43-493: The Aberdare Range (formerly the Sattima Range , Kikuyu : Nyandarua ) is a 160 km (99 mi) long mountain range of upland , north of Kenya 's capital Nairobi with an average elevation of 3,500 metres (11,480 ft). It straddles the counties of Nyandarua , Nyeri , Murang'a , Kiambu and Laikipia . The mountain range is in west central Kenya , northeast of Naivasha and Gilgil and lies just south of
86-587: A Liberal politician who had served as Home Secretary from 1868 to 1873. He was later to become the first chancellor of the University of Wales . The area is well known as the headquarters of Dedan Kimathi , leader of the 1950s Mau Mau Uprising . Elizabeth II became Queen of the United Kingdom while staying at Treetops Hotel in the Aberdares. It was also the site where J.A. Hunter killed
129-682: A Noma Award in 1984. In the 1983 movie Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi , the character Nien Nunb speaks in the Kikuyu language. The 2023 song, Mwaki , by the Brazilian DJ, Zerb , features the Kenyan artist, Sofiya Nzau , singing in Kikuyu. Naivasha Naivasha is a town in Nakuru County , Kenya , 92.8 km (57.7 mi) north west of Nairobi . From 1969,
172-450: A low-high rising tone, and downstep . The canonical word order of Gĩkũyũ is SVO ( subject–verb–object ). It uses prepositions rather than postpositions. Nouns are followed by possessive and demonstrative pronouns, which can coexist in that order, and subsequently adjectives , quantifiers , and numerals , which have no order among themselves. Gĩkũyũ has 17 noun classes . Class 1 (prefix mũ-) comprises animate /human nouns and
215-455: Is a middle voice with an intermediate connotation. Kikuyu is written in a Latin alphabet. It does not use the letters l f p q s v x z , and adds the letters ĩ and ũ . The Kikuyu alphabet is: Some sounds are represented by digraphs such as ng for the velar nasal /ŋ/ . the creator of heaven and earth, the giver of all things. mumbi wa Iguru na Thi na muheani wa indo ciothe There
258-572: Is also home to the endemic Aberdare cisticola . The Aberdares contain a rich diversity of vegetation. There are 778 vegetation and plant species, subspecies and varieties found in the Aberdare National Park , due to the park's altitude and rainfall. Hardwood trees include camphor, cedar , podo and hagenia . Much of the range has been protected within the Aberdare National Park since its creation in 1950. The range attracts large numbers of hikers and climbers operating out of
301-628: Is notable literature written in the Kikuyu language. For instance, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 's Mũrogi wa Kagogo ( Wizard of the Crow ) is the longest known book written in Kikuyu. Other authors writing in Kikuyu are Gatua wa Mbũgwa and Waithĩra wa Mbuthia. Mbuthia has published various works in different genres—essays, poetry, children stories and translations—in Kikuyu. The late Wahome Mutahi also sometimes wrote in Kikuyu. Also, Gakaara wa Wanjaũ wrote his popular book, Mau Mau Author in Detention , which won
344-464: Is pluralized by class 6. Class 15 (prefix gũ- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, kũ- otherwise) comprises only body parts and verbal infinitives —more semantically and syntactically motivated than other classes. It is pluralized, when possible, by class 6. Class 16 (prefix ha-) is a definite locative class. Class 17 (prefix kũ-/gũ-) is an indefinite locative class. These classes can be singular or plural based on context. Adjectives agree with
387-478: Is singular, while class 2 (prefix a-) comprises animate/human nouns but is plural. Kinship terms and some other words belong to these classes but take no prefixes. Class 3 (prefix mũ-) comprises nature/landscape words and others that are not semantically related, and is singular. Class 4 (prefix mĩ-) comprises the same words, but is plural. Class 5 (prefix rĩ- if stem is vowel initial, i- if consonant-initial) comprises plant/landscape words and others that don't fix
430-496: Is unmarked. Sequential, a subtype of progressive, denotes events that occur in a sequence. There is also a marker for persistive events, which occur continuously until the time of speaking. Special subject agreement particles exist for 1st and 2nd person, the discourse participants, but subject agreement is otherwise based on noun class. A verb can exhibit noun class agreement for all arguments, but agrees less commonly with non-human nouns. In addition to active and passive voices, there
473-421: Is vowel initial, i- if consonant initial) is the same, but plural. These classes' prefixes can be used to augment nouns of other classes. Class 9 comprises most animals, most loanwords , a few body parts, and semantically unrelated others. Class 10 is the same, but plural. Because words of these classes begin with nasal or unnasalizable consonants, and lose their nasality when marked with a different class prefix,
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#1732765281501516-575: The Equator . The mountain range is called Nyandarua among the Agikuyu people in whose territory this forest and mountain range is located. The name Nyandarua comes from the Kikuyu word rwandarua meaning a drying hide, due to the distinctive fold of its silhouette. The Aberdare Range forms a section of the eastern rim of the Great Rift Valley running roughly north to south. On the west,
559-712: The Uganda Railway . In 2015, an extension of the new standard gauge railway to this town was approved. The Inland Container Depot was officially opened in 2022 in Naivasha, to handle transport of cargo to the Great Lakes Region , including Rwanda , Uganda , Tanzania and Democratic Republic of Congo . The main industry is agriculture, especially floriculture . Naivasha is also a popular tourist destination. Hell's Gate National Park (the main locations for The Lion King , including Pride Rock and
602-672: The rogue elephant of Aberdare Forest . Gikuyu language Kikuyu or Gikuyu (Gikuyu: Gĩkũyũ [ɣēkōjó] ) (also known as Gĩgĩkũyũ) is a Bantu language spoken by the Gĩkũyũ ( Agĩkũyũ ) of Kenya . Kikuyu is mainly spoken in the area between Nyeri , Nairobi and Nakuru . The Kikuyu people usually identify their lands by the surrounding mountain ranges in Central Kenya, including Mount Kenya , which they call Kĩrĩnyaga . Kikuyu has four main mutually intelligible dialects. The Central Province districts are divided along
645-407: The 1900s. In the late 1970s–1980s Lake Naivasha was overrun with poachers and foreign creatures were introduced into the lake to provide fishing. The migratory paths along Lake Naivasha were being destroyed by the local rose industry. The naturalist Joan Root (1936–2006), spent the last decade of her life trying to save the lake and its wildlife. A resort in Naivasha was the location for much of
688-547: The Class 5/6 plurals do: the Class 6 prefix, ma-, attaches sometimes to the noun stem itself, and sometimes to the class 11 form. Class 12 (prefix ga- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, ka- otherwise) is a diminutive class with some inherent, not especially diminutive members. Class 13 (prefix tũ-) is the same, but plural. These classes' prefixes can be used to diminutize nouns of other classes. Class 14 (null prefix) comprises abstract concepts and semantically unrelated others, and
731-466: The Gorge, are modelled after the park ),Olkaria Geothermal Spa, Mount Longonot National Park and Mount Longonot are nearby attractions. Tours also have included Lake Naivasha , to observe birdlife and hippopotamus behaviour, as well as other wild animals. It is also home to Sunderland AFC Navaisha - the Kenyan offshoot of the renowned English Championship football team, Sunderland AFC. Their nickname
774-550: The Kikuyu Escarpments runs 120 km (75 mi) northwards from Nairobi and about 40 km (25 mi) at its widest point. With a perimeter of 566 km (352 mi), the Aberdare Range varies in altitude from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) on the forest boundary on the eastside and 4,001 metres (13,127 ft) towards the northern edge at the peak of Oldonyo Lesatima . The Range descend gradually from
817-461: The Maasai name. Literally, Lake Naivasha means "Lake Lake" and Naivasha Town means "Lake Town". Naivasha lies in a rift valley basin 92.8 km (57.7 mi) by road north west of Nairobi . The Maasai people were the first group to settle on the basin due to their quest for pasture and water for their livestock. This is rumored to have been around the 15th century when they moved down from
860-609: The River Malewa that drains into Lake Naivasha . The Aberdares also have several tributaries, and higher up are bog markings that are the source of the rivers on the moorlands and afro-alpine. The Athi, Lake Naivasha, Tana and Ewaso Nyiro river basins have their source in the Aberdare Forest Reserve. The mountains have four vegetation zones, including subalpine vegetation, xeromorphic evergreen forest, montane humid forest, and submontane forest. Plants endemic to
903-516: The east side of the range. The region is also host to the valuable commercial species including Aningeria adolfi-friederici , Kuloa usambarensis , and Syzygium guineense , which are the most conspicuous forest in the Kikuyu escarpment. Located on the dry northern and western slopes of Aberdares, it has several species with the most notable being the olives ( Olea europaea , Olea capensis , Olea hochstetteri ), podo ( Podocarpus milanjianus ), and cedar ( Juniperus procera ). This forms
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#1732765281501946-419: The first noun (head) is modified by the second. The associative is formed by prefixing the stem a with the agreement class prefix of the head noun. It can also denote possession, location, and ordinal numerals. Numerals 11-19 are formed with the construction 'ten and X'. The final numeral, if it inflects, agrees with the noun being counted. However, if the final numeral is 1, it agrees with the singular class of
989-585: The forested gentle slopes to the east, which are home to a wide variety of wildlife. There are multitudes of elephants , buffalos , giant forest hogs , hyenas as well as the endangered black rhinos and bongos . A variety of cats including leopards , servals , civet , genet and the rare African golden cat . Other threatened species including the Jackson mongoose , the black and white colobus monkey and Sykes' monkey are plentiful, as are waterbuck , reedbuck , duikers , and bushbuck . The Aberdare Range
1032-575: The largest town in Kirinyaga County . Other home towns for the Ndia, where "purer" forms of the dialect are spoken, are located in the tea-growing areas of Kagumo , Baricho , Kagio , and the Kangaita hills. Lower down the slopes is Kutus , which is a bustling town with so many influences from the other dialects that it is difficult to distinguish between them. The dialect is also prevalent in
1075-537: The main centers of Naivasha and Gilgil . The lower slopes are farmed, higher areas are known for their wildlife . The Rhino Charge is an annual event run by conservationists in Kenya to pay for fencing of the Aberdare National Park as a means of protecting East Africa's largest indigenous forest from destruction. Aberdare Ranges Forest are the host for the Aberdare Forest Reserve, which along with
1118-448: The main vegetation in this region. Shrub communities consisting of Erica arborea and Hebenstretia angolensis are found between 3,000 and 3,300 metres (9,800 and 10,800 ft), while a belt of bamboo is common between 2,400 and 3,300 m (7,900 and 10,800 ft), and cover about 35,000 ha (135 square miles). This belt is mostly dominated by pioneer species Macaranga capensis and Neoboutonia macrocalyx and runs to
1161-765: The negotiations of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ending the Second Sudanese Civil War , commonly known as the "Naivasha Agreement". The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in the 1900s. The town has a total population of 198,444 (2019 census). Naivasha is located on the shore of Lake Naivasha along the Nairobi – Nakuru highway ( A104 road ) and
1204-468: The noun being counted, because 1 is singular, even if the overall number being formed is not. Verbs can be marked for focus , noun class agreement, negation , reflexivity, reciprocality, causativity, intensive meanings, reversive meanings, applicative ( valency increasing ) meanings, tense , and aspect . Tenses include past, present, or future; and remote, near, or current. Aspects include habitual/imperfective, completive, perfect, and progressive, which
1247-422: The noun via adjective class prefixes (usually identical to the noun class prefixes). Other modifiers do so via agreement class prefixes, which are often simply the vowel of the noun class prefix. Personal pronouns may take the place of a noun or a noun phrase. Since person and noun class are marked on verbs, they are usually only used emphatically or in response to questions. Except for those of classes 3 and 14,
1290-466: The pattern, and is singular. Class 6 (prefix ma-) comprises the same words, but is plural. Occasionally, class 6 nouns have the prefix marĩ-, perhaps because the class 5 form is reanalyzed as the stem. Nouns of classes 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15 can be pluralized with the class 6 form. Class 7 (prefix gĩ- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, kĩ- otherwise) is an augmentative class with some inherent, not especially augmented members. Class 8 (prefix ci- if stem
1333-755: The peak towards Nyahururu from the northern side, where incised river valleys and volcanic vents are evident. On the southern side, the range is steep southwards from IL Kinangop peak towards the northern part of Murang’a North District. The major rivers from the Aberdare Forest are the Athi and the Tana , which flow into the Indian Ocean , the Ewaso Nyiro that drains into the Lorian Swamp and
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1376-473: The population expanded by a factor of 17 times to over 198,000 at the 2019 census. It is situated on the shores of Lake Naivasha , from which it takes its name. The name Naivasha derives from the local Maasai word ɛnaɨpɔ́sha , meaning "that which heaves", a common Maasai word for bodies of water larger enough to have wave action when it is windy or stormy. Naivasha arose as the British attempted to pronounce
1419-591: The present day Sudan. Later in the 16th century, the Bantu people including various tribes started their migration into the basin from the Central African forests. The most populous tribe in Naivasha is the Kikuyu . European settlers are also major settlers in Naivasha. They arrived in the 19th century. The town is home to the Isahakia community, descendants of Isaaq soldiers and traders that settled in Kenya in
1462-409: The pronouns are formed by adding agreement class prefixes to the stem o. The dependent pronoun - 'and/with X' - is formed by adding comitative preposition to the relevant personal pronouns. The possessive pronoun is formed by adding the relevant possessive stem to the agreement class prefix of the possessed noun. Relative pronouns are formed by adding the relevant agreement class prefix to
1505-413: The proposed prefix is nasalization. This prefix cannot always be applied to loanwords. Class 11 (prefix rũ-) comprises long, thin, or string-like nouns, as well as others that don't fit the pattern. Its default plural is class 10, with occasional class 6 forms. It is hypothesized that if the prefix rũ- is added to a stem that already begins with rũ, the prefix is deleted. The class 6/11 plurals vary just as
1548-600: The range falls off steeply into the Kinangop Plateau and then into the Great Rift Valley. On the east, the range slopes more gently. Lake Naivasha and the distant Mau Escarpment can be seen from peaks in the range. The range has a maximum elevation of 3,999 metres (13,120 ft) above sea level and is heavily forested. The former name of the range survives in Mount Satima ("the mountain of
1591-399: The range include Alchemilla hagenia , Coelachne friesiorum , Dendrosenecio brassiciformis , Helichrysum gloria-dei , and Heracleum taylorii . Found at elevations above 3,300 metres (10,800 feet) is the moorlands. Alpine grass ( Deschampsia ), distinguished by giant groundsell ( Dendrosenecio johnstonii ), Lobelia deckenii , and heath ( Erica mannii ). Moorland communities are
1634-507: The relative stem. Demonstrative pronouns come in distal , proximal , and anaphoric forms. Relative pronouns are written identically to distal demonstratives, but are distinguished by vowel length - the first syllable of a relative pronoun is short, while the first syllable of a distal demonstrative is long. Adjectives are comparatively rare, and don't cover even every color. Qualities are usually expressed instead as associative constructions, which connect two nouns or noun phrases where
1677-645: The rice growing area of Mwea . The unmistakable tonal patterns of the Gichũgũ dialect (which sounds like Meru or Embu , sister languages to Kikuyu) can be heard in the coffee -growing areas of Kianyaga , Gĩthũre , Kathũngũri , Marigiti. The Gichugu switch easily to other Kikuyu dialects in conversation with the rest of the Kikuyu. Symbols shown in parentheses are those used in the orthography . The prenasalised consonants are often pronounced without prenasalisation, and thus /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮdʒ ᵑɡ/ are often realised as [b d dʒ ɡ] . Kikuyu has two level tones (high and low),
1720-556: The seasonal forest cover on the north-east slopes with predominantly Ekebergia capensis , Nuxia congesta , Cassipourea malosana , and Calodendrum capense (Cape chestnut) species. The Aberdare Range was named by Joseph Thomson in 1884 in honour of Lord Aberdare , who at the time was president of the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Historical Society . Aberdare was also
1763-659: The traditional boundaries of these dialects, which are Kĩrĩnyaga , Mũrang'a , Nyeri and Kiambu . The Kikuyu from Kĩrĩnyaga are composed of two main sub-dialects – the Ndia and Gichugu who speak the dialects Kĩndia and Gĩgĩcũgũ . The Gicugus and the Ndias do not have the "ch" or "sh" sound (same as in Mũrang'a ) and will use the "s" sound instead (Kikuyu has no letter S), hence the pronunciation of "Gĩcũgũ" as opposed to "Gĩchũgũ". To hear Ndia being spoken, one needs to be in Kerugoya ,
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1806-576: The water for Nairobi. The mountain forests are catchment areas for the Tana River , the largest river in Kenya, supplying water to the Seven Forks hydroelectric power complex which generates over 55 percent of Kenya's total electricity output. The main ecosystems within the mountain range are rainforests giving way to dense bamboo forests and then moorland . The steep western edges of the hillside are sparsely inhabited by wildlife compared to
1849-593: The young bull"), the highest peak in the Aberdare Range. The second-highest peak, at the southern end of the range, is Mount Kinangop at 3,906 metres (12,815 ft). Mount Kenya at 5,199 metres (17,057 ft) is the second highest mountain in Africa after Kilimanjaro and lies east of the Aberdare Range. The Aberdares are the water catchment area for the Sasumua dam and the Ndakaini dam , which provide most of
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