while transporting the 66th Infantry Division, Leopoldville was torpedoed and sank in under 3 hours, losing 763 American soldiers and 56 crew. After the Second World War , the company introduced new ships, including the cargo passenger liners Jadotville (1956) and Baudouinville (1957). However, in 1961 it sold both these liners to P&O , who renamed them Chitral and Cathay and placed them in service in
3344-486: The Far East. In 1960 the company Armement Deppe was acquired, and between 1975 and 1982 gradually also the tramp ship company Bocimar. The company entered the dry bulk trade in 1962 and continues to be a major dry bulk operator under its Bocimar banner. In 1975, the CMB group took a minority share in the dry bulk tramping company, Bocimar, which was increased to a majority share in 1982. In 1988, CMB bought Hessenatie,
3432-658: The Second World War, production continued at a reduced level. Also, during this period, prototypes for a medium-speed four-stroke single-acting engine were produced, codenamed DU (diesel universal). In the decades after the Second World War, the DU engine was developed and modified: 5-, 6- and 8-cylinder versions were produced, turbocharged versions (codenamed DUX) with 50% more power than the equivalent non-turbocharged version were made, as were naturally aspirated versions, including turbocharged and intercooled versions. The company
3520-421: The air charge, burnt during combustion and carried out of the exhaust. The oil carried from the crankcase to the cylinder is used to lubricate the piston . This means that a two-stroke hot-bulb engine will gradually burn its supply of lubricating oil, a design known as a "total-loss" lubricating system. There were also designs that employed a scavenge pump or similar to remove oil from the crankcase and return it to
3608-475: The bulb could cool off too much. If the load on the engine is low, combustion temperatures may not be sufficient to maintain the temperature of the hot bulb. Many hot-bulb engines cannot be run off-load without auxiliary heating for this reason. Some engines had a throttle valve in their air intakes to cut down the supply of excess cold air for when running at light load and/or low speed, and others had adjustable fuel sprayer nozzles that could be adjusted to deliver
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3696-603: The company produces 6- and 8-cylinder DL36 engines in power ranges from 3950 to 5200 kW, inline 6- and 8-cylinder DZ engines from 864 to 1768 kW, and 12- and 16-cylinder V engines (V-DZC) of rated power either 2650 kW or 3536 kW. The engines are found on large river barges such as those found on the Rhine , coastal freighters, fishing boats, ferries, tugboats (which typically use two engines), and other ships. Other applications include electricity generation, pumping engines, engines for cranes, and also locomotives (including
3784-439: The descending piston uncovers the transfer port. The piston is now pressurising the air in the crankcase, which is forced through the transfer port and into the space above the piston. Part of the incoming air charge is lost out of the still-open exhaust port to ensure all the exhaust gases are cleared from the cylinder, a process known as "scavenging". The piston then reaches the bottom of its stroke and begins to rise again, drawing
3872-484: The developing world. An exception to this is marine use; hot bulb engines were widely fitted to inland barges and narrowboats in Europe. The United Kingdom's first two self-powered "motor" narrowboats— Cadbury's Bournville I and Bournville II in 1911 —were powered by 15 horsepower Bolinder single-cylinder hot bulb engines, and this type became common between the 1920s and the 1950s. With hot bulb engines being generally long-lived and ideally suited to such
3960-461: The driver noticing until the tractor drove in the opposite direction to that intended. Lanz Bulldog tractors featured a dial, mechanically driven by the engine, that showed a spinning arrow. The arrow pointed in the direction of normal engine rotation; if the dial spun the other way, the engine had reversed itself. At the time the hot-bulb engine was invented, its great attractions were its efficiency, simplicity, and ease of operation in comparison to
4048-559: The end of the First World War (during which the factory had been occupied and its machines taken to Germany), the company began normal production again. The company survived the Great Depression due to the relatively stable nature of its customer base, the fishing and shipping industries. Later in the interwar period the company obtained a license from Paxman Ricardo for the production of 1500 rpm engines. During
4136-408: The engine the correct way and start it. This bi-directional running was an advantage in marine applications, as the engine could, like the steam engine , drive a vessel forward or in reverse without the need for a gearbox . The direction could be reversed either by stopping the engine and starting it again in the other direction, or, with sufficient skill and timing on the part of the operator, slowing
4224-464: The engine until it carried just enough momentum to bounce against its own compression and run the other way. Because fuel injection takes place before compression and because combustion is not directly linked to a specific point in the engine's rotation (as with injection/combustion in a diesel engine or ignition/combustion in a spark-ignition engine), it is also possible to set the fueling on a two-stroke hot-bulb engine so that combustion occurs just before
4312-401: The engine would be started on petrol (gasoline) and switched over to oil after warming to running temperature. The pre-heating time depends on the engine design, the type of heating used and the ambient temperature, but for most engines in a temperate climate generally ranges from 2 to 5 minutes to as much as half an hour if operating in extreme cold or the engine is especially large. The engine
4400-423: The engine's internal parts, especially the piston. In the hot bulb engine this problem could only be overcome by keeping the overall engine speeds low, the fuel quantity injected in each cycle small and the engine's components very heavily built. This resulted in a very durable engine, which was also large and heavy while producing a relatively low power output. Ideas such as water injection (to reduce preignition) and
4488-625: The firm since 1999, was appointed as General Manager. In order to extend the existing product range, ABC designed a new engine. ABC's engineering department, together with the Austrian engineering company AVL, worked intensively on this project. A new production and assembly facility was launched at the beginning of 2011. A new 5,000 m building was completed in 2012. The facility included late-model tooling machines, equipment and test-benches, along with assembly robots. Since then, ABC has been awarded numerous new projects for large customers around
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#17328012104044576-465: The formation of national grid systems throughout the world and the replacement of the hot bulb engine by the diesel engine caused a drop in demand. The engines were also used in areas where the fire of a steam engine would be an unacceptable fire risk. Akroyd-Stuart developed the world's first locomotive powered by a hot bulb oil engine, the "Lachesis", for the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , where
4664-592: The globe. Examples include backup diesel generators for nuclear power plants at the French utility EDF, as well as diesel engines for various navies, dredging companies, mining companies, port authorities, tugboat firms, and passenger ferries. In 2019, ABC was awarded the Trends Gazelle Award for the fastest-growing export company in Belgium in its category. In 2019, a joint venture between ABC and CMB
4752-517: The heat of compression alone. An Akroyd engine will have a compression ratio between 3:1 and 5:1 whereas a typical diesel engine will have a much higher compression ratio, usually between 15:1 and 20:1 making it more efficient. In an Akroyd engine the fuel is injected during the early intake stroke (at 140° BTDC ) and not at the peak of compression (at 15° BTDC) as in a diesel engine. The hot-bulb engine shares its basic layout with nearly all other internal combustion engines in that it has
4840-438: The hot bulb engine difficult to adapt to automotive uses, other than vehicles such as tractors, where speed was not a major requirement. This limitation was of little consequence for stationary applications, where the hot bulb engine was very popular. Owing to the lengthy pre-heating time, hot bulb engines only found favour with users who needed to run engines for long periods of time, where the pre-heating process only represented
4928-408: The hot bulb engine's power and speed was its method of combustion. In a diesel engine combustion is controlled by injecting fuel into compressed air; since no combustion can take place until fuel is injected, the timing and duration of combustion can be tightly controlled. In the hot bulb engine fuel was injected into the cylinder before compression began, and combustion would start as the air charge met
5016-916: The hot bulb engine, their ability to run on many fuels and the fact that they can be left running for hours or days at a time made them extremely popular with agricultural, forestry and marine users, where they were used for pumping and for powering milling, sawing and threshing machinery. Hot bulb engines were also used on road rollers and tractors . J. V. Svenssons Motorfabrik , i Augustendal in Stockholm Sweden used hot bulb engines in their Typ 1 motor plough , produced from 1912 to 1925. Munktells Mekaniska Verkstads AB , in Eskilstuna , Sweden , produced agricultural tractors with hot bulb engines from 1913 onwards. Heinrich Lanz AG , in Mannheim , Germany , started to use hot bulb engines in 1921, in
5104-409: The hot interior of the vaporizer but the heat is not sufficient to cause ignition. The air in the cylinder is then forced through the opening into the vaporizer as the piston rises (the compression stroke), where it is lightly compressed (a ratio of around 3:1) - this is not sufficient to cause significant temperature rise of the air charge, which is mostly caused by the air being heated by contact with
5192-759: The hot-bulb engine very cheap to run, since it could be run on readily available fuels. Some operators even ran engines on used engine oil, thus providing almost free power. Recently, this multi-fuel ability has led to an interest in using hot-bulb engines in developing nations, where they can be run on locally produced biofuel. Due to the lengthy pre-heating time, hot-bulb engines usually started easily, even in extremely cold conditions. This made them popular choices in cold regions, such as Canada and Scandinavia , where steam engines were not viable and early petrol and diesel engines could not be relied upon to operate. However, it also makes them unsuitable for short time running use, especially in an automobile. The reliability of
5280-415: The hot-bulb engine with the two-stroke scavenging principle, developed by Joseph Day to provide nearly twice the power, as compared to a four-stroke engine of the same size. Similar engines, for agricultural and marine use, were built by J. V. Svensons Motorfabrik , Bolinders , Lysekils Mekaniska Verkstad , AB Pythagoras and many other factories in Sweden. Akroyd-Stuart's engine
5368-409: The inlet port. At the same time fuel is sprayed into the vaporiser. The charge of air on top of the piston is driven into the vaporiser, where it mixes with the atomised fuel and combustion takes place. The piston is driven down the cylinder. As it descends, the piston first uncovers the exhaust port. The pressurised exhaust gases flow out of the cylinder. A fraction after the exhaust port is uncovered,
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#17328012104045456-407: The internal surfaces of the hot bulb ( red hot due to external heating applied before starting or due to the maintained heat of combustion as the engine runs). The compression stroke mostly serves to create a turbulent movement of air from the cylinder into the vaporizer, which mixes with the pre-vaporized fuel oil. This mixing, and the increase in oxygen content as the air is lightly compressed into
5544-579: The launch of this engine, over 1200 units have been produced at the Ghent factory, for various applications. Over time, the VDZC's product range grew to include larger turnkey projects. The largest of these arose in 2009 in Brazzaville, Congo, where a standalone power plant was built with ten 16VDZC engines, generating a total of 32MW of electrical power. In January 2011, Tim Berckmoes, who had been working at
5632-452: The liner sector ceased and they focussed on the bulk carrier sector. In the same year, CMB gained full control of Euronav, an operator of crude oil tankers. On June 28, 2019, Ocean Yield ASA announced the acquisition of newcastlemax dry bulk vessel from CMB for 40 million (USD) net of a seller's credit, with 15-year bareboat charter to CMB. In 2020, it was announced that the HydroTug, the first hydrogen-powered tugboat will be deployed in
5720-406: The lubricating-oil reservoir. Lanz hot-bulb tractors and their many imitators had this feature, which reduced oil consumption considerably. In addition, if excess crankcase oil is present on start up, there is a danger of the engine starting and accelerating uncontrollably to well past the speed limits of the rotating and reciprocating components. This can result in destruction of the engine. There
5808-414: The piston reaches top dead centre , causing the engine to reverse direction of rotation until the piston next approaches TDC, when combustion takes place and rotation reverses again - the engine can run indefinitely in this way without ever completing a full rotation of the crankshaft. The hot-bulb engine is unique amongst internal combustion engines in being able to run at 'zero revolutions per minute'. This
5896-453: The point that oil engines could run faster than 150 rpm. The structure of these engines were similar to steam engines, and without pressure-fed lubrication. In hot bulb engines, fuel is injected at low pressure, using a more economical and more reliable, and simpler configuration. However, by not using compressed air injection it is less efficient. In this period diesel and hot bulb engines were four stroke . In 1902 F. Rundlof invented
5984-461: The prefix Mineral , CMB (vessels owned by Bocimar) or FMG (Vessels chartered out to Fortescue Metals Group ) As of 2017, its fleet consisted of 60 vessels ranging from Handysize to Capesize. CMB owns 1 panamax tanker Delphis NV is a regional container shipping company headquartered in Antwerp, Belgium. Delphis was founded in March 2004 and has offices in Antwerp and Oslo. It operates as
6072-431: The range. It offers fuel flexibility to owners and operators who are interested in an engine platform that provides a combination of liquid-fuel combustion with compression ignition and gaseous-fuel combustion with spark ignition. Semi-diesel engine The hot-bulb engine , also known as a semi-diesel or Akroyd engine , is a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignites by coming in contact with
6160-510: The transport of dry bulk goods, especially coal, ores and grains. It has a portfolio of contracts with customers from the steel and energy sectors, especially those from Japan. Bocimar has offices in Tokyo (CMB Japan), Hong Kong, Singapore and New Delhi. Its handy size vessels are further owned under Bohandymar, a subsidiary completely owned by the CMB Group. Bocimar's vessels usually carry
6248-625: The two-stroke crankcase scavenged engine that went on to become the prevalent hot bulb type engine. Small direct-injected diesel engines still were not practical and the prechambered indirect injection engine was invented, along with the requirement of glowplugs to be used for starting. With technology developed by Robert Bosch GmbH pump and injector systems could be built to run at a much higher pressure. Combined with high-precision injectors, high-speed diesels were produced from 1927. The hot bulbs started to develop cracks and breakups and were gradually replaced by water cooled cylinder heads with
6336-495: The use of locomotives had previously been impossible due to the risk. Hot bulb engines proved very popular for industrial engines in the early 20th century, but lacked the power to be used in anything larger. From around 1910, the diesel engine was improved dramatically, with more power being available at greater efficiencies than the hot bulb engine could manage. Diesel engines can achieve over 50% efficiency if designed with maximum economy in mind, and they offered greater power for
6424-433: The vaporised fuel in the hot bulb during the compression stroke. This meant that combustion was difficult to control to any degree of precision. Parts of the fuel charge throughout the hot bulb would ignite at different times, often before the piston had completed the compression stroke. This is identical to preignition in a conventional spark-ignition engine and leads to uneven forces and high thermal and physical stresses on
6512-461: The vaporizer, causes the fuel oil vapour to spontaneously ignite. The combustion of the fuel charge is completed in the hot bulb, but creates an expanding charge of exhaust gases and superheated air. The resulting pressure drives the piston down (the power stroke). The piston's action is converted to a rotary motion by the crankshaft-flywheel assembly, to which equipment can be attached for work to be performed. The flywheel stores momentum, some of which
6600-460: The vapour. The hot bulb engine is often confused with the diesel engine, and it is true that the two engines are very similar. A hot bulb engine features a prominent hot bulb vaporiser; a diesel engine does not. Other significant differences are: There is also a crucial difference in the timing of the fuel injection process: There is another, detailed difference in the method of fuel injection: Before World War I technology had not advanced to
6688-705: Was a leak. If the cooling water ran low, the engine would seize through overheating — a major problem, but it carried no danger of explosion. Some engines, including those used in Lanz Bulldog tractors, had a fusible plug fitted in the hot bulb. If the engine overheated the plug would melt, preventing compression and combustion and stopping the engine before major damage could occur – a particularly desirable feature on engines that were to run unattended. Compared with steam, petrol (Otto-cycle), and compression-ignition (Diesel-cycle) engines, hot-bulb engines are simpler, and therefore have fewer potential problems. There
6776-454: Was a relatively rare occurrence by the time the hot-bulb engine was invented. A more common problem was that if the water level in the boiler of a steam engine dropped too low, the lead plug in the crown of the furnace would melt, extinguishing the fire. If a hot-bulb engine ran out of fuel, it would simply stop and could be immediately restarted with more fuel. The water cooling was usually closed-circuit, so no water loss would occur unless there
6864-484: Was also an attractive characteristic of the engine for marine use, since it could be left 'running' without generating meaningful thrust, avoiding the need to shut the engine down and later carry out the lengthy starting procedure. The bi-directional abilities of the engine were an undesirable quality in hot-bulb-powered tractors equipped with gearboxes. At very low engine speeds the engine could reverse itself almost without any change in sound or running quality and without
6952-528: Was established by Herbert Akroyd Stuart , an English inventor. The first prototypes were built in 1886 and production started in 1891 by Richard Hornsby & Sons of Grantham, Lincolnshire, England under the title Hornsby Akroyd Patent Oil Engine under licence. Some years later, Akroyd-Stuart's design was further developed in the United States by the German emigrants Mietz and Weiss, who combined
7040-470: Was initiated in order to produce hydrogen internal combustion engines with a power output of between 0,8 and 2,8 MW. Besides producing dual-fuel engines, the joint venture is also working on a monofuel hydrogen engine. After a COVID year, where the factory managed to stay open and maintain production, ABC introduced the new EVOLVE engine range at the 2021 Europort show in Rotterdam, Holland. As of 2019,
7128-515: Was its association with Ogepar . Despite the collapse of the Belgian shipbuilding industry, new markets were found, including overseas power plants. In 1997, a V-formed version of the DZC engine was developed, and the power range of the DZC series was extended to 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) The newly designed VDZC engine met all expectations, and it contributed to the organic growth of the company. Since
7216-399: Was not available. Usually, the dynamo or alternator would be driven off the engine's flywheel by a flat belt, to allow the necessary "gearing up" — making the generator turn at a faster speed than the engine. Companies such as Armstrong Whitworth and Boulton Paul manufactured and supplied complete generating sets, both the engine and generator, from the 1900s to the late 1920s, when
7304-521: Was obtained from SEMT Pielstick ; additionally the company developed an entirely new engine codenamed DZC operating at 1000 rpm. By 1979 the company needed capital, negotiations with private investors failed, and the company went bankrupt. The company restarted under new management and with new investors (the companies Pauwels , Batibo , and the Belgian Shipbuilding Corporation as well as with government investment) and
7392-478: Was prosperous up to the 1970s, and its engines were used in ships, locomotives (usually of the shunting type) and for electricity generation. During the 1970s the company's financial situation became unfavourable, exacerbated by the loss of one major market, the Belgian Congo , which had become independent in 1960 and could not afford new engines. In 1973, the license for the manufacture of high-speed engines
7480-401: Was renamed Anglo Belgian Corporation . Problems with production versions of the DZC engine required further investment to fix, and the shareholders lost confidence in the company, refusing an increase in capital. As a result, they passed their shares to Ogepar , a Luxembourg-based holding company, thereby raising 75,000,000 Belgian francs in capital. The modified DZC engine was a success, as
7568-422: Was the first internal combustion engine to use a pressurised fuel injection system and also the first using a separate vapourising combustion chamber. It is the forerunner of all hot-bulb engines, which is considered the predecessor to diesel engines with antechamber injection. The Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine and other hot-bulb engines are different from Rudolf Diesel 's design where ignition occurs through
7656-465: Was the first to leave port of Antwerp for Congo Free State . For sixty years the Congo boats ( Kongoboten ) were a constant presence in the port of Antwerp. In 1930 CBMC acquired Lloyd Royal Belge [ de ] , another Belgian shipowner. The name of the new company became Compagnie Maritime Belge (CMB), and new lines were opened towards America and the Far East. In the Second World War , on
7744-701: Was usually made with a brass housing and steel plunger, operating with a variable stroke length. This resulted in a simple, rugged heavy engine. Therefore, they could be machined in an average machine shop without special tools. The Pythagoras Engine Factory in Norrtälje in Sweden is kept as a museum (the Pythagoras Mechanical Workshop Museum ) and has a functioning production line and extensive factory archives. Compagnie Maritime Belge The Compagnie Maritime Belge ( CMB )
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