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40-504: Agni-II ( IAST : Agni , lit.   ' Fire ' ), is the second strategic ballistic missile of the Agni family envisaged to be the mainstay of the Indian missile-based strategic nuclear deterrence . The Agni-II is a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) with two solid fuel stages and a Post Boost Vehicle (PBV) integrated into the missile's Re-entry Vehicle (RV). The Agni's manoeuvring RV

80-905: A repeating decimal value: 1 7 = 0. 142857 ¯ = 0.142857142857142857142857... {\displaystyle {1 \over 7}=0.{\overline {142857}}=0.142857142857142857142857...} When it is not possible to format the number so that the overline is over the digit(s) that repeat, one overline character is placed to the left of the digit(s) that repeat: 3. I ¯ 3 = 3. 3 ¯ = 3.3333333333333333333333333... {\displaystyle 3.{\overline {\phantom {I}}}3=3.{\overline {3}}=3.3333333333333333333333333...} 3.12 I ¯ 34 = 3.12 34 ¯ = 3.123434343434343434343434... {\displaystyle 3.12{\overline {\phantom {I}}}34=3.12{\overline {34}}=3.123434343434343434343434...} Historically,

120-504: A ] or a . In topology , the closure of a subset S of a topological space is often denoted S or cl ⁡ S {\displaystyle \operatorname {cl} S} . In crystallography , an overline indicates an improper rotation or a negative number : In computational neuroscience , an overline is used to indicate the "maximal" conductances in Hodgkin-Huxley models . This goes back to at least

160-643: A double-bar (or double-prime) to represent phrasal-level units. X-bar theory derives its name from the overbar. One of the core proposals of the theory was the creation of an intermediate syntactic node between phrasal (XP) and unit (X) levels; rather than introduce a different label, the intermediate unit was marked with a bar. In HTML using CSS , overline is implemented via the text-decoration property; for example, <span style="text-decoration: overline">text</span> results in: text . The text decoration property supports also other typographical features with horizontal lines: underline (a line below

200-433: A font, etc. It can be enabled in the input menu in the menu bar under System Preferences → International → Input Menu (or System Preferences → Language and Text → Input Sources) or can be viewed under Edit → Emoji & Symbols in many programs. Equivalent tools – such as gucharmap ( GNOME ) or kcharselect ( KDE ) – exist on most Linux desktop environments. Users of SCIM on Linux based platforms can also have

240-649: A menu option to edit Overlining in Microsoft Word for any operating system, or in Word for the web. Overlining can be added using fields codes, EQ \O() . The field code {EQ \O(x,¯)} produces x and the field code {EQ \O(xyz,¯¯¯)} produces xyz ; However this does not work in Word on Android, ChromeOS, iPadOS, or Word for the web. In Word 2010 it is necessary to insert an MS Equation object. Overstriking of longer sections of text, such as in 123 , can also be produced in many text processors as text markup as

280-707: A modifier key to type letters with diacritical marks. For example, alt + a = ā. How this is set up varies by operating system. Linux/Unix and BSD desktop environments allow one to set up custom keyboard layouts and switch them by clicking a flag icon in the menu bar. macOS One can use the pre-installed US International keyboard, or install Toshiya Unebe's Easy Unicode keyboard layout. Microsoft Windows Windows also allows one to change keyboard layouts and set up additional custom keyboard mappings for IAST. This Pali keyboard installer made by Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator (MSKLC) supports IAST (works on Microsoft Windows up to at least version 10, can use Alt button on

320-406: A reversal of its official name (and compatibility decomposition), it is much wider than an actual macron diacritic over most letters, and actually wider than U+203E ‾ OVERLINE in most fonts. In ChromeOS and Linux , the symbol can be added using the keystrokes Ctrl + ⇧ Shift + U to activate Unicode input , then type "00AF" as the code for the character. On a Mac , with

360-632: A single line above a chunk of text, should not be confused with the macron , a diacritical mark placed above (or sometimes below) individual letters. The macron is narrower than the character box. In most forms of Latin scribal abbreviation , an overline or macron indicates omitted letters similar to use of apostrophes in English contractions. Letters with macrons or overlines continue to be used in medical abbreviations in various European languages, particularly for prescriptions . Common examples include Note, however, that abbreviations involving

400-586: A special form of understriking. Collabora Online , Collabora Office and LibreOffice have direct menu support for several styles of Overline in the "Format" menu within applications of their office suites, including spreadsheets, presentations and graphics applications. The user-interface option is available in the web based suite, and the locally installable applications for Linux, macOS and Windows, and with Collabora Office in Android (in tablet format), ChromeOS and iPadOS. Options for Overline are available under

440-435: Is actually glottal , not velar . Some letters are modified with diacritics : Long vowels are marked with an overline (often called a macron ). Vocalic (syllabic) consonants, retroflexes and ṣ ( / ʂ ~ ɕ ~ʃ/ ) have an underdot . One letter has an overdot: ṅ ( /ŋ/ ). One has an acute accent : ś ( /ʃ/ ). One letter has a line below: ḻ ( / ɭ / ) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto ,

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480-684: Is based on a scheme that emerged during the 19th century from suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress , in September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic script. It is this faithfulness to

520-534: Is designated by an overline, e.g. RESET , representing logical negation . Overlining is also used in graphics design for decoration of text to help convey a message. Some Morse code prosigns can be expressed as two or three characters run together, and an overline is often used to signify this. The most famous is the distress signal , SOS . An overline-like symbol is traditionally used in Syriac text to mark abbreviations and numbers. It has dots at each end and

560-494: Is made of a carbon- carbon composite material that is light and able to sustain high thermal stresses of re-entry, in a variety of trajectories. The Agni-IIA is a more advanced version of Agni-II, albeit with more sophisticated and lighter materials, yielding a better range and operating regime. Agni-IIA was later renamed as Agni-IV plugging the gap between Agni-II and Agni-III . While the first test of Agni-IV in December 2010

600-576: Is used as a length mark in Odia script . Collabora Online , an office suite for the web has direct menu support for several styles of Overline in the "Format" menu, with options available under "Format > Character" enabling the default solid Overline to be replaced with double overline, dots, dashes, waves, double waves, and the color of the Overline can be set. Collabora Office and LibreOffice have direct menu support for several styles of Overline in

640-547: The ABC Extended keyboard, use ⌥ Option + a . In Microsoft Windows , U+00AF can be entered with the keystrokes Alt + 0 1 7 5 (where numbers are entered from the numeric keypad ). The Unicode character U+070F SYRIAC ABBREVIATION MARK is used to mark Syriac abbreviations and numbers . However, several computer environments do not render this line correctly or at all. The Unicode character U+0B55 ୕ ORIYA SIGN OVERLINE

680-448: The 335 Missile Group of Regiment of Artillery at Secunderabad using 12 TEL vehicles. Agni-II can reach all of Pakistan and most parts of south and southeastern China. Related development Related lists IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST ) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It

720-763: The ISO 15919 standard for transliterating Indic scripts emerged in 2001 from the standards and library worlds. For the most part, ISO 15919 follows the IAST scheme, departing from it only in minor ways (e.g., ṃ/ṁ and ṛ/r̥)—see comparison below. The Indian National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanisation of all Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST. The IAST letters are listed with their Devanagari equivalents and phonetic values in IPA , valid for Sanskrit , Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, but some phonological changes have occurred: * H

760-431: The equivalence class of the integer a , denoted by a n , is the set {... , a − 2 n , a − n , a , a + n , a + 2 n , ... }. This set, consisting of all the integers congruent to a  modulo  n , is called the congruence class , residue class , or simply residue of the integer a modulo  n . When the modulus n is known from the context, that residue may also be denoted [

800-453: The "Format" menu. The user-interface option is available in their word processors on Linux, macOS and Windows, and also in Android (in tablet format), ChromeOS and iPadOS with Collabora Office. Options for Overline are available under the menu: "Format > Character", enabling the default solid Overline to be replaced with double overline, dots, dashes, waves, double waves, and the color of the Overline can be set. Microsoft Word does not have

840-545: The area of Sanskrit studies make use of free OpenType fonts such as FreeSerif or Gentium , both of which have complete support for the full repertoire of conjoined diacritics in the IAST character set. Released under the GNU FreeFont or SIL Open Font License , respectively, such fonts may be freely shared and do not require the person reading or editing a document to purchase proprietary software to make use of its associated fonts. Overline An overline, that is,

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880-471: The center. In German it is occasionally used to indicate a pair of letters which cannot both be fitted into the available space. When Morse code is written out as text, overlines are used to distinguish prosigns and other concatenated character groups from strings of individual characters. In Arabic writing and printing , overlines are traditionally used instead of underlines for typographic emphasis , although underlines are used more and more due to

920-536: The consumer edition since XP. This is limited to characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP). Characters are searchable by Unicode character name, and the table can be limited to a particular code block. More advanced third-party tools of the same type are also available (a notable freeware example is BabelMap ). macOS provides a "character palette" with much the same functionality, along with searching by related characters, glyph tables in

960-528: The diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for which the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters. For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919 that merges the retroflex (underdotted) liquids with the vocalic ones ( ringed below ) and

1000-507: The font. In Unicode, character U+FE26 COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON is conjoining (bridging) two characters: ◌︦◌ . In East Asian ( CJK ) computing, U+FFE3 ￣ FULLWIDTH MACRON is available. Despite the name, Unicode maps this character to both U+203E and U+00AF. Unicode maps the overline-like character from ISO/IEC 8859-1 and code page 850 to the U+00AF ¯ MACRON symbol mentioned above. In

1040-489: The integral part of a number from its fractional part , as in 9 9 95 (meaning 99.95 in decimal point format). A similar notation remains in common use as an underbar to superscript digits, especially for monetary values without a decimal separator, as in 99 . In mathematics, an overline can be used as a vinculum . The vinculum can indicate a line segment : A B ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {\rm {AB}}}} The vinculum can indicate

1080-437: The landmark paper published by Nobel prize winners Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley around 1952. Overlines are used in subatomic particle physics to denote antiparticles for some particles (with the alternate being distinguishing based on electric charge). For example, the proton is denoted as p , and its corresponding antiparticle is denoted as p . An active low signal

1120-402: The latter allows an overline to be placed over any character. There is also U+033F ◌̿ COMBINING DOUBLE OVERLINE . As with any combining character , it appears in the same character box as the character that logically precedes it: for example, x̅, compared to x‾. A series of overlined characters, for example 1̅2̅3̅, may result either in a broken or an unbroken line, depending on

1160-523: The letter h take their macron halfway up the ascending line rather than at the normal height for Unicode overlines and macrons: ħ . This is separately encoded in Unicode with the symbols using bar diacritics and appears shorter than other overlines in many fonts. In the Middle Ages , from the original Indian decimal writing , before printing, an overline over the units digit was used to separate

1200-417: The mantissa remains positive. This notation avoids the need for separate tables to convert positive and negative logarithms back to their original numbers. The overline notation can indicate a complex conjugate and analogous operations. In physics, an overline sometimes indicates a vector , although boldface and arrows are also commonly used: Congruence modulo n is an equivalence relation , and

1240-749: The opportunity to install and use the sa-itrans-iast input handler which provides complete support for the ISO 15919 standard for the romanization of Indic languages as part of the m17n library. Or user can use some Unicode characters in Latin-1 Supplement, Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended Additional and Combining Diarcritical Marks block to write IAST. Only certain fonts support all the Latin Unicode characters essential for

Agni-II - Misplaced Pages Continue

1280-512: The original scripts that accounts for its continuing popularity amongst scholars. Scholars commonly use IAST in publications that cite textual material in Sanskrit, Pāḷi and other classical Indian languages. IAST is also used for major e-text repositories such as SARIT, Muktabodha, GRETIL, and sanskritdocuments.org. The IAST scheme represents more than a century of scholarly usage in books and journals on classical Indian studies. By contrast,

1320-471: The right side of the keyboard instead of Ctrl+Alt combination). Many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Microsoft Windows has provided a Unicode version of the Character Map program (find it by hitting ⊞ Win + R then type charmap then hit ↵ Enter ) since version NT 4.0 – appearing in

1360-499: The rise of the internet. X-bar theory makes use of overbar notation to indicate differing levels of syntactic structure . Certain structures are represented by adding an overbar to the unit, as in X . Due to difficulty in typesetting the overbar, the prime symbol is often used instead, as in X ′ . Contemporary typesetting software, such as LaTeX, has made typesetting overbars considerably simpler ; both prime and overbar markers are accepted usages. Some variants of X-bar notation use

1400-400: The short close-mid vowels with the long ones. The following seven exceptions are from the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts , as used for languages other than Sanskrit. The most convenient method of inputting romanized Sanskrit is by setting up an alternative keyboard layout . This allows one to hold

1440-413: The term or expression to be negated. For example: Common set theory notation: Electrical engineering notation: in which the times (cross) means multiplication, the dot means logical AND, and the plus sign means logical OR. Both illustrate De Morgan's laws and its mnemonic, "break the line, change the sign". In common logarithms , a bar over the characteristic indicates that it is negative—whilst

1480-455: The text) and strikethrough (a line through the text). Unicode includes two graphic characters , U+00AF ¯ MACRON and U+203E ‾ OVERLINE . They are compatibility equivalent to the U+0020   SPACE with non-spacing diacritics U+0304 ◌̄ COMBINING MACRON and U+0305 ◌̅ COMBINING OVERLINE respectively;

1520-487: The transliteration of Indic scripts according to the IAST and ISO 15919 standards. For example, the Arial , Tahoma and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later versions also support precomposed Unicode characters like ī . Many other text fonts commonly used for book production may be lacking in support for one or more characters from this block. Accordingly, many academics working in

1560-650: The vinculum was used to group together symbols so that they could be treated as a unit. Today, parentheses are more commonly used for this purpose. The overline is used to indicate a sample mean : Survival functions or complementary cumulative distribution functions are often denoted by placing an overline over the symbol for the cumulative: F ¯ ( x ) = 1 − F ( x ) {\displaystyle {\overline {F}}(x)=1-F(x)} . In set theory and some electrical engineering contexts, negation operators (also known as complement ) can be written as an overline above

1600-792: Was a failure, the second test flight in November 2011 was a success Agni-II, developed as part of medium- and long-range Agni series of missile systems, has already been inducted into the Armed Forces. On 17 May 2010, the trial was conducted with a Strategic Forces Command (SFC) of nuclear-capable Agni-II ballistic missile, with a range of 2,000 kilometres from the Wheelers Island off Orissa coast thus making Agni-II missile operational by army. US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimating that as of June 2017 less than 10 launchers were operationally deployed, operated by

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