90-540: The University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland ( URNU East Scotland or URNUES ) ( RP : / ˈ ər . n uː ... / UHR -noo ... , SSE : / ˈ ɜːr . n uː ... / ERR -noo ... ) is one of 17 University Royal Naval Units and a Royal Navy training establishment based in Scotland , accepting roughly 65 Officer Cadets from universities in Edinburgh , Fife and
180-641: A postalveolar approximant , which would normally be expressed with the sign [ɹ] in the International Phonetic Alphabet , but the sign /r/ is nonetheless traditionally used for RP in most of the literature on the topic. Voiceless plosives ( /p/ , /t/ , /k/ , /tʃ/ ) are aspirated at the beginning of a syllable, unless a completely unstressed vowel follows. (For example, the /p/ is aspirated in "impasse", with primary stress on "-passe", but not "compass", where "-pass" has no stress.) Aspiration does not occur when /s/ precedes in
270-429: A syllabic nasal ( bitten [ˈbɪʔn̩] ). The glottal stop may be realised as creaky voice ; thus, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt [əˈtʰemʔt] could be [əˈtʰemm̰t] . As in other varieties of English, voiced plosives ( /b/ , /d/ , /ɡ/ , /dʒ/ ) are partly or even fully devoiced at utterance boundaries or adjacent to voiceless consonants . The voicing distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds
360-448: A basis for description in textbooks and classroom materials. RP has been the traditional choice for teachers and learners of British English . However, the choice of pronunciation model is difficult, and the adoption of RP is in many ways problematic. Nasals and liquids ( /m/ , /n/ , /ŋ/ , /r/ , /l/ ) may be syllabic in unstressed syllables . The consonant /r/ in RP is generally
450-557: A blog entry on 16 March 2012 that when growing up in the north of England he used /ɑː/ in "bath" and "glass", and considers this the only acceptable phoneme in RP. Others have argued that /æ/ is too categorical in the north of England to be excluded. Clive Upton believes that /æ/ in these words must be considered within RP and has called the opposing view "south-centric". Upton's Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English gives both variants for BATH words. A. F. Gupta's survey of mostly middle-class students found that /æ/
540-407: A full-time Chief Petty Officer acting as the unit Coxswain (Cox'n or Coxn), a Royal Naval Reserve Lieutenant as the unit's Senior Training Officer (STO) and a number of Training Officers (TOs), who vary between Royal Naval Reserve Acting Sub-Lieutenants , Sub-Lieutenants and Lieutenants. This format, with the exception of rank, roughly mirrors the training staff and format of BRNC. In addition,
630-674: A major port and huge swathe of coastline without a permanent naval presence". The unit remains to be headquartered in Edinburgh, however, has begun recruiting from the University of Aberdeen and Robert Gordon University as of September 2022. In November 2020, allegations emerged that the then Commanding Officer of HMS Archer , Lt. Rhys Christie, had raped a teenage Officer Cadet twice, after nights out in Eyemouth , Berwickshire and Ramsgate , Kent. Lt. Christie admitted to sleeping with
720-420: A monosyllabic triphthong. In more casual speech the middle vowel may be considerably reduced, by a process known as smoothing , and in an extreme form of this process the triphthong may even be reduced to a single long vowel. In such a case the difference between /aʊə/ , /aɪə/ , and /ɑː/ in tower , tire , and tar may be neutralised with all three units realised as [ɑː] or [äː] . This type of smoothing
810-417: A new system (which he calls Standard Southern British English, or SSB) as a replacement. Lindsey's system is as follows—differences between it and standard transcription are depicted with the usual transcription in brackets. Like all accents, RP has changed with time. For example, sound recordings and films from the first half of the 20th century demonstrate that it was usual for speakers of RP to pronounce
900-455: A p and m a rry , /ɒ/ in l o t and o range , /ə/ in a go and sof a . Examples of long vowels : /iː/ in fl ee ce , /uː/ in g oo se , /ɛː/ in b ear , /ɜː/ in n ur se and f ur ry , /ɔː/ in n or th , f or ce and th ou ght , /ɑː/ in f a ther and st ar t . The long mid front vowel /ɛː/ is elsewhere transcribed with the traditional symbols ⟨ ɛə, eə ⟩. The predominant realisation in contemporary RP
990-482: A prestige norm there and (to varying degrees) in other parts of the British Isles and beyond. Faced with the difficulty of defining a single standard of RP, some researchers have tried to distinguish between sub-varieties: Traditionally, Received Pronunciation has been associated with high social class. It was the "everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk [had] been educated at
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#17327976099301080-625: A satellite division based in Dundee known then as URNU Edinburgh, Tayside Division . In mid-2022, Rear Admiral Jude Terry , Director of People and Training, approved the change of the unit name from URNU Edinburgh to the University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland to better reflect the new, expanded footprint of the unit, after the then-recent inclusion of Officer Cadets from the Tayside region , beginning in
1170-512: A special class of dictionary giving a wide range of possible pronunciations: British pronunciation dictionaries are all based on RP, though not necessarily using that name. Daniel Jones transcribed RP pronunciations of words and names in the English Pronouncing Dictionary . Cambridge University Press continues to publish this title, as of 1997 edited by Peter Roach . Two other pronunciation dictionaries are in common use:
1260-525: A symbol of the southeast's political power in Britain. Based on a 1997 survey, Jane Stuart-Smith wrote, "RP has little status in Glasgow, and is regarded with hostility in some quarters". A 2007 survey found that residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland tend to dislike RP. It is shunned by some with left-wing political views, who may be proud of having accents more typical of the working classes. Since
1350-414: A weak dental plosive ; the sequence /nð/ is often realised as [n̪n̪] (a long dental nasal ). /l/ has velarised allophone ( [ɫ] ) in the syllable rhyme . /h/ becomes voiced ( [ɦ] ) between voiced sounds. Examples of short vowels : /ɪ/ in k i t , m i rror and rabb i t , /ʊ/ in f oo t and c oo k , /e/ in dr e ss and m e rry , /ʌ/ in str u t and c u rry , /æ/ in tr
1440-530: A weekend, or the longer deployments that take place during the university Easter and summer holidays, which can be 1–3 weeks long. The wooden name boards of both former training ships, HMS Thornham and HMS Chaser , currently reside in the primary gunroom of the unit in Hepburn House . HMS Thornham , built in 1958, was one of 93 ships of the Ham-class of inshore minesweepers and was named after
1530-662: Is monophthongal . Many conventional descriptions of the RP vowel system group the non-diphthongal vowels into the categories "long" and "short". This should not be taken to mean that RP has minimal pairs in which the only difference is vowel length. "Long" and "short" are convenient cover terms for a number of phonetic features. The long-short pairings shown above include also differences in vowel quality. The vowels called "long" high vowels in RP /iː/ and /uː/ are slightly diphthongized , and are often narrowly transcribed in phonetic literature as diphthongs [ɪi] and [ʊu] . Vowels may be phonologically long or short (i.e. belong to
1620-588: Is a retired senior Royal Navy officer who served as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff from May 2019 to August 2022. Fraser was educated at Lord Williams's School , a comprehensive school in Thame , Oxfordshire. Fraser joined the Royal Navy in 1982 and was commissioned a sub-lieutenant on 1 January 1984. He captained the patrol craft HMS Archer from 1989 to 1991, and served as captain of
1710-545: Is a variable quantity differing from individual to individual, although all its varieties are 'received', understood and mainly unnoticed". Although a form of Standard English had been established in the City of London by the end of the 15th century, it did not begin to resemble RP until the late 19th century. RP has most in common with the dialects of what has been termed the South East Midlands, in particular
1800-403: Is adopted in the latest revision of Gimson's Pronunciation of English . Beverley Collins and Inger Mees use the term "Non-Regional Pronunciation" for what is often otherwise called RP, and reserve the term "Received Pronunciation" for the "upper-class speech of the twentieth century". Received Pronunciation has sometimes been called "Oxford English", as it used to be the accent of most members of
1890-408: Is also affiliated with a number of other naval and military units, who lend either their buildings, training staff, or expertise, to help train officer cadets. In addition, the unit collaborates with a number of other University Service Units (USUs) in military training, adventurous training and social events. The unit is also overseen by a number of Military Education Committees (MECs) , who uphold
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#17327976099301980-457: Is common throughout many English dialects, though the phonetic realisation of e.g. [i] rather than [ɪ] (a phenomenon called happy -tensing ) is not as universal. According to Jane Setter , the typical pronunciation of the short [u] is a weakly rounded near-close near-back rounded vowel [ ʊ̜ ] . The centring diphthongs are gradually being eliminated in RP. The vowel /ɔə/ (as in door , boar ) had largely merged with /ɔː/ by
2070-574: Is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the South of England", and alternative names such as "Standard Southern British" have been used. Despite RP's historic high social prestige in Britain, being seen as the accent of those with power, money, and influence, it may be perceived negatively by some as being associated with undeserved, or accidental, privilege and as
2160-560: Is known as the tower – tire , tower – tar and tire – tar mergers . There are differing opinions as to whether /æ/ in the BATH lexical set can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted as RP. The English Pronouncing Dictionary does not admit /æ/ in BATH words and the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary lists them with a § marker of non-RP status. John Wells wrote in
2250-404: Is pronounced by some RP speakers in a noticeably different way when it occurs before /l/ , if that consonant is syllable-final and not followed by a vowel (the context in which /l/ is pronounced as a "dark l"). The realization of /əʊ/ in this case begins with a more back, rounded and sometimes more open vowel quality; it may be transcribed as [ɔʊ] or [ɒʊ] . It is likely that the backness of
2340-401: Is reinforced by a number of other differences, with the result that the two of consonants can clearly be distinguished even in the presence of devoicing of voiced sounds: As a result, some authors prefer to use the terms fortis and lenis in place of voiceless and voiced . However, the latter are traditional and in more frequent usage. The voiced dental fricative ( /ð/ ) is more often
2430-765: Is still to train the Officer Cadets of URNUES, she now performs more tasks with the Coastal Forces Squadron , of which she is now a member. Officer Cadets from the unit are often taken on board during these deployments to undergo operational training. She was originally berthed at Aberdeen Harbour, similar to her two predecessors, until 2012 when the unit was moved to Edinburgh. She was then temporarily based out of Rosyth Naval Dockyard until final arrangements were made to have her be berthed at Leith , where she remains today. In January 2021, after striking an agreement with HMS Scotia , Tay Division ,
2520-467: Is the British English accent regarded as the standard one, carrying the highest social prestige , since as late as the very early 20th century. Language scholars have long disagreed on topics such as: the exact definition of RP, how geographically neutral it is, how many speakers there are, the nature and classification of its sub-varieties, how appropriate a choice it is as a standard, how
2610-692: Is the oldest of all the URNUs and was originally formed in 1967 as the Aberdeen Universities' Royal Naval Unit (AURNU) in Aberdeen , Scotland to encourage STEM undergraduates to join the RN from the University of Aberdeen and Robert Gordon University . The unit was based at Gordon Barracks in Bridge of Don , in the north of the city. Aberdeen URNU's first training ship was HMS Thornham , which
2700-646: Is too low to correlate meaningfully with the usual factors", having found only two speakers (both having attended boarding schools in the south) who consistently used /ɑː/ . Jack Windsor Lewis has noted that the Oxford Dictionary's position has changed several times on whether to include short /æ/ within its prescribed pronunciation. The BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names uses only /ɑː/ , but its author, Graham Pointon, has stated on his blog that he finds both variants to be acceptable in place names. Some research has concluded that many people in
2790-1170: Is usual to base the description on a recording of the traditional story of the North Wind and the Sun . There is an IPA illustration of British English (Received Pronunciation). The female speaker is described as having been born in 1953 and educated at Oxford University . To accompany the recording there are three transcriptions: orthographic, phonemic and allophonic. Phonemic ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈwɪnd ən ðə ˈsʌn wə dɪˈspjuːtɪŋ ˈwɪtʃ wəz ðə ˈstrɒŋɡə, wen ə ˈtrævl̩ə ˌkeɪm əˌlɒŋ ˈræpt ɪn ə ˈwɔːm ˈkləʊk. ðeɪ əˈɡriːd ðət ðə ˈwʌn hu ˈfɜːst səkˈsiːdɪd ɪn ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðə ˈtrævlə ˌteɪk hɪz ˈkləʊk ɒf ʃʊd bi kənˌsɪdəd ˈstrɒŋɡə ðən ði ˈʌðə. ˈðen ðə ˌnɔːθ wɪnd ˈbluː əz ˈhɑːd əz i ˈkʊd, bət ðə ˈmɔː hi ˈbluː ðə ˌmɔː ˈkləʊsli dɪd ðə ˈtrævlə ˈfəʊld hɪz ˌkləʊk əˈraʊnd hɪm, ænd ət ˈlɑːst ðə ˈnɔːθ wɪnd ˌɡeɪv ˈʌp ði əˈtempt. ˈðen ðə ˈsʌn ˌʃɒn aʊt ˈwɔːmli, ænd əˈmiːdiətli ðə ˈtrævlə ˈtʊk ɒf ɪz ˈkləʊk. n̩ ˌsəʊ ðə ˈnɔːθ ˈwɪn wəz əˈblaɪdʒd tʊ kənˈfes ðət ðə ˈsʌn wəz ðə ˈstrɒŋɡr̩ əv ðə ˈtuː. Tim Fraser Admiral Sir Timothy Peter Fraser , KCB , ADC
University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland - Misplaced Pages Continue
2880-484: The /æ/ sound, as in land , with a vowel close to [ɛ] , so that land would sound similar to a present-day pronunciation of lend . RP is sometimes known as the Queen's English , but recordings show that even Queen Elizabeth II shifted her pronunciation over the course of her reign, ceasing to use an [ɛ] -like vowel in words like land . The change in RP may be observed in the home of " BBC English ". The BBC accent of
2970-700: The Golden Triangle of universities, namely London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the public schools that fed them, such as Eton , Harrow and Rugby . In 1922, the BBC selected RP as its broadcasting standard, citing its being widely understood globally as a reason. According to Fowler's Modern English Usage (1965), "the correct term is 'the Received Pronunciation'. The word 'received' conveys its original meaning of 'accepted' or 'approved', as in ' received wisdom'." Some linguists have used
3060-512: The Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , compiled by John C. Wells (using the name "Received Pronunciation"), and Clive Upton 's Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English , (now republished as The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English ). Pronunciation forms an essential component of language learning and teaching; a model accent is necessary for learners to aim at, and to act as
3150-452: The North of England have a dislike of the /ɑː/ vowel in BATH words. A. F. Gupta wrote, "Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to /ɡrɑːs/ , describing it as 'comical', 'snobbish', 'pompous' or even 'for morons'." On the subject, K. M. Petyt wrote that several respondents "positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it
3240-455: The Scottish independence referendum , which was announced earlier that year, however, a Royal Navy spokesperson, when asked in 2012, claimed that the reason for the move was because "Edinburgh offers more sheltered waters in which to conduct sea training weekends, and allows easy access to a wider variety of destinations during those weekends. Bowie, however, rebuts that the "end of [AURNU] left
3330-519: The Tayside region . It is one of the University Service Units and is under the command of Britannia Royal Naval College , Dartmouth. The unit's affiliated P2000 ship is HMS Archer , which is predominantly used for training Officer Cadets. The unit is commanded by its commanding officer (CO), usually a full-time Royal Navy Lieutenant , Lieutenant Commander or Royal Marines Captain . The remainder of its staff consists of
3420-404: The University of Dundee , Abertay University , the University of St Andrews , the University of Stirling , Perth College and, in a return to the unit's history, Robert Gordon University and the University of Aberdeen . In July 2012, the unit and HMS Archer were moved from their old home of Aberdeen to the capital of Edinburgh . Once moving to Edinburgh, the unit gave its commitment to
3510-491: The University of Oxford . The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association uses the name "Standard Southern British". Page 4 reads: Standard Southern British (where 'Standard' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of 'correctness') is the modern equivalent of what has been called 'Received Pronunciation' ('RP'). It is an accent of the south east of England which operates as
3600-682: The Women's Royal Naval Service , before its full integration into the Royal Navy in 1993. For a period between 1989 and 1991, while HMS Archer was being handed off to the Aberdeen URNU, the unit was commanded by (then) Lieutenant Tim Fraser , who is the former Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff , holding the rank of Admiral . Immediately following Lt Fraser's command of the unit, between 1991 and 1993 AURNU and HMS Archer were commanded by (then) Lieutenant John Clink , who subsequently achieved
3690-608: The civil parish of Thornham in Norfolk . She was the Aberdeen URNU 's first tender, and was based at Aberdeen Harbour throughout her service with the unit. She was converted to a training ship at the Royal Naval Dockyard Rosyth in 1967 (just prior to the foundation of AURNU) for the sole use of the unit. The ship was broken up in 1985, and the unit's training duties were handed off to HMS Chaser
University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland - Misplaced Pages Continue
3780-690: The destroyer HMS Gloucester from 1997 to 1998 and of the destroyer HMS Cardiff from 2001 to 2003. In the latter he was also commander of the 5th Destroyer Squadron . Fraser was appointed captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious in 2006, and Director of Naval Plans and resources at the Ministry of Defence in 2007. He went on to be Commander, UK Maritime Component, Bahrain in 2010. Promoted to rear admiral on 16 January 2012, Fraser became Senior British Advisor, United States Central Command in 2012, and Assistant Chief of Defence Staff (Capability & Force Design) at
3870-472: The 10 remaining Aberdeen students to see through their training to the end. One of these students was (then) A/Mid Andrew Bowie , former Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party , who, since becoming a Member of Parliament in 2017, has been petitioning the government for the unit and Archer ' s relocation back to Aberdeen. The unit was allegedly moved due to political pressures relating to
3960-503: The 15 remaining Aberdeen students to see through their training to the end. They would travel down to Edinburgh or Rosyth periodically for their training. One of these students was (then) Hon Mid Andrew Bowie , who, since becoming a Member of Parliament in 2017, has been petitioning the government for the unit and Archer ' s relocation back to Aberdeen, to no avail. In June 2017, EURNU OCs onboard HMS Archer , in company with HM Ships Smiter , Ranger and Exploit , deployed to
4050-492: The 1950s is distinctly different from today's: a news report from the 1950s is recognisable as such, and a mock-1950s BBC voice is used for comic effect in programmes wishing to satirise 1950s social attitudes such as the Harry Enfield Show and its "Mr. Cholmondley-Warner" sketches. A few illustrative examples of changes in RP during the 20th century and early 21st are given below. A more comprehensive list (using
4140-662: The Baltic to take part in NATO 's BALTOPS exercise, the first time that Royal Navy P2000s have been involved in such an exercise. Archer , and OCs from the unit, have been attending the exercise every year since, with the exception of 2022, due to increased tensions in the region following the re-escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War . In 2021, in an URNU-wide naming change, the unit was renamed University Royal Naval Unit Edinburgh (URNUE). In 2022, URNU Edinburgh opened
4230-641: The Buffers' Shack) and a drill hall , which is shared with A company, 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland . In addition, the unit has use of the Sergeants' mess on the first floor of the building, dubbing it, in naval fashion, the Gunroom . After seeing a slight dip in numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic, the unit has recently expanded to encompass the majority of universities over
4320-611: The Ministry of Defence in 2014. He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2015 Birthday Honours . Promoted to vice admiral on 26 June 2017, Fraser was appointed Chief of Joint Operations that month. He was promoted to admiral and succeeded General Sir Gordon Messenger as Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff in May 2019. Fraser was appointed Knight Commander of
4410-630: The Officer Cadet had felt "embarrassed" when people later found out about their relationship. Christie was told that he had “fundamentally failed” in his duty of care, and may not be fit to continue with his career in the Royal Navy. Christie remained in the Royal Navy for another year, leaving in January 2022. It is for this reason that Training Officers and Staff of the unit are not allowed to drink excessively with Officer Cadets, and must remain below 0.08% BAC (English legal driving limit) when in
4500-538: The RP vowel system. He also argues against including other French vowels on the grounds that not many British speakers succeed in distinguishing the vowels in bon and banc , or in rue and roue . However, the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary draws a distinction between /ɒ̃/ (there rendered as /ɔ̃ː/ ) and the unrounded /ɑ̃ː/ of banc for a total of four nasal vowels. Not all reference sources use
4590-610: The Second World War RP has played a much smaller role in broadcast speech. RP remains the accent most often heard in the speech of announcers and newsreaders on BBC Radio 3 and Radio 4, and in some TV channels, but non-RP accents are now more widely encountered. Most English dictionaries published in Britain (including the Oxford English Dictionary ) now give phonetically transcribed RP pronunciations for all words. Pronunciation dictionaries represent
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#17327976099304680-549: The Second World War, and increasingly since the 1960s, a wider acceptance of regional English varieties has taken hold in education and public life. Nonetheless, surveys from 1969 to 2022 consistently show that RP is perceived as the most prestigious accent of English in the United Kingdom. In 2022, 25% of British adults reported being mocked for their regional accent at work, and 46% in social situations. In
4770-483: The Second World War, and the vowel /ʊə/ (as in poor , tour ) has more recently merged with /ɔː/ as well among most speakers, although the sound /ʊə/ is still found in conservative speakers, and in less common words such as boor . See CURE – FORCE merger . More recently /ɛə/ has become a pure long vowel /ɛː/ , as explained above. /ɪə/ is increasingly pronounced as a monophthong [ɪː] , although without merging with any existing vowels. The diphthong /əʊ/
4860-517: The Tayside division, being based in Dundee. Each of these divisions has a divisional officer , in charge of the wellbeing of the division, with the divisional officer for the Tayside division being known as the 'Tayside representative'. In Edinburgh, the unit uses the basement of Hepburn House as its main training area, consisting of two classrooms, an office, a galley , a casual lounge area (known as
4950-619: The accent has changed over time, and even its name. The study of RP is concerned only with matters of pronunciation, while other features of Standard British English , such as vocabulary , grammar , and style , are not considered. The accent has changed, or its traditional users have changed their accents, to such a degree over the last century that many of its early 20th-century traditions of transcription and analysis have become outdated or are no longer considered evidence-based by linguists . Still, these traditions continue to be commonly taught and used, for instance in language education , and
5040-553: The autumn of 2021, and starting training in early 2022. The division, while under the jurisdiction of URNU East Scotland and its CO, has its own Officer in Charge (OiC) of the division, currently a part-time Lieutenant RNR. The administration and resources however, are still headquartered in Edinburgh, with the Tayside Division having no dedicated full-time staff. The new division was created to recruit Officer Cadets from
5130-615: The autumn of 2021. The unit is currently split into three divisions, where two of the divisions, the Cunningham and Cochrane divisions, named after two of the Royal Navy's most eminent Scottish Admirals, Adm. of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope and Adm. of the Red Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald respectively, are based in Edinburgh, with the last division,
5220-470: The cadet, however denied that he had raped her, maintaining that she was sober enough to consent on both occasions. He was accused of 5 counts of rape. It was claimed that the unnamed Officer Cadet was so drunk that she threw up at the pub, before being taken back to Lt. Christie's hotel room where he slept with her, despite Christie's colleagues' wishes for her to return to the ship "for her own safety". Christie claimed that she "gave [him] no indication [that]
5310-460: The company of Officer Cadets. Exceptions are only made for special events such as Trafalgar Night . HMS Thornham command shared with Aberdeen URNU HMS Chaser replaces HMS Thornham as AURNU's affiliated ship HMS Archer replaces HMS Chaser as AURNU's affiliated ship HMS Archer and Edinburgh URNU command separated [REDACTED] Royal Navy ( 1SL & CNS ) Received Pronunciation Received Pronunciation ( RP )
5400-742: The correct pronunciation and other aspects of broadcast language. The Committee proved unsuccessful and was dissolved after the Second World War . While the BBC did advise its speakers on pronunciation, there was never a formalised official BBC pronunciation standard. A notable departure from the use of RP came with the Yorkshire-born newsreader Wilfred Pickles during the Second World War; his accent allowing listeners to more clearly distinguish BBC broadcasts from German propaganda, though Pickles had modified his accent to be closer to RP. Since
5490-424: The diphthong onset is the result of allophonic variation caused by the raising of the back of the tongue for the /l/ . If the speaker has "l-vocalization" the /l/ is realized as a back rounded vowel, which again is likely to cause backing and rounding in a preceding vowel as coarticulation effects. This phenomenon has been discussed in several blogs by John C. Wells . In the recording included in this article
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#17327976099305580-522: The early days of British broadcasting speakers of English origin almost universally used RP. The first director-general of the BBC , Lord Reith , encouraged the use of a 'BBC accent' because it was a "style or quality of English which would not be laughed at in any part of the country". He distinguished the BBC accent from the 'Oxford accent', to which he was "vehemently opposed". In 1926 the BBC established an Advisory Committee on Spoken English with distinguished experts, including Daniel Jones , to advise on
5670-612: The east coast of Scotland, and is looking to recruit more Officer Cadets and Training Officers. The unit is also expanding its outreach and regularly undertakes exercises and adventurous training with its counterparts in the Scotland and Northern Ireland region , URNU Glasgow and URNU Belfast . URNU East Scotland is affiliated with a number of ships, which often lend a few spaces on board for Officer Cadets to undergo training. These are never in combat zones , as URNU OCs are non-combatants , however may be in faux-battle scenarios or training exercises, such as BALTOPS . URNU East Scotland
5760-530: The first foreign warship to visit the Danish city of Roskilde since the Viking times, when the five Skuldelev ships were sunk in the waterway of Peberrenden, c. 20km north of the city. After being a male-only unit for its first 20 years, Aberdeen URNU finally allowed women to join its ranks in 1987, being the first URNU nation-wide to do so. Women initially joined wearing the cap badge and uniform of
5850-560: The following year. In 2012, the unit and HMS Archer were moved to the capital, Edinburgh, due to political pressures, allegedly relating to the Scottish independence referendum , which was announced earlier that year. The former Aberdeen URNU was provisionally named the East of Scotland Universities' Royal Naval Unit ( ESURNU ), before soon changing its name to the Edinburgh Universities' Royal Naval Unit (EURNU). The unit
5940-463: The great public boarding-schools" and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin before attending the school. An 1891 teacher's handbook stated, "It is the business of educated people to speak so that no-one may be able to tell in what county their childhood was passed". Nevertheless, in the 19th century some British prime ministers, such as William Ewart Gladstone , still spoke with some regional features. Opinions differ over
6030-476: The long or the short group of vowel phonemes) but their length is influenced by their context: in particular, they are shortened if a voiceless ( fortis ) consonant follows in the syllable, so that, for example, the vowel in 'bat' [bæʔt] is shorter than the vowel in 'bad' [bæd] . The process is known as pre-fortis clipping . Thus phonologically short vowels in one context can be phonetically longer than phonologically long vowels in another context. For example,
6120-592: The name "BBC Pronunciation". The term 'The Queen's English' has also been used by some writers. The phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis frequently criticised the name "Received Pronunciation" in his blog: he has called it "invidious", a "ridiculously archaic, parochial and question-begging term" and noted that American scholars find the term "quite curious". He used the term "General British" (to parallel " General American ") in his 1970s publication of A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of American and British English and in subsequent publications. The name "General British"
6210-531: The name "General British" in place of "RP") is given in Gimson's Pronunciation of English . RP RP A number of cases can be identified where changes in the pronunciation of individual words, or small groups of words, have taken place. The Journal of the International Phonetic Association regularly publishes "Illustrations of the IPA" which present an outline of the phonetics of a particular language or accent. It
6300-537: The phrase "fold his cloak" contains examples of the /əʊ/ diphthong in the two different contexts. The onset of the pre- /l/ diphthong in "fold" is slightly more back and rounded than that in "cloak". RP also possesses the triphthongs /aɪə/ as in tire , /aʊə/ as in tower , /əʊə/ as in lower , /eɪə/ as in layer and /ɔɪə/ as in loyal . There are different possible realisations of these items: in slow, careful speech they may be pronounced as two syllables with three distinct vowel qualities in succession, or as
6390-684: The plosives /t/ and /d/ often have no audible release utterance-finally, and voiced consonants are partly or completely devoiced (as in [b̥æd̥] ); thus the perceptual distinction between pairs of words such as 'bad' and 'bat', or 'seed' and 'seat' rests mostly on vowel length (though the presence or absence of glottal reinforcement provides an additional cue). Unstressed vowels are both shorter and more centralised than stressed ones. In unstressed syllables occurring before vowels and in final position, contrasts between long and short high vowels are neutralised and short [i] and [u] occur (e.g. happy [ˈhæpi] , throughout [θɹuˈaʊʔt] ). The neutralisation
6480-460: The proportion of Britons who speak RP. Trudgill estimated 3% in 1974, but that rough estimate has been questioned by J. Windsor Lewis . Upton notes higher estimates of 5% (Romaine, 2000) and 10% (Wells, 1982) but refers to these as "guesstimates" not based on robust research. The claim that RP is non-regional is disputed, since it is most commonly found in London and the southeast of England. It
6570-428: The rank of Rear Admiral . In 2005, Aberdeen URNU and HMS Archer had their first female Commanding Officer, (then) Lt Samantha Coulton, less than 5 years after the first female CO of a warship, (then) Lt Mel Robinson took command of Cardiff URNU (now URNU Wales) and its tender, HMS Express . From the 2012 academic year, Aberdeen URNU paused its recruitment in anticipation of a move to Edinburgh, which occurred
6660-450: The relationship of the USUs with their affiliated universities. A list of these ships, units and committees is as follows: The role of a training ship in the unit, sometimes known as the unit's tender , is to provide opportunities for Officer Cadets to receive practical training and gain experience afloat. The training ships' programmes are generally divided into two durations of training –
6750-406: The same syllable, as in "spot" or "stop". When a sonorant /l/ , /r/ , /w/ , or /j/ follows, this aspiration is indicated by partial devoicing of the sonorant . /r/ is a fricative when devoiced. Syllable final /p/ , /t/ , /tʃ/ , and /k/ may be either preceded by a glottal stop ( glottal reinforcement ) or, in the case of /t/ , fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before
6840-508: The same system of transcription. Clive Upton devised a modified system for the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993), changing five symbols from the traditional Gimson system, and this is now used in many other Oxford University Press dictionaries; the differences are shown in the table below. Linguist Geoff Lindsey has argued that the system of transcription for RP has become outdated and has proposed
6930-488: The same year. She gives her name to the 'Thornham Prize', which is given at the annual prize-giving ceremony to the Officer Cadet who shows the most proficiency with working on ship at sea. HMS Chaser was built in Southampton , originally used for RNR training, before being transferred to the Aberdeen URNU in 1985. Like Thornham , she was also permanently based at Aberdeen Harbour for the duration of her service with
7020-552: The sex was not welcome" and that "she was smiling [and] there was positive body language". He admits that he abused his power, due to the disparity in rank and age and that "[he] knew that it was the wrong thing to do". After a three-day trial in February 2021, held in Bulford Military Court, Christie was cleared of all charges of rape, with it later being revealed that the accusation of rape had been made because
7110-417: The term "RP" while expressing reservations about its suitability. The Cambridge-published English Pronouncing Dictionary (aimed at those learning English as a foreign language) uses the phrase " BBC Pronunciation", on the basis that the name "Received Pronunciation" is "archaic" and that BBC News presenters no longer suggest high social class and privilege to their listeners. Other writers have also used
7200-512: The term had been used much earlier by P. S. Du Ponceau in 1818 and the Oxford English Dictionary cites quotations back to about 1710. A similar term, received standard, was coined by Henry C. K. Wyld in 1927. The early phonetician Alexander John Ellis used both terms interchangeably, but with a much broader definition than Jones's, saying, "There is no such thing as a uniform educated pron. of English, and rp. and rs.
7290-488: The unit has a Unit Administration Officer (UAO), who is a civilian and does not wear uniform. URNU East Scotland primarily operates out of two locations, and is split into three divisions. Two of its divisions are based in Hepburn House , in Edinburgh, with its third division being based at RMR Strathmore Avenue, in Dundee . These two locations, while geographically separated, operate as one unit, and Officer Cadets train interchangeably at both locations. URNU East Scotland
7380-482: The unit opened a satellite division known now as URNU East Scotland, Tayside Division (often abbreviated to Tay Div ), named for the Firth of Tay which runs just south of Dundee , the city in which the division is based. It is based out of a Royal Marines Reserve base in the north of the city, RMR Strathmore Avenue (more fully called 'Royal Marines Reserve and Cadet Force Centre, Strathmore Avenue'). Its foundation
7470-590: The unit. She served in her role for six years, until 1991, after which she was decommissioned and sold to the Lebanese Navy a year later. She is currently in use as the Lebanese patrol boat Jbeil . HMS Archer has been the unit's training ship since 1991, and until March 2017, was commanded by the Commanding Officer of the unit. Since then, she has had her own CO, and although her primary role
7560-559: The use of RP as a convenient umbrella term remains popular. The tradition of Received Pronunciation is usually credited to the British phonetician Daniel Jones . In the first edition of the English Pronouncing Dictionary (1917), he named the accent " Public School Pronunciation"; for the second edition in 1926 he wrote: "In what follows I call it Received Pronunciation, for want of a better term." However,
7650-457: The vowel called "long" /iː/ in 'reach' /riːtʃ/ (which ends with a voiceless consonant) may be shorter than the vowel called "short" /ɪ/ in the word 'ridge' /rɪdʒ/ (which ends with a voiced consonant). Wiik, cited in ( Cruttenden 2014 ), published durations of English vowels with a mean value of 172 ms for short vowels before voiced consonants but a mean value of 165 ms for long vowels preceding voiceless consonants. In natural speech ,
7740-501: Was an important 'first' for the Royal Navy in regards to the URNU programme. Although the then URNU Edinburgh was a large and thriving unit, it was recognised that its distance from other cities and universities in the region was inhibiting recruitment at a time when the Royal Navy was actively expanding the URNU initiative. Tay Division has become the testbed for a potential scheme to extend the URNU footprint, with it starting recruitment in
7830-495: Was converted to a training ship at the Royal Naval Dockyard Rosyth in 1967 for the use of the unit. After the ship was broken up in 1985, the units training duties were moved to HMS Chaser , being replaced by HMS Archer in 1991. During the entire time the three ships were based there, they were the northernmost commissioned warships in the Royal Naval Fleet. In 1978, HMS Thornham, with AURNU OCs on board, became
7920-514: Was incorrect". Mark Newbrook has assigned this phenomenon the name "conscious rejection", and has cited the BATH vowel as "the main instance of conscious rejection of RP" in his research in West Wirral . John Wells has argued that, as educated British speakers often attempt to pronounce French names in a French way, there is a case for including /ɒ̃/ (as in bon ), and /æ̃/ and /ɜ̃ː/ (as in vingt-et-un ), as marginal members of
8010-532: Was moved to Hepburn House in Bonnington , northeast of the city centre, while HMS Archer was moved to be berthed first at Rosyth , then to its current location in Leith . As part of this shift, the unit began exclusively recruiting from the University of Edinburgh , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh Napier University and Queen Margaret University . URNUES, once moving to Edinburgh, gave its commitment to
8100-490: Was used by almost everyone who was from clearly north of the isogloss for BATH words. She wrote, "There is no justification for the claims by Wells and Mugglestone that this is a sociolinguistic variable in the north, though it is a sociolinguistic variable on the areas on the border [the isogloss between north and south]". In a study of speech in West Yorkshire, K. M. Petyt wrote that "the amount of /ɑː/ usage
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