Annals ( Latin : annāles , from annus , "year") are a concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically , year by year, although the term is also used loosely for any historical record .
41-397: The nature of the distinction between annals and history is a subject based on divisions established by the ancient Romans. Verrius Flaccus , quoted by Aulus Gellius , stated that the etymology of history (from Greek ιστορειν , historein , equated with Latin inspicere , "to inquire in person") properly restricts it to primary sources such as Thucydides 's which have come from
82-586: A larger monastery was built for them (about 1090) by Burgrave Otto of Regensburg and his brother Henry. This became the famous Scots Monastery of St. James in Regensburg, the mother-house of a series of other Schottenklöster . It founded the Abbeys of St. James at Würzburg (about 1134), St. Aegidius at Nuremberg (1140), St. James at Constance (1142), Our Blessed Lady at Vienna (1158), St. Nicolas at Memmingen (1168), Holy Cross at Eichstätt (1194), and
123-584: Is now called the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , a text concerned mainly with the activities of kings, was written in annalistic form. Other examples of insular annals, written under various kinds of patronage, include the Annals of the Four Masters , the Annals of Ulster , the Annals of Innisfallen , and the Annals of Wales ( Annales Cambriæ ). Introduced by insular missionaries to
164-918: Is the Latin name for the island of Ireland. The Latin term ' Scotti ' refers to the Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland and western Scotland. From this term, developed an alternate Latin name for the territory in which the Scotti lived: ' Scotia '. Schottenklöster (German for 'Scottish monasteries') is the name applied to the Bible schools established by Gaelic missionaries in Continental Europe, particularly to those in Germany that became Benedictine monasteries. Ireland's sobriquet "Island of Saints and Scholars" derives from this period. Columba
205-652: The Diocese of Langres , Remiremont Abbey and Moyenmoutier Abbey in the Diocese of Toul , Fosses-la-Ville in the Diocese of Liège , Mont Saint-Quentin at Péronne , Ebersmunster in Lower Alsace, St. Martin's at Cologne, the Scots Monastery, Regensburg , Vienna , Erfurt and Würzburg . In Italy, Fiesole produced Saint Donatus of Fiesole and Andrew the Scot of Fiesole . Another early Schottenkloster
246-743: The Passion until decades or centuries into the future. Beginning in Ireland , Wales, and England in the 7th century, monks began to briefly note important events of the year as marginalia in these tables. Thereafter the compilation of annals became by and large a monastic activity, with the earliest recorded monastic annals being compiled in Ireland and known as the Chronicle of Ireland . Not all early annalistic texts, however, were monastic, and some in fact were made under royal patronage. For example, what
287-521: The 16th century. The Scottish monasteries in Ratisbon, Erfurt , and Würzburg again began to flourish temporarily, but all endeavours to regain the monasteries of Nuremberg, Vienna, and Constance for monks of Scottish nationality failed. In 1692, Abbot Placidus Flemming of Ratisbon reorganized the Scottish congregation which now comprised the monasteries of Ratisbon Regensburg , Erfurt, and Würzburg,
328-579: The 6th and 7th centuries by Gaelic missionaries originating from Ireland that spread Celtic Christianity in Scotland , Wales , England and Merovingian France . Catholic Christianity spread first within Ireland. Since the 8th and 9th centuries, these early missions were called 'Celtic Christianity'. There is dispute over the relationship of the Hiberno-Scottish mission to Catholic Christianity . Catholic sources claim it functioned under
369-516: The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and similar Bible schools were established in Bernicia , Deira , Mercia and East Anglia . It is estimated that two thirds of the Anglo-Saxon population were converted to Celtic Christianity at this time. Columbanus was born in 543 and studied at Bangor Abbey until c. 590, when he travelled to the continent with twelve companions, including Attala , Columbanus
410-475: The Chinese Spring and Autumn Annals ). It is also applied to various periodicals , particularly peer-reviewed journals in the sciences , after the model of Lavoisier 's Annales de chimie et de physique . Attribution: Verrius Flaccus Marcus Verrius Flaccus (c. 55 BC – AD 20) was a Roman grammarian and teacher who flourished under Augustus and Tiberius . He
451-857: The Hiberno-Scottish efforts in the Frankish Empire were continued by the Anglo-Saxon mission – see Germanic Christianity . Irish monks known as Papar are said to have been present in Iceland before its settlement from AD 874 onwards by the Norse . The oldest source mentioning the Papar is the Íslendingabók ("Book of the Icelanders"), between 1122 and 1133. The book states that the Norse found Irish priests, with bells and crosiers, at Iceland at
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#1732765964238492-531: The Monasteries of St. Clement (about 953), St. Martin (about 980), St. Symphorian (about 990), and St. Pantaléon (1042). Towards the end of the 11th and in the 12th century, a number of Schottenklöster , intended for Irish monks exclusively, sprang up in Germany. About 1072, three monks, Marianus, Iohannus, and Candidus, took up their abode at the little Church of Weih-St-Peter at Regensburg (called Ratisbon in older literature). Their number soon increased and
533-748: The Priory of Kelheim (1231). These, together with the Abbey of St. James at Erfurt (1036), and the Priory of Weih-St-Peter at Ratisbon formed the famous congregation of the German Schottenklöster which was erected by Innocent III in 1215, with the Abbot of St. James at Ratisbon as abbot-general. In the 14th and 15th centuries, most of these monasteries were on the decline, partly for want of Irish monks, and partly on account of great laxity of discipline and financial difficulties. In consequence,
574-673: The Scottish [Irish] Saints (Shaw, 1981). The rule of St. Columbanus, which was originally followed in most of these monasteries, was soon superseded by that of St. Benedict . Later Gaelic missionaries founded Honau in Baden (about 721), Murbach in Upper Alsace (about 727), Altomünster in Upper Bavaria (about 749), while other Gaelic monks restored St. Michel in Thiérache (940), Walsort near Namur (945), and, at Cologne,
615-463: The Younger, Gallus , and Domgal . The mission was welcomed by King Guntram of Burgundy and schools were established at Anegray , Luxeuil and Fontaines . When Theuderic II expelled Columbanus from Burgundy in 610, Columbanus established Mehrerau Abbey at Bregenz with the support of Theudebert II . When Theuderic II conquered Austrasia in 612, Columbanus fled to Lombardy , where he
656-530: The abbeys of Nuremberg and Vienna were withdrawn from the Irish congregation and repeopled by German monks in 1418. St. James's Abbey, Würzburg , was left without any monks after the death of Abbot Philip in 1497. It was then re-peopled by German monks and in 1506 joined the congregation of Bursfeld . In 1595, however, it was granted to the Scottish congregation and occupied by Scottish monks until its suppression in 1803. The abbey of Constance began to decline in
697-557: The annals developed into fuller and more descriptive entries, they became more indistinguishable from chronicles , although the term was still used for various works, such as the Annals of Waverley . In modern literature, the term "annals" is similarly loosely applied to works which more or less strictly adhere to the order of years, both in western contexts (English Annual Registers , French Annuaires de la Revue , German Jahrbücher ) and to equivalent styles in other cultures (such as
738-408: The author's own observations, while annals record the events of earlier times arranged according to years. Hayden White distinguishes annals from chronicles , which organize their events by topics such as the reigns of kings, and from histories, which aim to present and conclude a narrative implying the moral importance of the events recorded. Generally speaking, annalists record events drily, leaving
779-677: The authority of the Holy See , while Protestant historians highlight conflicts between Celtic and Roman clergy. There is agreement that the mission was not strictly coordinated. As a whole, Celtic-speaking areas were part of Latin Christendom at a time when there was significant regional variation of liturgy and structure , but a general collective veneration of the Papacy was no less intense in Celtic-speaking areas. Hibernia
820-590: The bishops of the British Church" when he arrived in Britain in 597. Neander writes: The abbot of the most distinguished British monastery, at Bangor, Deynoch by name, whose opinion in ecclesiastical affairs had the most weight with his countrymen, when urged by Augustin to submit in all things to the ordinances of the Roman Church, gave him the following remarkable answer: “We are all ready to listen to
861-450: The church of God, to the pope at Rome, and to every pious Christian, that so we may show to each, according to his station, perfect love, and uphold him by word and deed. We know not, that any other obedience can be required of us towards him whom you call the pope or the father of fathers.” Representatives from Bangor attended two conferences with Augustine, at which they declared “that they could not depart from their ancient customs without
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#1732765964238902-471: The consent and leave of their people” and that they could not accept the supremacy of the pope “nor receive [Augustine] as their archbishop”. Dunod asserted his independence from Augustine on the grounds that they adhered to what their holy fathers held before them, who were the friends of God and the followers of the apostles. In Wales, Celtic Christianity long maintained its position with its peculiar ideas and exceptional beliefs. The Bible school at Bangor
943-551: The continent, these texts were recopied, augmented, and continued, especially in Austrasia . During the 9th-century Carolingian Renaissance , they became the usual form of contemporary history: major examples include the Royal Frankish Annals , the Annals of Fulda ( Annales Fuldenses ), the Annals of St Bertin ( Annales Bertiniani ), and the Annals of Lorsch ( Annales Laureschamenses ). As
984-528: The death of Columbanus. There were monastic foundations in Anglo-Saxon England, the first in about 630 at "Cnobheresburgh", an unknown place in East Anglia but possibly Burgh Castle mentioned by Bede . Others such as Malmesbury Abbey , perhaps Bosham , and Glastonbury Abbey had strong Irish links. The profile of Iona declined, and from 698 until the reign of Charlemagne in the 770s,
1025-590: The depth of theological learning required by the Celtic Church. This school remained Celtic until they were driven out by the Benedictines in 1204. Dunod was a disciple of Columba who established a Bible school at Bangor-on-Dee in 560. The school had such a large student body that seven deans presided over at least 300 students each. The mission's conflict with Augustine is noteworthy. Pope Gregory I "invested Augustine with jurisdiction over all
1066-565: The entries unexplained and equally weighted. The chief sources of information in regard to the annals of ancient Rome are two passages in Cicero and in Servius which have been the subject of much discussion. Cicero states that, from the founding of the Republic down to the pontificate of Publius Mucius Scaevola ( c. 132 BC), it was usual for the pontifex maximus to record
1107-696: The first half of the 15th century and was suppressed in 1530. That of Memmingen also disappeared during the early period of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. The Abbey of Holy Cross at Eichstatt seems to have ceased early in the 14th century. In consequence of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland many Scottish Benedictines left their country and took refuge in the Schottenklöster of Germany during
1148-414: The forum at Praeneste, some fragments were discovered (1771) at some distance from the town itself in a Christian building of later date, and some consular fasti in the forum itself (1778). The collection was subsequently increased by two new fragments. Other lost works of Flaccus include: Attribution: Hiberno-Scottish mission The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in
1189-467: The largely pagan Picts . The lord of the island of Mull , a Gael of Dál Riada , was a relative of Columba and granted the missionaries ownership of Iona , where they established a Bible school . Bede writes that Columba converted the Picts to the word of God, suggesting that Bible teaching was the central means of conversion. Students routinely studied for 18 years before ordination , an indicator of
1230-549: The name of the magistrates and the noteworthy events of each year on a white tablet (an album ), which was exhibited in an open place at his house so that the people might read it. Servius states the events were written for each day. In the late Republic, these were known as the Annales Maximi . After the pontificate of Publius, annals were compiled by various unofficial writers, of whom Cicero names Cato , Pictor , and Piso . These annals have been generally regarded as
1271-610: The only remaining Schottenklöster in Germany. He also erected a seminary in connection with the monastery at Ratisbon. But the forced secularization of monasteries in 1803 put an end to the Scottish abbeys of Erfurt and Würzburg, leaving St. James's at Ratisbon as the only surviving Schottenkloster in Germany. Since 1827 this monastery was again permitted to accept novices but the number of its monks dwindled down to two capitulars in 1862. There being no hope of any increase, Pope Pius IX suppressed this last Schottenkloster in his brief of 2 September 1862. Its revenues were distributed between
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1312-542: The same with the Commentarii Pontificum cited by Livy , but there seems reason to believe that the two were distinct, with the Commentarii being fuller and more circumstantial. Verrius Flaccus's division of genres is borne out in the common division of Tacitus's works into Annals and Histories , although he did not use those titles to refer to his own works. Among the early Christians, it
1353-554: The time of their arrival. Such figures are also mentioned in the Icelandic Landnámabók ("Book of Settlements", possibly going back to the early 12th century). Among the Irish monks who were active in Central Europe were two particularly important theologians, Marianus Scotus and Johannes Scotus Eriugena . Legends of Irish foundations are recorded in a Middle High German text known as Charlemagne and
1394-626: Was Säckingen in Baden , founded by the Irish missionary Fridolin of Säckingen who is said to have founded another at Konstanz . Other Hiberno-Scottish missionaries active at the time, predominantly in Swabia , were Wendelin of Trier , Saint Kilian , Arbogast , Landelin , Trudpert , Pirmin (founded Reichenau abbey ), Saint Gall (Abbey of St. Gall), Corbinian , Emmeram and Rupert of Salzburg . Hiberno-Scottish activity in Europe continued after
1435-460: Was a freedman, and his manumitter has been identified with Verrius Flaccus, an authority on pontifical law; but for chronological reasons the name of Veranius Flaccus, a writer on augury, has been suggested (Teuffel-Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Lit. 199, 4). He gained such a reputation by his methods of instruction that he was summoned to court to bring up Gaius and Lucius , the grandsons of Augustus. He moved there with his whole school, and his salary
1476-565: Was an Irish prince born in 521 and educated at the Bible school at Clonard . At the age of 25, Columba’s first mission involved the establishment of a school at Derry . Following this, Columba spent seven years allegedly establishing over 300 churches and church schools. Adamnan says of Columba: He could not pass the space even of a single hour without applying himself either to prayer, or reading, or writing, or else to some manual labor. In 563, Columba sailed to Scotland with about 200 other missionaries hoping to spread Celtic Christianity among
1517-514: Was common to establish the date of Easter by asking local Jews for the date of Passover ( Nisan 14 in the Jewish calendar ) and either using that date or the nearest Sunday to it. By the end of the 3rd century, this date sometimes occurred before the spring equinox and frequently varied from city to city. Following the 325 Council of Nicaea , Easter tables began to be drawn up according to various methods of computing Easter , often running from
1558-489: Was destroyed in 613 by King Æthelfrith . Aidan was educated at Iona. In 634, King Oswald invited Aidan to the Northumbrian court to teach the doctrines of Celtic Christianity. Oswald granted Aidan the island of Lindisfarne for a Bible school. Upon his death in 651, Aidan was succeeded by Finan and then by Colman , both of whom had been educated at Iona. From Northumbria, Aidan's mission spread throughout
1599-416: Was greatly increased on the condition that he took no fresh pupils. He died at an advanced age during the reign of Tiberius ( Suetonius , De Grammaticis , 17), and a statue in his honour was erected at Praeneste , in a marble recess, with inscriptions from his Fasti Praenestini . Flaccus was also a distinguished philologist and antiquarian investigator. His most important work, De verborum significatu ,
1640-458: Was the first major alphabetical dictionary in Latin. Though only small fragments remain of the work, it served as the basis for Sextus Pompeius Festus 's epitome , also called De verborum significatu . Festus's work was in turn abridged centuries later by Paul the Deacon for the library of Charlemagne . Of the calendar of Roman festivals ( Fasti Praenestini ) engraved on marble and set up in
1681-553: Was welcomed by King Agilulf . In 614, he established a school at Bobbio . During the 7th century, the disciples of Columbanus and other Gaelic missionaries founded several monasteries in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The best known are: St. Gall in Switzerland, Disibodenberg in the Rhine Palatinate , Palatium at Besançon , Lure and Cusance in the Diocese of Besançon , Bèze in