Misplaced Pages

#617382

64-428: The most frequent type of acclamation is a voice vote , in which the voting group is asked who favors and who opposes the proposed candidate. In the event of a lack of opposition, the candidate is considered elected. In parliamentary procedure , acclamation is a form of unanimous consent . This form of election is most commonly associated with papal elections (see Acclamation in papal elections ), though this method

128-436: A recorded vote on any question, after the chair announces the result of a voice vote. It is estimated that more than 95 percent of the resolutions passed by state legislatures are passed by a unanimous voice vote, many without discussion; this is because resolutions are often on routine, noncontroversial matters, such as commemorating important events or recognizing groups. Decibel The decibel (symbol: dB )

192-516: A roll call vote . Voice votes are usually not recorded , but sometimes are. Voice votes are also used in non-governmental settings, such as battles of the bands and spectator sports where a most valuable player , Man of the Match or Best in Show award is chosen by the audience. Methods of voice voting were employed in ancient Greece as early as seventh century BC. The election of the members of

256-446: A 3.5 dB/km fiber yields a loss of 0.35 dB = 3.5 dB/km × 0.1 km. The human perception of the intensity of sound and light more nearly approximates the logarithm of intensity rather than a linear relationship (see Weber–Fechner law ), making the dB scale a useful measure. The decibel is commonly used in acoustics as a unit of sound power level or sound pressure level . The reference pressure for sound in air

320-407: A bel would normally be written 0.05 dB, and not 5 mB. The method of expressing a ratio as a level in decibels depends on whether the measured property is a power quantity or a root-power quantity ; see Power, root-power, and field quantities for details. When referring to measurements of power quantities, a ratio can be expressed as a level in decibels by evaluating ten times

384-422: A change in power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10 dB change in level. When expressing root-power quantities, a change in amplitude by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 20 dB change in level. The decibel scales differ by a factor of two, so that the related power and root-power levels change by the same value in linear systems, where power is proportional to the square of amplitude. The definition of

448-502: A decibel is one-tenth of a bel). P and P 0 must measure the same type of quantity, and have the same units before calculating the ratio. If P = P 0 in the above equation, then L P = 0. If P is greater than P 0 then L P is positive; if P is less than P 0 then L P is negative. Rearranging the above equation gives the following formula for P in terms of P 0 and L P  : When referring to measurements of root-power quantities, it

512-698: A favorable response to a new unit definition among members of the International Advisory Committee on Long Distance Telephony in Europe and replaced the MSC with the Transmission Unit (TU). 1 TU was defined such that the number of TUs was ten times the base-10 logarithm of the ratio of measured power to a reference power. The definition was conveniently chosen such that 1 TU approximated 1 MSC; specifically, 1 MSC

576-437: A frequency of 5000   radians per second (795.8 Hz), and matched closely the smallest attenuation detectable to a listener. A standard telephone cable was "a cable having uniformly distributed resistance of 88 ohms per loop-mile and uniformly distributed shunt capacitance of 0.054  microfarads per mile" (approximately corresponding to 19  gauge wire). In 1924, Bell Telephone Laboratories received

640-453: A linear scale, adding there, and then taking logarithms to return. For example, where operations on decibels are logarithmic addition/subtraction and logarithmic multiplication/division, while operations on the linear scale are the usual operations: The logarithmic mean is obtained from the logarithmic sum by subtracting 10 log 10 ⁡ 2 {\displaystyle 10\log _{10}2} , since logarithmic division

704-428: A manner similar to scientific notation . This allows one to clearly visualize huge changes of some quantity. See Bode plot and Semi-log plot . For example, 120 dB SPL may be clearer than "a trillion times more intense than the threshold of hearing". Level values in decibels can be added instead of multiplying the underlying power values, which means that the overall gain of a multi-component system, such as

SECTION 10

#1732801937618

768-434: A power ratio of 10 , or 1.9953 , about 0.24% different from exactly 2, and a voltage ratio of 1.4125 , 0.12% different from exactly √ 2 . Similarly, an increase of 6.000 dB corresponds to the power ratio is 10 ≈ 3.9811 , about 0.5% different from 4. The decibel is useful for representing large ratios and for simplifying representation of multiplicative effects, such as attenuation from multiple sources along

832-459: A ratio between two root-power quantities of √ 10 :1. Two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 10 , which is approximately 1.258 93 , and an amplitude (root-power quantity) ratio of 10 ( 1.122 02 ). The bel is rarely used either without a prefix or with SI unit prefixes other than deci ; it is customary, for example, to use hundredths of a decibel rather than millibels . Thus, five one-thousandths of

896-605: A second time". The Lord Speaker then does similarly to the Commons Speaker, by saying, "As many as are of that opinion say 'Content' [supporters say 'Content'] and of the contrary 'Not Content' [opponents say 'Not Content]." The Lord Speaker then decides. In the result of a division, the Lord Speaker will say "Division. Clear the Bar". Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th edition) provides that: A vote by voice

960-418: A series of amplifier stages, can be calculated by summing the gains in decibels of the individual components, rather than multiply the amplification factors; that is, log( A × B × C ) = log( A ) + log( B ) + log( C ). Practically, this means that, armed only with the knowledge that 1 dB is a power gain of approximately 26%, 3 dB is approximately 2× power gain, and 10 dB is 10× power gain, it

1024-406: A signal chain. Its application in systems with additive effects is less intuitive, such as in the combined sound pressure level of two machines operating together. Care is also necessary with decibels directly in fractions and with the units of multiplicative operations. The logarithmic scale nature of the decibel means that a very large range of ratios can be represented by a convenient number, in

1088-421: A subtraction ( C / N 0 ) dB = C dB − N 0 dB . However, the linear-scale units still simplify in the implied fraction, so that the results would be expressed in dB-Hz. According to Mitschke, "The advantage of using a logarithmic measure is that in a transmission chain, there are many elements concatenated, and each has its own gain or attenuation. To obtain the total, addition of decibel values

1152-400: A unit of logarithmic power ratio, while the neper is used for logarithmic root-power (amplitude) ratio. The unit dBW is often used to denote a ratio for which the reference is 1 W, and similarly dBm for a 1 mW reference point. (31.62 V / 1 V) ≈ 1 kW / 1 W , illustrating the consequence from the definitions above that L G has the same value, 30 dB, regardless of whether it

1216-406: Is a voting method in deliberative assemblies (such as legislatures ) in which a group vote is taken on a topic or motion by responding vocally. Despite not being the same thing, voice votes and votes by viva voce are often confused because they have the same Latin roots. Voice votes gather the vocal response of the full assembly at once whereas viva voce are often done by roll call and record

1280-428: Is a relative unit of measurement equal to one tenth of a bel ( B ). It expresses the ratio of two values of a power or root-power quantity on a logarithmic scale . Two signals whose levels differ by one decibel have a power ratio of 10 (approximately 1.26 ) or root-power ratio of 10 (approximately 1.12 ). The unit fundamentally expresses a relative change but may also be used to express an absolute value as

1344-469: Is almost universally rounded to 3 dB in technical writing. This implies an increase in voltage by a factor of √ 2 ≈ 1.4142 . Likewise, a doubling or halving of the voltage, corresponding to a quadrupling or quartering of the power, is commonly described as 6 dB rather than ± 6.0206  dB. Should it be necessary to make the distinction, the number of decibels is written with additional significant figures . 3.000 dB corresponds to

SECTION 20

#1732801937618

1408-402: Is deprecated by that standard and root-power is used throughout this article. Although power and root-power quantities are different quantities, their respective levels are historically measured in the same units, typically decibels. A factor of 2 is introduced to make changes in the respective levels match under restricted conditions such as when the medium is linear and the same waveform

1472-416: Is linear subtraction. Attenuation constants, in topics such as optical fiber communication and radio propagation path loss , are often expressed as a fraction or ratio to distance of transmission. In this case, dB/m represents decibel per meter, dB/mi represents decibel per mile, for example. These quantities are to be manipulated obeying the rules of dimensional analysis , e.g., a 100-meter run with

1536-490: Is much more convenient than multiplication of the individual factors." However, for the same reason that humans excel at additive operation over multiplication, decibels are awkward in inherently additive operations: if two machines each individually produce a sound pressure level of, say, 90 dB at a certain point, then when both are operating together we should expect the combined sound pressure level to increase to 93 dB, but certainly not to 180 dB!; suppose that

1600-411: Is obtained from powers or from amplitudes, provided that in the specific system being considered power ratios are equal to amplitude ratios squared. A change in power ratio by a factor of 10 corresponds to a change in level of 10 dB . A change in power ratio by a factor of 2 or ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ is approximately a change of 3 dB . More precisely, the change is ± 3.0103  dB, but this

1664-795: Is possible to determine the power ratio of a system from the gain in dB with only simple addition and multiplication. For example: However, according to its critics, the decibel creates confusion, obscures reasoning, is more related to the era of slide rules than to modern digital processing, and is cumbersome and difficult to interpret. Quantities in decibels are not necessarily additive , thus being "of unacceptable form for use in dimensional analysis ". Thus, units require special care in decibel operations. Take, for example, carrier-to-noise-density ratio C / N 0 (in hertz), involving carrier power C (in watts) and noise power spectral density N 0 (in W/Hz). Expressed in decibels, this ratio would be

1728-590: Is recognized by other international bodies such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The IEC permits the use of the decibel with root-power quantities as well as power and this recommendation is followed by many national standards bodies, such as NIST , which justifies the use of the decibel for voltage ratios. In spite of their widespread use, suffixes (such as in dBA or dBV) are not recognized by

1792-452: Is set at the typical threshold of perception of an average human and there are common comparisons used to illustrate different levels of sound pressure . As sound pressure is a root-power quantity, the appropriate version of the unit definition is used: where p rms is the root mean square of the measured sound pressure and p ref is the standard reference sound pressure of 20 micropascals in air or 1 micropascal in water. Use of

1856-449: Is the regular method of voting on any motion that does not require more than a majority vote for its adoption. In taking a voice vote, the chair puts the question by saying, "The question is on the adoption of the motion to [or "that"] ... [repeating or clearly identifying the motion]. Those in favor of the motion, say aye . [Pausing for response,] Those opposed, say no ." (Alternative forms are: "All those in favor..."; "All in favor..."; or

1920-409: Is under consideration with changes in amplitude, or the medium impedance is linear and independent of both frequency and time. This relies on the relationship holding. In a nonlinear system, this relationship does not hold by the definition of linearity. However, even in a linear system in which the power quantity is the product of two linearly related quantities (e.g. voltage and current ), if

1984-642: Is used in the Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha and state assemblies to vote for certain resolutions. It is used when there is a wide agreement on issues and in some cases where the house is not in order. It was used during the formation of the Indian state of Telangana in 2014. A voice vote is held to decide if a bill can progress through to the next stage. The Speaker of the House of Commons will then propose

Acclamation - Misplaced Pages Continue

2048-440: Is usual to consider the ratio of the squares of F (measured) and F 0 (reference). This is because the definitions were originally formulated to give the same value for relative ratios for both power and root-power quantities. Thus, the following definition is used: The formula may be rearranged to give Similarly, in electrical circuits , dissipated power is typically proportional to the square of voltage or current when

2112-441: Is widely used among the foreign telephone organizations and recently it was termed the "decibel" at the suggestion of the International Advisory Committee on Long Distance Telephony. The decibel may be defined by the statement that two amounts of power differ by 1 decibel when they are in the ratio of 10 and any two amounts of power differ by N decibels when they are in the ratio of 10 . The number of transmission units expressing

2176-457: The Gerousia , Sparta 's Council of Elders, was conducted by shouting. From the assembly, few persons were selected and locked up in a room close to the election, so that they could only hear the noise of the audience, but not see the candidate put to vote. The candidates were then presented to the assembly one after another without speaking a word. The favor of the assembly towards one candidate

2240-414: The base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the measured quantity to reference value. Thus, the ratio of P (measured power) to P 0 (reference power) is represented by L P , that ratio expressed in decibels, which is calculated using the formula: The base-10 logarithm of the ratio of the two power quantities is the number of bels. The number of decibels is ten times the number of bels (equivalently,

2304-414: The gains of amplifiers, attenuation of signals, and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels. The decibel originates from methods used to quantify signal loss in telegraph and telephone circuits. Until the mid-1920s, the unit for loss was miles of standard cable (MSC). 1 MSC corresponded to the loss of power over one mile (approximately 1.6 km) of standard telephone cable at

2368-399: The impedance is constant. Taking voltage as an example, this leads to the equation for power gain level L G : where V out is the root-mean-square (rms) output voltage, V in is the rms input voltage. A similar formula holds for current. The term root-power quantity is introduced by ISO Standard 80000-1:2009 as a substitute of field quantity . The term field quantity

2432-415: The impedance is frequency- or time-dependent, this relationship does not hold in general, for example if the energy spectrum of the waveform changes. For differences in level, the required relationship is relaxed from that above to one of proportionality (i.e., the reference quantities P 0 and F 0 need not be related), or equivalently, must hold to allow the power level difference to be equal to

2496-459: The IEC or ISO. The IEC Standard 60027-3:2002 defines the following quantities. The decibel (dB) is one-tenth of a bel: 1 dB = 0.1 B . The bel (B) is 1 ⁄ 2  ln(10) nepers : 1 B = 1 ⁄ 2 ln(10) Np . The neper is the change in the level of a root-power quantity when the root-power quantity changes by a factor of e , that is 1 Np = ln(e) = 1 , thereby relating all of

2560-473: The Speaker judges the mood of the House. If five or more members demand a recorded vote, one must be held. The initial decision on any question is by voice vote, members saying "aye" or "no", and the Speaker declaring which side has won. Members of the losing side (or abstainers), but not supporters of the side declared to have won, are entitled to demand a formal test of opinion. The voice vote (ध्वनि मत)

2624-495: The chair may use this form: "The question is on the adoption of the resolution last read. "Those in favor of adopting the resolution, say aye ...Those opposed, say no ." In Congress, "the vast majority of actions decided by a voice vote" are ones for which "a strong or even overwhelming majority favors one side," or even unanimous consent . Members can request a division of the assembly (a rising vote, where each sides rise in turn to be counted), and one-fifth of members can demand

Acclamation - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-440: The count on each side and state what they believe the result to be. Voice votes have inherent disadvantages and the method has major shortfalls in close contests. The volume of the voices are typically only estimated and not actually measured with sound level meters , giving a chair enough plausible deniability to falsify the result if they disagree with it; even if such a vote can be objectively quantified in terms of decibels ,

2752-401: The decibel in underwater acoustics leads to confusion, in part because of this difference in reference value. Sound intensity is proportional to the square of sound pressure. Therefore, the sound intensity level can also be defined as: The human ear has a large dynamic range in sound reception. The ratio of the sound intensity that causes permanent damage during short exposure to that of

2816-561: The decibel originated in the measurement of transmission loss and power in telephony of the early 20th century in the Bell System in the United States. The bel was named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell , but the bel is seldom used. Instead, the decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering , most prominently for sound power in acoustics , in electronics and control theory . In electronics,

2880-441: The earliest days of the telephone, the need for a unit in which to measure the transmission efficiency of telephone facilities has been recognized. The introduction of cable in 1896 afforded a stable basis for a convenient unit and the "mile of standard" cable came into general use shortly thereafter. This unit was employed up to 1923 when a new unit was adopted as being more suitable for modern telephone work. The new transmission unit

2944-513: The last person to be acclaimed in a general election . In the Northwest Territories riding of Inuvik Boot Lake , Floyd Roland was returned by acclamation in two consecutive elections, in 2003 and 2007. Acclamations were ritual verbal expressions of approval and benediction in public (like gladiatorial games ) and private life. The departure and return of imperial magistrates was, for example, accompanied by acclamation. In

3008-485: The later Roman Empire , expressions of goodwill were reserved for the emperor and certain relatives, who were greeted in this manner during public appearances on special occasions such as their birthdays. By the 4th century AD, acclamations were compulsory for high-level imperial officials. Voice vote In parliamentary procedure , a voice vote (from the Latin viva voce , meaning "by live voice") or acclamation

3072-416: The method gives an unfair advantage to those who have louder voices. The need to make an audible signal also compromises any situation in which a secret ballot may be desired. The method is suitable in most cases where unanimity is required. If there is any doubt as to the outcome, any member of the assembly may request another vote by a method such as division of the assembly (a standing or rising vote), or

3136-555: The name logit for "standard magnitudes which combine by multiplication", to contrast with the name unit for "standard magnitudes which combine by addition". In April 2003, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) considered a recommendation for the inclusion of the decibel in the International System of Units (SI), but decided against the proposal. However, the decibel

3200-416: The noise from a machine is measured (including the contribution of background noise) and found to be 87 dBA but when the machine is switched off the background noise alone is measured as 83 dBA. [...] the machine noise [level (alone)] may be obtained by 'subtracting' the 83 dBA background noise from the combined level of 87 dBA; i.e., 84.8 dBA.; in order to find a representative value of

3264-461: The quantities power spectral density and the associated root-power quantities via the Fourier transform , which allows elimination of the frequency dependence in the analysis by analyzing the system at each frequency independently. Since logarithm differences measured in these units often represent power ratios and root-power ratios, values for both are shown below. The bel is traditionally used as

SECTION 50

#1732801937618

3328-500: The question by saying, for example (second reading): "The Question is, that the Bill be now read a second time". The Speaker then invites supporters of the bill to say "aye" and then opponents say "no": "As many as are of that opinion say 'aye' [supporters say 'aye'], of the contrary 'no' [opponents say 'no']". In what is known as collecting the voices the Speaker makes a judgement as to the louder cry. A clear majority either way will prompt

3392-428: The ratio of a value to a fixed reference value; when used in this way, the unit symbol is often suffixed with letter codes that indicate the reference value. For example, for the reference value of 1  volt , a common suffix is " V " (e.g., "20 dBV"). Two principal types of scaling of the decibel are in common use. When expressing a power ratio, it is defined as ten times the logarithm with base 10 . That is,

3456-427: The ratio of any two powers is therefore ten times the common logarithm of that ratio. This method of designating the gain or loss of power in telephone circuits permits direct addition or subtraction of the units expressing the efficiency of different parts of the circuit ... In 1954, J. W. Horton argued that the use of the decibel as a unit for quantities other than transmission loss led to confusion, and suggested

3520-631: The response "I think the Ayes/Noes have it. The Ayes/Noes have it!" (this can be forced to a division by continued cries either way). If the result is at all in doubt a division will be called and the speaker will say "Division, Clear the Lobbies!" In the House of Lords , the Lord Speaker will propose the question by saying, for example (second reading): "The Question is, that the Bill be now read

3584-471: The response and name of the individual voters. The voice vote is considered the simplest and quickest of voting methods used by deliberative assemblies . The presiding officer or chair of the assembly will put the question to the assembly, asking first for all those in favor of the motion to indicate so orally ("aye" or "yea"), and then ask second all those opposed to the motion to indicate so verbally ("no" or "nay"). The chair will then make an estimate of

3648-459: The root-power level difference from power P 1 and F 1 to P 2 and F 2 . An example might be an amplifier with unity voltage gain independent of load and frequency driving a load with a frequency-dependent impedance: the relative voltage gain of the amplifier is always 0 dB, but the power gain depends on the changing spectral composition of the waveform being amplified. Frequency-dependent impedances may be analyzed by considering

3712-434: The seat, an eventuality that rarely occurs federally, but is more common in legislative elections in the northern territories and municipal elections. The last instance of an acclamation in an election to the House of Commons of Canada was in 1957, when George Doucett was acclaimed in a by-election following the death of his predecessor William Gourlay Blair . Just two months before, Chesley William Carter had been

3776-420: The sound level in a room a number of measurements are taken at different positions within the room, and an average value is calculated. [...] Compare the logarithmic and arithmetic averages of [...] 70 dB and 90 dB: logarithmic average = 87 dB; arithmetic average = 80 dB. Addition on a logarithmic scale is called logarithmic addition , and can be defined by taking exponentials to convert to

3840-399: The units as nondimensional natural log of root-power-quantity ratios, 1 dB =  0.115 13 ... Np =  0.115 13 ... . Finally, the level of a quantity is the logarithm of the ratio of the value of that quantity to a reference value of the same kind of quantity. Therefore, the bel represents the logarithm of a ratio between two power quantities of 10:1, or the logarithm of

3904-414: The wording formerly prescribed by Congress , "As many as are in favor...") In the case of a resolution , the question may be put as follows: "The question is on the adoption of the following resolution: [reading it]. Those in favor of adopting the resolution that was just read, say aye ...Those opposed, say no ." If the question has been read very recently and there appears no desire to have it read again,

SECTION 60

#1732801937618

3968-599: Was 1.056 TU. In 1928, the Bell system renamed the TU into the decibel, being one tenth of a newly defined unit for the base-10 logarithm of the power ratio. It was named the bel , in honor of the telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell . The bel is seldom used, as the decibel was the proposed working unit. The naming and early definition of the decibel is described in the NBS Standard's Yearbook of 1931: Since

4032-525: Was assessed by the selected persons who established a ranking of all candidates with respect to the loudness of the assembly. Those candidates who have received the most and loudest acclamations were eventually elected. Members vote by saying "aye" or "no", and the Speaker of the House (or President of the Senate) judges the result. If two or more members demand a recorded vote, known as a division , one must be held. Members vote by saying "yea" or "nay", and

4096-459: Was discontinued by Pope John Paul II 's apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis . It is also sometimes found in the context of parliamentary decisions, or United States presidential nominating conventions (where it is often used to nominate the running mate and incumbent Presidents). In Canada , a candidate for a parliamentary, legislative or municipal position is said to be elected by acclamation if he or she has no opponents for

#617382