An ostiole is a small hole or opening through which algae or fungi release their mature spores .
14-588: Agaoninae Kradibiinae Tetrapusiinae The family Agaonidae is a group of pollinating fig wasps . They spend their larval stage inside the fruits of figs . The pollinating wasps ( Agaoninae , Kradibiinae , and Tetrapusiinae ) are the mutualistic partners of the fig trees. Extinct forms from the Eocene and Miocene are nearly identical to modern forms, suggesting that the niche has been stable over geologic time. Females emerge from ripe figs and fly to another fig tree with developing syconia (which contain
28-407: Is a diminutive of "ostium" , "opening". The term is also used in higher plants , for example to denote the opening of the involuted syconium ( fig inflorescence) through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed. The species pharamacosycea have an arrangement interlocking pattern but there is an exception because of insipdia because it is partly cover the ostiole. On the adaxial side of
42-466: Is a group of pollinating fig wasps . They spend their larval stage inside the fruits of figs . The pollinating wasps ( Agaoninae , Kradibiinae , and Tetrapusiinae ) are the mutualistic partners of the fig trees. Extinct forms from the Eocene and Miocene are nearly identical to modern forms, suggesting that the niche has been stable over geologic time. Females emerge from ripe figs and fly to another fig tree with developing syconia (which contain
56-493: The bracts is made out of cubic cells, that has a staining reactions and contain phenolic compounds. Sometimes a stomatal aperture is called an "ostiole". Castro-Cárdenas, N., Vázquez-Santana, S., Teixeira, S. P., & Ibarra-Manríquez, G. (2023). Correction to: The roles of the ostiole in the fig-fig wasp mutualism from a morphoanatomical perspective. Journal of Plant Research, 136(1), 157–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01421-9 This mycology -related article
70-458: The flowers). They enter the syconium via the ostiole , pollinate the flowers, and lay their eggs in some of the ovules. The parasitized ovules develop into galls that support the growth of the wasp larvae. Prior to the final ripening of the fig, wingless males emerge from the galls they developed in. The males enter the galls of their winged sibling females and mate with them. The family has changed several times since its taxonomic appearance after
84-457: The flowers). They enter the syconium via the ostiole , pollinate the flowers, and lay their eggs in some of the ovules. The parasitized ovules develop into galls that support the growth of the wasp larvae. Prior to the final ripening of the fig, wingless males emerge from the galls they developed in. The males enter the galls of their winged sibling females and mate with them. The family has changed several times since its taxonomic appearance after
98-481: The male dies after chewing a hole. As the fig is closed by a tight ostiole , the female wasps have developed adaptations to enter. First, the mandibles of the female wasps have developed specialized mandibular appendages to help them crawl into the figs. These appendages are adapted to the host fig species, with for instance spiraled ostioles matched by spiral mandibular appendages. Agaoninae Agaoninae Kradibiinae Tetrapusiinae The family Agaonidae
112-418: The male dies after chewing a hole. As the fig is closed by a tight ostiole , the female wasps have developed adaptations to enter. First, the mandibles of the female wasps have developed specialized mandibular appendages to help them crawl into the figs. These appendages are adapted to the host fig species, with for instance spiraled ostioles matched by spiral mandibular appendages. Ostiole The word
126-444: The males are mostly wingless and whitish. This difference of color is probably due to a clear split in the gender role. Once they have mated, male and female fig wasps have different fates. In some fig species, such as Ficus subpisocarpa or Ficus tinctoria , the males have to chew a hole for the females to leave their natal fig. The winged female wasps can fly over long distances before finding another fig to oviposit in it, while
140-444: The males are mostly wingless and whitish. This difference of color is probably due to a clear split in the gender role. Once they have mated, male and female fig wasps have different fates. In some fig species, such as Ficus subpisocarpa or Ficus tinctoria , the males have to chew a hole for the females to leave their natal fig. The winged female wasps can fly over long distances before finding another fig to oviposit in it, while
154-437: The work of Francis Walker in 1846 described from the wasp genus Agaon . Previously the subfamilies Epichrysomallinae , Otitesellinae , Sycoecinae , Sycoryctinae , Sycophaginae , and Agaoninae were the subdivisions of the family. Recent works building strong molecular phylogenies with an extended sampling size have changed the composition of Agaonidae . The paraphyletic groups have been excluded; Epichrysomallinae
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#1732783636807168-435: The work of Francis Walker in 1846 described from the wasp genus Agaon . Previously the subfamilies Epichrysomallinae , Otitesellinae , Sycoecinae , Sycoryctinae , Sycophaginae , and Agaoninae were the subdivisions of the family. Recent works building strong molecular phylogenies with an extended sampling size have changed the composition of Agaonidae . The paraphyletic groups have been excluded; Epichrysomallinae
182-445: Was raised to family status ( Epichrysomallidae ), whereas Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, Sycophaginae, and Sycoryctinae were transferred to Pteromalidae . New subfamilies have been instated (Kradibiinae and Tetrapusiinae). The relationship between fig trees and agaonid fig wasps is an obligate mutualism that has evolved over a period of about sixty million years. The pollinating female fig wasps are winged and in general dark, while
196-440: Was raised to family status ( Epichrysomallidae ), whereas Otitesellinae, Sycoecinae, Sycophaginae, and Sycoryctinae were transferred to Pteromalidae . New subfamilies have been instated (Kradibiinae and Tetrapusiinae). The relationship between fig trees and agaonid fig wasps is an obligate mutualism that has evolved over a period of about sixty million years. The pollinating female fig wasps are winged and in general dark, while
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