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58-400: The work was completed within eighteen months, at the same time that Sixtus was engaged in laying out the street plan that would provide the arteries of modern Rome. By October 1586, water was running at his Villa Montalto, and by 1589 it was filling no less than twenty-seven public fountains. The three-arched Fontana dell'Acqua Felice (designed by Domenico Fontana , 1587) marked the entry of

116-403: A Levite named Korah led many in challenging Aaron's exclusive claim to the priesthood. When the rebels were punished by being swallowed up by the earth, Eleazar , the son of Aaron, was commissioned to take charge of the censers of the dead priests. And when a plague broke out among the people who had sympathized with the rebels, Aaron, at the command of Moses, took his censer and stood between

174-580: A conflict between priestly families some time in Israel's past. Others argue that the story simply shows what can happen if the priests do not follow God's instructions given through Moses. The Torah generally depicts the siblings, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as the leaders of Israel after the Exodus, a view also reflected in the biblical Book of Micah . Numbers 12, however, reports that on one occasion, Aaron and Miriam complained about Moses' exclusive claim to be

232-499: A leading role in several stories of conflicts during Israel's wilderness wanderings. During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mount Sinai, the people provoked Aaron to make a golden calf . This incident nearly caused God to destroy the Israelites. Moses successfully intervened, but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits; a plague afflicted those who were left. Aaron, however, escaped punishment for his role in

290-528: A monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male descendants. The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibility to make offerings on the altar to Yahweh . The rest of his tribe, the Levites , were given subordinate responsibilities within the sanctuary. Moses anointed and consecrated Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, and arrayed them in the robes of office. He also related to them God's detailed instructions for performing their duties while

348-411: A murmur. Then his soul departed as if by a kiss from God. The cave closed behind Moses as he left; and he went down the hill with Eleazar, with garments rent, and crying: "Alas, Aaron, my brother! thou, the pillar of supplication of Israel!" When the Israelites cried in bewilderment, "Where is Aaron?" angels were seen carrying Aaron's bier through the air. A voice was then heard saying: "The law of truth

406-751: A two-tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position. A two-tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears in Ezra , Nehemiah and Chronicles . As a result, many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic Israel. What is clear is that high priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated the Second Temple period . Most scholars think the Torah reached its final form early in this period, which may account for Aaron's prominence in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. Aaron plays

464-589: Is a monumental fountain located in the Quirinale District of Rome, Italy. It marked the terminus of the Acqua Felice aqueduct restored by Pope Sixtus V . It was designed by Domenico Fontana and built in 1585–1588. It is located at the intersection of Largo Santa Susanna and Via Venti Settembre; across and diagonal from the Largo, is the church of Santa Susanna , while across Via Venti Settembre

522-527: Is located in the Musée de Cluny in Paris . This is also how he appears in the frontispieces of early printed Passover Haggadot and occasionally in church sculptures. Aaron has rarely been the subject of portraits, such as those by Anton Kern [1710–1747] and by Pier Francesco Mola [ c.  1650 ]. Christian artists sometimes portray Aaron as a prophet holding a scroll, as in a twelfth-century sculpture from

580-537: Is scarcely conceivable that such mediocrity was possible only two decades after the death of Michelangelo ". Its disproportionately large attic, a billboard for the triumphant inscription, has an unbalanced stagey flatness; its proportions may be unfavorably compared to the Arco Scalette, Vicenza, erected in 1576, probably designed by Andrea Palladio ( illustration, right ). The allegories are resolutely biblical, avoiding classical pagan allusions in publicising

638-512: Is the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria . At the beginning the reign of Pope Sixtus V (born Felice Peretti) in 1585, only one of the ancient Roman aqueducts which brought water to the city, the Aqua Vergine, was still being maintained and working. Everyone in Rome who wanted clean drinking water had to go to the single fountain near the site of today's Trevi Fountain. Pope Sixtus took on

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696-682: Is the lesser order of priesthood under the higher order of the Melchizedek priesthood . Those ordained to this priesthood have the authority to act in God's name in certain responsibilities in the church such as the administration of the sacrament and baptism . In the Community of Christ , the Aaronic order of priesthood is regarded as an appendage to the Melchisedec order , and consists of

754-513: Is to show that they were of equal rank," says the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael , which strongly implies this when introducing in its record of renowned men the glowing description of Aaron's ministration. In fulfillment of the promise of peaceful life, symbolized by the pouring of oil upon his head , Aaron's death, as described in the aggadah , was of a wonderful tranquility. Accompanied by Moses, his brother, and by Eleazar, his son, Aaron went to

812-523: Is written fifteen times in the Torah that "the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron." Under the influence of the priesthood that shaped the destinies of the nation under Persian rule, a different ideal of the priest was formed, according to Malachi 2:4-7, and the prevailing tendency was to place Aaron on a footing equal with Moses. "At times Aaron, and at other times Moses, is mentioned first in Scripture—this

870-464: The Book of Numbers , Aaron died at 123 years of age, on Mount Hor , in the fortieth year after the Israelites had come out of the land of Egypt. Deuteronomy , however, places these events at Moseroth . According to the Book of Exodus , Aaron first functioned as Moses ' assistant. Because Moses complained that he could not speak well, God appointed Aaron as Moses' "prophet" (Exodus 4:10-17; 7:1). At

928-851: The Cathedral of Noyon in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York and often in Eastern Orthodox icons. Illustrations of the Golden Calf story usually include him as well – most notably in Nicolas Poussin 's The Adoration of the Golden Calf ( c.  1633 –34, National Gallery , London). Finally, some artists interested in validating later priesthoods have painted the ordination of Aaron and his sons (Leviticus 8). Harry Anderson 's realistic portrayal

986-517: The Urim and Thummim , which were to "be upon Aaron's heart when he goeth in before the Lord". Moses and Aaron met in gladness of heart, kissing each other as true brothers, and of them it is written: "Behold how good and how pleasant [it is] for brethren to dwell together in unity!" Of them it is said: "Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed [each other]"; for Moses stood for righteousness and Aaron for peace. Again, mercy

1044-805: The northeastern region of the Nile Delta . When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the enslavement of the Israelites , Aaron served as his brother's spokesman to the Pharaoh ( Exodus 7:1 ). Part of the Law given to Moses at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites. Levitical priests or kohanim are traditionally believed and halakhically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from Aaron. According to

1102-503: The Baptist were descendants of Aaron. The older prophets and prophetical writers beheld in their priests the representatives of a religious form inferior to the prophetic truth; men without the spirit of God and lacking the willpower requisite to resist the multitude in its idolatrous proclivities. Thus Aaron, the first priest, ranks below Moses: he is his mouthpiece, and the executor of the will of God revealed through Moses, although it

1160-658: The Hebrew Bible, Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very often except in literature dating to the Babylonian captivity and later. The books of Judges , Samuel and Kings mention priests and Levites, but do not mention the Aaronides in particular. The Book of Ezekiel , which devotes much attention to priestly matters, calls the priestly upper class the Zadokites after one of King David's priests. It does reflect

1218-521: The Israelites when Moses brought water out of a rock to quench the people's thirst. Although they had been commanded to speak to the rock, Moses struck it with the staff twice, which was construed as displaying a lack of deference to the L ORD . There are two accounts of the death of Aaron in the Torah. Numbers says that soon after the incident at Meribah, Aaron with his son Eleazar and Moses ascended Mount Hor. There Moses stripped Aaron of his priestly garments and transferred them to Eleazar. Aaron died on

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1276-399: The L ORD 's prophet. Their presumption was rebuffed by God who affirmed Moses' uniqueness as the one with whom the L ORD spoke face to face. Miriam was punished with a skin disease ( tzaraath ) that turned her skin white. Aaron pleaded with Moses to intercede for her, and Miriam, after seven days' quarantine, was healed. Aaron once again escaped any retribution. According to Numbers 16–17,

1334-856: The Sunday of the Holy Fathers, the Sunday before Christmas . In Eastern Orthodox Church he is commemorated on 20 July, 12 March, Sunday of the Forefathers , Sunday of the Fathers and on April 14 with all saint Sinai monks. Aaron is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30. He is commemorated on July 1 in the modern Latin calendar and in

1392-691: The Syriac Calendar. The Moses and Aaron Church ( Dutch : Mozes en Aäronkerk ), in the Waterlooplein neighborhood of Amsterdam , is one of the most well-known Catholic churches in the city. One version of the Bible has an encyclopedia that describes Aaron's role in Scripture as the "spokesman for Moses". In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Aaronic priesthood

1450-534: The Temple lasts, thy light shall last forever." In the Eastern Orthodox and Maronite churches, Aaron is venerated as a saint whose feast day is shared with his brother Moses and celebrated on September 4. (Those churches that follow the traditional Julian calendar celebrate this day on September 17 of the modern Gregorian calendar ). Aaron is also commemorated with other Old Testament saints on

1508-573: The affair, because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy 9:20. Later retellings of this story almost always excuse Aaron for his role. For example, in rabbinic sources and in the Quran, Aaron was not the idol-maker and upon Moses' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites. On the day of Aaron's consecration, his oldest sons, Nadab and Abihu , were burned up by divine fire because they offered "strange" incense. Most interpreters think this story reflects

1566-468: The altar offerings for the first time and, with Moses, "blessed the people: and the glory of the L ORD appeared unto all the people: And there came a fire out from before the L ORD , and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces". In this way, the institution of the Aaronide priesthood was established. In later books of

1624-449: The beard of Aaron, that even went down to the skirts of his garment, is as pure as the dew of Hermon." According to Tanhuma , Aaron's activity as a prophet began earlier than that of Moses. Hillel held Aaron up as an example, saying: "Be of the disciples of Aaron, loving peace and pursuing peace; love your fellow creatures and draw them nigh unto the Law!" This is further illustrated by

1682-413: The command of Moses , he let his rod turn into a snake. Then he stretched out his rod in order to bring on the first three plagues. After that, Moses tended to act and speak for himself. During the journey in the wilderness, Aaron was not always prominent or active. At the battle with Amalek , he was chosen with Hur to support the hand of Moses that held the " rod of God ". When the revelation

1740-499: The flow of water was much less than needed reach the Quirinal Hill, the intended site of its terminal fountain. Giovanni Fontana took over the building of the aqueduct, which was completed by June 1587. A fountain was constructed by architect engineer Domenico Fontana in the form of an ancient Roman triumphal arch. It featured, as ancient Roman fountains did, an inscription honoring its builder, Pope Sixtus, beneath angels holding

1798-506: The former glory of the city. Water flows from the statues into basins, where four lions, originally Ancient Egyptian sculptures, but now copies, once were part of a monumental fountain dedicated to Marcus Agrippa in front of the Roman Pantheon, are spouting water. The columns flanking the arches are also said to have derived from that structure. The statue of Moses was criticized at the time for its large size, not in proportion with

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1856-409: The hand of him whom you will send", he was unwilling to deprive Aaron of the high position the latter had held for so many years; but the Lord reassured him, saying: "Behold, when he sees you, he will be glad in his heart." Indeed, Aaron was to find his reward, says Shimon bar Yochai ; for that heart which had leaped with joy over his younger brother's rise to glory greater than his was decorated with

1914-550: The illustrations of manuscript and printed Bibles. He can usually be distinguished by his priestly vestments, especially his turban or miter and jeweled breastplate. He frequently holds a censer or, sometimes, his flowering rod. Aaron also appears in scenes depicting the wilderness Tabernacle and its altar, as already in the third-century frescos in the synagogue at Dura-Europos in Syria. An eleventh-century portable silver altar from Fulda , Germany depicts Aaron with his censor, and

1972-422: The living and the dead until the plague abated (Numbers 16:36, 17:1), atoning in the process. To emphasize the validity of the Levites' claim to the offerings and tithes of the Israelites, Moses collected a rod from the leaders of each tribe in Israel and laid the twelve rods overnight in the tent of meeting . The next morning, Aaron's rod was found to have budded and blossomed and produced ripe almonds. The rod

2030-469: The midst of great affliction. Especially significant are the words represented as being spoken by God after the princes of the Twelve Tribes had brought their dedication offerings into the newly constructed Tent of Meeting : "Say to thy brother Aaron: Greater than the gifts of the princes is thy gift; for thou art called upon to kindle the light, and, while the sacrifices shall last only as long as

2088-536: The miracles by Moses at Marah , where Moses removed the bitterness of the barely potable water of a spring in Sinai, or more likely the miracle at Masah and Meribah, where he struck the rock to cause water to flow (Exodus 17:5-7). Again, the pope would have wanted his achievement of bringing water to Rome to be compared to that of Moses. Finally, the bas-relief to the right sculpted by Flaminio Vacca and Pietro Paolo Olivieri , has been depicted as Joshua , but others claim

2146-484: The modern pope who demolished the Septizodium to make way for his avenues linking the major Christian monuments of Rome, the pilgrimage basilicas . Any mostra had its practical aspect in providing public water supply for its rione (the city's administrative areas). The marble basins, flanked by Egyptian lions that spit water, served as reservoirs for local inhabitants; marble barriers keep animals from polluting

2204-414: The new water source into Rome, with the conventional mostra or showy terminus: "what makes a fountain a mostra is not essentially its size or splendor, but its specific designation as the fountain that is a public memorial to the whole achievement of the aqueduct." "Even in the seventeenth century this fountain was considered as being in very bad style ( pessimo stile )," Siegfried Giedion reported "and it

2262-825: The other statuary, but the fountain achieved its political purpose; it was a statement of how the Catholic Church , unlike the Protestant Reformation , was serving the needs of the people of Rome. It also achieved its social purpose of reviving the Quirinal neighborhood; what had been a rustic area of villas was turned into a thriving urban neighborhood by the arrival of a good drinking water supply. [REDACTED] Media related to Fontana dell'Acqua Felice at Wikimedia Commons Aaron According to Abrahamic religions , Aaron ( / ˈ ɛər ən / AIR -ən or / ˈ ær ən / ARR -ən )

2320-493: The papal coat of arms. The iconography of the sculptures beneath the arches mingles a biblical and political motifs. The central arch featured a large statue of Moses , made in 1588 by Leonardo Sormani and Prospero da Brescia . The pope, as both religious and political ruler of the papal states, would have felt an affinity to Moses. The left bas-relief panel, sometimes referred to as a depiction of Aaron , and sculpted by Giovanni Battista della Porta, may instead reflect either

2378-544: The priesthood offices of deacon, teacher, and priest. While differing in responsibilities, these offices, along with those of the Melchisidec order, are regarded as equal before God. Aaron ( Arabic : هارون, Hārūn ) is mentioned in the Quran as a prophet of God . The Quran praises Aaron repeatedly, calling him a "believing servant" as well as one who was "guided" and one of the "victors". The Quran additionally denies

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2436-515: The relief references Gideon in Judges 7:5, as evidenced by soldier's gear and animals lapping water. Alternatively, given the Roman attire of the soldiers, it may reflect the founding of the ancient Roman Acqua Alessandrina by emperor Septimus Severus ; the imagery would lead to having the feat of the aqueduct being compared to the achievements of ancient Rome, or as an example of the restoration of

2494-480: The responsibility of restoring other aqueducts, including the Acqua Alessandrina, which he renamed Acqua Felice after himself. The new fountain that marked the terminus of the restored aqueduct was the first new monumental wall fountain in Rome since antiquity. The initial effort to build the aqueduct, by architect Matteo Bartolini, was a failure: Bartolini miscalculated the incline of the channel, so

2552-476: The rest of the Israelites listened. Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over the Urim and Thummim by which the will of God could be determined. God commissioned the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the common and the clean from the unclean, and to teach the divine laws (the Torah ) to the Israelites. The priests were also commissioned to bless the people. When Aaron completed

2610-593: The role of Aaron in the creation of the golden calf, attributing the action to Samiri . Aaron is important in Islam for his role in the events of the Exodus , in which, according to the Quran and Islamic belief, he preached with his younger brother, Musa ( Moses ) to the Pharaoh of the Exodus . Aaron's significance in Islam, however, is not limited to his role as the helper of Moses. Islamic tradition also accords Aaron

2668-532: The role of a patriarch , as tradition records that the priestly descent came through Aaron's lineage, which included the entire House of Amran . In the Baháʼí Faith , although his father is described as both an apostle and a prophet, Aaron is merely described as a prophet. The Kitáb-i-Íqán describes Imran as his father. Aaron appears paired with Moses frequently in Jewish and Christian art, especially in

2726-430: The summit of Mount Hor, where the rock suddenly opened before him and a beautiful cave lit by a lamp presented itself to his view. Moses said, "Take off thy priestly raiment and place it upon thy son Eleazar!" said Moses; "and then follow me." Aaron did as commanded; and they entered the cave, where was prepared a bed around which angels stood. "Go lie down upon thy bed, my brother," Moses continued; and Aaron obeyed without

2784-601: The summit of the mountain, and the people mourned him for thirty days. The other account is found in Deuteronomy 10:6, where Aaron died at Moserah and was buried. There is a significant amount of travel between these two points, as the itinerary in Numbers 33:31–37 records seven stages between Moseroth (Mosera) and Mount Hor. Aaron died on the 1st of Av and was 123 at the time of his death. Aaron married Elisheba , daughter of Amminadab and sister of Nahshon of

2842-412: The tradition that Aaron was an ideal priest of the people, far more beloved for his kindly ways than was Moses. While Moses was stern and uncompromising, brooking no wrong, Aaron went about as peacemaker, reconciling man and wife when he saw them estranged, or a man with his neighbor when they quarreled, and winning evil-doers back into the right way by his friendly intercourse. As a result, Aaron's death

2900-522: The tribe of Judah. The sons of Aaron were Nadab , Abihu , Eleazar and Ithamar ; only the latter two had progeny. A descendant of Aaron is an Aaronite, or Kohen , meaning Priest. Any non-Aaronic Levite —i.e., descended from Levi but not from Aaron —assisted the Levitical priests of the family of Aaron in the care of the tabernacle; later of the temple. The Gospel of Luke records that both Zechariah and Elizabeth and therefore their son John

2958-523: The water: for them there is a special basin nearby. Next to the fountain Sixtus installed two long basins for washing laundry, and a covered washhouse where women might enjoy privacy. 41°54′15.7″N 12°29′39.9″E  /  41.904361°N 12.494417°E  / 41.904361; 12.494417 Fontana dell%27Acqua Felice The Fontana dell'Acqua Felice , also called the Fountain of Moses ,

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3016-526: Was a Jewish prophet , a high priest , and the elder brother of Moses . Information about Aaron comes exclusively from religious texts , such as the Hebrew Bible , the New Testament ( Luke , Acts , and Hebrews ), and the Quran . The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in

3074-462: Was given to Moses at Mount Sinai , he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the way to the summit. While Joshua went with Moses to the top, however, Aaron and Hur remained below to look after the people. From here on in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, Joshua appears in the role of Moses' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first high priest. The books of Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers maintain that Aaron received from God

3132-409: Was in his mouth, and iniquity was not found on his lips: he walked with me in righteousness, and brought many back from sin." He died on the first of Av . The pillar of cloud which proceeded in front of Israel's camp disappeared at Aaron's death. The seeming contradiction between Numbers 20:22 et seq. and Deuteronomy 10:6 is solved by the rabbis in the following manner: Aaron's death on Mount Hor

3190-569: Was marked by the defeat of the people in a war with the king of Arad, in consequence of which the Israelites fled, marching seven stations backward to Mosera, where they performed the rites of mourning for Aaron; wherefore it is said: "There [at Mosera] died Aaron." The rabbis particularly praise the brotherly sentiment between Aaron and Moses. When Moses was appointed ruler and Aaron high priest, neither betrayed any jealousy; instead they rejoiced in each other's greatness. When Moses at first declined to go to Pharaoh, saying: "O my Lord, send, I pray, by

3248-418: Was more intensely mourned than Moses': when Aaron died the whole house of Israel wept, including the women, while Moses was bewailed by "the sons of Israel" only. Even in the making of the golden calf the rabbis find extenuating circumstances for Aaron. His fortitude and silent submission to the will of God on the loss of his two sons are referred to as an excellent example to men how to glorify God in

3306-575: Was personified in Aaron, according to Deuteronomy 33:8, and truth in Moses, according to Numbers 12:7. When Moses poured the oil of anointment upon the head of Aaron, Aaron modestly shrank back and said: "Who knows whether I have not cast some blemish upon this sacred oil so as to forfeit this high office." Then the Shekhinah spoke the words: "Behold the precious ointment upon the head, that ran down upon

3364-630: Was then placed before the Ark of the Covenant to symbolize Aaron's right to priesthood. The following chapter then details the distinction between Aaron's family and the rest of the Levites: while all the Levites (and only Levites) were devoted to the care of the sanctuary, charge of its interior and the altar was committed to the Aaronites alone. Aaron, like Moses, was not permitted to enter Canaan with

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