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57-631: The Afghanistan Campaign Medal is awarded to any member of the United States military who has performed duty within the borders of Afghanistan (or its airspace ) for a period of thirty consecutive days or sixty non-consecutive days. The medal is retroactive to October 24, 2001, and was active until the conclusion of Operation Allies Refuge on August 31, 2021. Personnel who have been engaged in combat with an enemy force, or personnel who have been wounded in combat within Afghanistan, may receive

114-580: A critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency , leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul. Following the September 11 attacks , the United States and several allies invaded Afghanistan, overthrowing the Taliban's first government (which had limited recognition) in support of the opposition Northern Alliance . Afterwards, a transitional government was formed under the leadership of Hamid Karzai . After

171-483: A law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree. In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings , but the total number were believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives. Homosexuality was taboo in Afghan society; according to

228-804: A number of NATO and allied nations, particularly the United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Germany , Australia, and Turkey . In 2012, the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally . Relations with Pakistan were often tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China , Iran , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan , as well as with regional states such as Bangladesh , Japan , Kazakhstan , Nepal , Russia , South Korea , and

285-427: A third of students at university were women and 27% of members of parliament were women. The literacy rate in 2021 has risen from 8% to 43% since 2001. In 2018, UNICEF reported that 3.7 million children between the ages of 7 and 17, or 44 percent, were not attending school. In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This

342-521: The 2003 loya jirga , a unitary presidential Islamic republic was proclaimed under a new constitution , and Karzai was elected for a full term as president . Meanwhile, the US-led international coalition helped maintain internal security, gradually transferring the burden of defense to the Afghan Armed Forces after 2013–14. However, Taliban forces held control of various areas of

399-478: The 2004 constitution , both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election , the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018 . Presidential elections used the two-round system ; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on

456-404: The 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred. On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF. Thousands of NATO troops remained in

513-866: The Afghan National Defense and Security Forces ( ANDSF ), were the military and internal security forces of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan . As of 30 June 2020, the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) or Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) were composed of the Afghan National Army (including the Afghan Border Force, Afghan Air Force, Afghan Territorial Army, Afghan National Civil Order Force), Afghan National Police (including Afghan Local Police), and

570-558: The Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation Movement have also conducted attacks against the Taliban. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an Islamic republic with its government consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. The head of state and government was the President of Afghanistan . The National Assembly was the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers,

627-747: The Balkhab District of the Sar-e Pol Province . Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid , the Taliban-appointed head of intelligence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls' schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims. He left the Taliban, declaring war on them, and began to gather rebels. Supported by the NRF and several political parties,

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684-592: The House of the People and the House of Elders . The Supreme Court was led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs. According to Transparency International , Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries. A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of

741-622: The Karzai administration , with dozens of TV stations being established around the country. Afghanistan had 203 television stations, 284 radio stations and nearly 1,500 print media outlets in 2019. The Afghan music scene re-emerged after the removal of the Taliban , with singing competition series such as Afghan Star and The Voice of Afghanistan becoming popular, with contestants performing songs, including those formerly banned. Related articles Afghan National Security Forces The Afghan National Security Forces ( ANSF ), also known as

798-540: The UAE . The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war. Until summer 2021, several NATO member states deployed about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission . Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces . On 1 December 2021, the nine-nation Credentials Committee of

855-713: The fall of Kabul , the Afghan Armed Forces were under the Ministry of Defense , which included the Afghan Air Force (AAF) and the Afghan National Army (ANA). The Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces, including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan . The United States Department of Defense used the exonym "Afghan National Security Forces" (ANSF) to describe

912-563: The single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote. The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful, in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4% of the votes. However, the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud, ending in Karzai's reelection. The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56.44% of

969-713: The ACM regardless of the number of days spent within the country. The medal was also awarded posthumously to any service member who died in the line of duty within Afghanistan, including from non-combat injuries such as accidents and mishaps. The following are the approved campaign phases and respective dates for the Afghanistan Campaign Medal: Examples of campaign stars worn on the Afghanistan Campaign Medal service ribbon: The following ribbon devices are authorized for wear on

1026-406: The Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghan journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks. According to Global Rights , almost 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim, and a 2009 proposal for

1083-508: The Afghan government to halt Taliban advance. On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance. In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan ; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan . Following Ghani's escape,

1140-449: The Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country. The report proved overly optimistic: by the second week of August, most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for

1197-552: The Afghanistan Campaign Medal. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban -ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . However, on 15 August 2021,

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1254-658: The Afghanistan Campaign Medal: The Afghanistan Campaign Medal replaces the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal (GWOT-EM) for service in Afghanistan and personnel who previously received the GWOT-EM for Afghanistan service may elect to exchange the medal for the ACM. Both medals may not be received for the same period of service in Afghanistan and any current Afghanistan service will only be recognized with

1311-692: The Armed Forces and Police together. As of 30 June 2020, the ANSF or Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) were composed of the Afghan National Army (including the Afghan Border Force, Afghan Air Force, Afghan Territorial Army, Afghan National Civil Order Force), Afghan National Police (including Afghan Local Police), and the National Directorate of Security (including the Afghan Special Force). Law enforcement

1368-621: The GDP of the nation. Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance: in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled close to $ 1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes. On 17 May 2020, President Ashraf Ghani reached a power-sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections, Abdullah Abdullah , about who would manage

1425-605: The General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN. However, on 15 February 2022, the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed. Freedom of expression and the press were permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution, so long as it did not threaten national or religious integrity or did not defame individuals. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders listed

1482-627: The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh , tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis. Saleh's government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud , son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan . It

1539-461: The National Directorate of Security (including the Afghan Special Force). In August 2021, after the Taliban captured the Afghan capital Kabul and other major cities, US President Joe Biden said that the forces collapsed, sometimes without trying to fight and that they were not willing to fight for themselves, with the exception of very brave and capable Afghan special forces units and soldiers. In an Al Jazeera editorial Abdul Basit wrote that

1596-586: The Penal Code, homosexual intimacy was punished by up to a year in prison. With the implementation of Sharia law , offenders could be punished by death ; however, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were often not punished. Ethnic and religious minorities such as Hazaras , Sikhs , Hindus , and Christians reportedly faced persecution in

1653-585: The Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in

1710-687: The Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami , met with both Hamid Karzai , former President of Afghanistan , and Abdullah Abdullah , Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive , in Doha , seeking to form a government. President Ghani, having settled in the United Arab Emirates , said that he supported such negotiations. On 17 August, the former First Vice President of

1767-413: The conflict. On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May. Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government , quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces. In June 2021, a US intelligence report predicted that

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1824-479: The country and the civil war continued. The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan , and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006–07. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping, and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid , some classed

1881-425: The country to train and advise Afghan government forces and continue their fight against the Taliban. It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians." A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to

1938-593: The country today, nor does it operate in exile; it effectively no longer exists. The Islamic Emirate is the de facto ruling government. The US–Taliban deal , signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar , was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of

1995-569: The country was recaptured by the Taliban , which marked the end of the 2001–2021 war , the longest war in US history . This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by President Ashraf Ghani , and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban. While the United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, this toppled regime controls no portion of

2052-606: The country. On 14 August 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020. In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era. Between 2001 and 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in health, education and women's rights. Life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years and

2109-532: The country. Afghanistan's intelligence agency , the National Directorate of Security (NDS), assisted the ANP with security matters. Despite that, all parts of Afghanistan were considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. Kidnapping for ransom and robberies were common in major cities. Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty. Afghanistan

2166-573: The forces "preferred to save their lives by surrendering to the Taliban under its amnesty offers". The Afghan National Security Forces consisted of NATO special operations forces trained, advised and assisted the ANASOC, SMW and GCPSU who were collectively known as the Afghan Special Security Forces (ASSF). The ASSF was described as the "ANDSF’s primary offensive forces". The National Directorate of Security (NDS)

2223-646: The majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states. In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $ 2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide. Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002, following more than two decades of tight controls. The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during

2280-543: The maternal mortality rate was reduced by half. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water, up from 16% in 2001. The rate of child marriage has been reduced by 17%. The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold. As of 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, up from 1.2 million in 2001. 3.2 million girls attended school in 2013, up from fewer than 50,000 in 2001. 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021,

2337-406: The media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index , with 1st being most free. However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents. The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that

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2394-554: The mountains, while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan . As of 2022, scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur. On 13 March 2022, the Afghanistan Freedom Front , an ethnically diverse anti-Taliban military group formed, and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban, including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield , in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded. In June 2022, an uprising began in

2451-477: The nation as an American client state , and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom . Following the withdrawal of NATO troops in 2021 , the Taliban launched a massive military offensive in May 2021, allowing them to take control of the country over the following three and a half months. The Afghan National Army rapidly disintegrated. The institutions of

2508-456: The next decade, ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remained one of the poorest countries in the world because of reliance on subsistence agriculture, a lack of foreign investment, government corruption , and the Taliban insurgency. Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country, and the Afghan government

2565-470: The population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%). The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training. According to the World Bank , 98% of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018, up from 28% in 2008. Overall the figure stood at 98.7%. As of 2016, Afghanistan produced 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imported

2622-549: The rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022. On 23 June 2022, the Taliban began fighting to take back the district. The uprising ended when the Taliban recaptured Balkhab and Mujahid was killed. On the one year anniversary of the Fall of Kabul, the NRF conducted various hit-and-run attacks on Taliban militants. Several other groups, such as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front and

2679-580: The remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist. On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied the Arg , lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace. On 19 August 2021 the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan . On 17 August 2021, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar , the leader of

2736-415: The republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021, when the Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country. Soon after, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban ; however, on 6 September 2021, Saleh also fled to Tajikistan. In December 2001, after

2793-507: The respected key ministries. The agreement ended months-long political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban . Reports emerged on 25 August that a 12-member council will be formed to govern Afghanistan. Reportedly 7 members were already agreed upon: Hekmatyar, Karzai, Abdullah, Abdul Ghani Baradar , Mohammad Yaqoob , Khalil-ur-Rehman Haqqani , and Hanif Atmar . Under

2850-490: The same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly. Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration. Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect, and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited. Before

2907-534: The votes. Political parties played a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them. In the 2005 parliamentary election , the ballots did not show candidates' party affiliation, so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates. Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen , Islamic fundamentalists , warlords, tribal nationalists, former communists, reformists , urban professionals, royalists and several former Taliban associates. In

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2964-419: The world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry, and infrastructure was in ruins. Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country. Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process. The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan. Over

3021-686: Was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan . ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces . Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated . The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011, dropping to about 16,000 in 2018. In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after

3078-564: Was also the world's leading producer of opium . Afghanistan's opium poppy harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply. The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business. Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946. Under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with

3135-418: Was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country . About 21% of these were females. However, former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated in 2013 that the construction of 8,000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning . As of 2018 the literacy rate of

3192-573: Was based in the Panjshir Valley , and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital , as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic. On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir, with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor's office in Bazarak. The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into

3249-775: Was the responsibility of the Afghan National Police (ANP), which was part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs . The ANP consisted of two primary branches, the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police . The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan, prevent crime, and protect property. The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation's borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within

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