31-560: Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee (15 April 1901 – 27 May 1986) was an Indian independence activist and politician who served three short terms as the Chief Minister of West Bengal . He hailed from Tamluk , Purba Medinipur district , West Bengal. Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee born in Tamluk , West Bengal, India in 1901, he was one of the leaders of Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar (Tamrlipta National Government), which came into effect on 17 December 1942 during
62-623: A maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however it can be extended repeatedly if the Election Commission of India recommends that elections are not possible. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha . The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced
93-457: A new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions: President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval. Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through
124-584: A proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the revocation of Article 370 , President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 . Following
155-465: A wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity. The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state". B. R. Ambedkar also said that it would be like
186-574: Is head of the Council of Ministers and appoints ministers. The chief minister, along with their cabinet, exercises executive authority in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. On 17 August 1947, the British Indian province of Bengal was partitioned into the Pakistani province of East Bengal and
217-561: Is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress. The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail
248-746: Is the one of the two female incumbent Chief Minister in India at present (as per 2024). by (Governor) (1946–52) ( January 1946 election ) ( 1952 election ) ( 1957 election ) ( 1967 election ) ( 1971 election ) ( 1972 election ) ( 1977 election ) ( 1982 election ) ( 1987 election ) ( 1991 election ) ( 1996 election ) ( 2001 election ) ( 2011 election ) ( 2016 election ) ( 2021 election ) Fraction of time of holding CMO by party in West Bengal (as of October 2024) President%27s rule In India , President's rule
279-516: Is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct Union government rule in a state . Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India , if a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed governor , who has
310-832: The Quit India Movement , a programme of civil disobedience launched in India in 1942. He was greatly influenced by Swami Vivekananda . Earlier a member of the Indian National Congress , he later became a leader in the Bangla Congress , which co-governed with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in two United Front governments in the 1960s and 1970s. He held the chief ministerial position in both these governments, from March to November 1967, and again from February 1969 to March 1970. In
341-482: The come back Article 370 in 31 dec 2024 and bifurcation into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the erstwhile state's constitution for 6 months. After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019 , which is used to impose President's rule as
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#1732793731410372-535: The 1994 landmark judgment in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India , the Supreme Court of India restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule. Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far. In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances: If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for
403-547: The Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states: 73. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,— (a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or (b) that for
434-545: The Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved , necessitating a new election. Prior to 2019, the constitution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir had a similar system of Governor's rule , under its Section 92. The state's governor issued
465-486: The INC served a five-year term. The landslide victory of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) -led Left Front in the 1977 election began Jyoti Basu 's 23-year continuous reign as chief minister. The length of his tenure was an all-India record until 2018, when he was surpassed by Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling . Basu's successor Buddhadeb Bhattacharya continued the communist rule in West Bengal for another decade, when
496-693: The Indian state of West Bengal . Since then West Bengal has had seven chief ministers, starting with Prafulla Chandra Ghosh of the Indian National Congress (INC) party as the premier (elected to lead the assembly while the chief minister is not appointed). Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy in 1950 became the first formal Chief Minister of West Bengal after the implementation of the Indian Constitution . A period of political instability followed thereafter—West Bengal witnessed three elections, four coalition governments and three stints of President's rule between 1967 and 1972—before Siddhartha Shankar Ray of
527-612: The Left Front was defeated in the 2011 election by the Trinamool Congress , thereby ending the 34-year long rule of the Left Front government, a fact that was noted by the international media. Sworn in on 20 May 2011, Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee is West Bengal's incumbent chief minister , the first woman to hold the office. She was subsequently voted to power in 2016 and 2021 assembly elections. She
558-696: The National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA. In the Union Territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 . Which thus reads 51. - If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,― (a) that a situation has arisen in which
589-408: The Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239. Article 356 gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by
620-480: The abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India , due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced. Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly. Until
651-466: The administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or (b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
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#1732793731410682-402: The authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired civil servants not native to the state. When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly ( Vidhan Sabha ). The council is led by the chief minister , who is the chief executive of the state;
713-420: The proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with
744-564: The provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or (b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering
775-455: The provisions of this Act. In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus: 239AB. - If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied— (a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with
806-482: The ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents. Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule. The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It
837-470: The widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced. Article 356 has always been the focal point of
868-767: The year 1967 Ajoy Mukherjee defeated Prafulla Chandra Sen another Gandhian at Arambagh assembly constituency and became chief minister of West Bengal after Prafulla Chandra Sen. Architect of Ajoy Mukherjee's victory at Arambagh was Narayan Ch Ghosh the then students leader at Arambagh. Narayan Ghosh accompanied Ajoy Mukherjee in a boat for several days to see several flood affected areas in Arambagh & Ghatal subdivision during 1968. People of flood affected areas were enthused by Ajoy Mukherjee for his tireless move to stand for them. Ajoy Mukherjee with some of his closed colleagues, viz. Pranab Mukherjee etc., joined Indian National Congress leaving Sushil Dhara - his long term associate. He
899-532: Was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties. The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977
930-502: Was married to Mohan Kumaramangalam and was the mother of Rangarajan Kumaramangalam and Lalitha Kumaramangalam . Mukherjee died on 27 May 1986 in Calcutta. Chief Minister of West Bengal The Chief Minister of West Bengal ( IAST : Paścim Baṅgēr Mukhya Mantrī) is the de facto head of the executive branch of the Government of West Bengal , the subnational authority of the Indian state of West Bengal . The chief minister
961-588: Was offered ministerial post at Centre by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi , but Ajoy Mukherjee declined, citing about his age and health condition and recommended Pranab Mukherjee for the post, who became State Minister in the Indian Cabinet. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan award in 1977 from Government of India . His brother Biswanath Mukherjee was the husband of Geeta Mukherjee , a communist MP. Ajoy's niece Kalyani (daughter of another brother)