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34-493: The Akademische Fliegergruppe of the Technical University of Darmstadt (Akaflieg Darmstadt) was first formed in 1921. It was, and is, a group of aeronautical students who design and construct aircraft as part of their studies and with the help and encouragement of their University. The D-41 was completed in 1993. It was designed to show that a two-seat sailplane of side-by-side layout, with its better visibility for

68-534: A T-tail with straight edged, tapered surfaces. The D-41 had a retractable central undercarriage. The side-by-side configuration requires cockpit ballast for solo flying and the D-41 also had provision for 200 kg (440 lb) of water ballast for competition flying. The D-41 was used by the Akaflieg students and proved popular, but was lost in a fatal accident during an aborted launch. A spin developed which it

102-482: A coach and four. The second was a variation: Say, What can Tommy Onslow do? Can drive a curricle and two! Can Tommy Onslow do no more? Yes, — drive a curricle and four. In fact, these were variants of a rhyme that had followed Onslow from his days as a "whip" long before the founding of the Four-In-Hand Club, where he had driven a phaeton . In Athenaeum one correspondent reported that

136-485: A conventional side-by-side cockpit. The Grumman A-6 Intruder , General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark , Sukhoi Su-24 , and the Sukhoi Su-34 are examples of combat aircraft that use this configuration. For training aircraft, it has the advantage that pilot and instructor can see each other's actions, allowing the pilot to learn from the instructor and the instructor to correct the student pilot. The tandem configuration has

170-438: A hat that was at least 3.5 inch deep in the crown. The Club regularly drove as a group to Salt Hill , where they spent a convivial evening and the night, before driving back to London. The FHC encountered difficulties in 1820, revived in 1822 with slightly different club rules, but only lasting until 1826. An 1820 joke went the rounds, of a person addressing a FHC member, saying "I hear that you men have broken up." To which,

204-415: A loose tab that might catch a rein in it. In carriage driving , the driver should carry a whip long enough to reach the shoulder of the leader. A tandem cart is constructed in the style of a dogcart and used mainly for show, and should be tall enough for the driver to look over the head of the lead horse. A drayel is hardware at the tip of the shafts to attach the traces (pulling straps) from

238-558: A male uses claspers at the end of his abdomen to grab a female between the head and thorax , forming a tandem. The pair may take flight while in tandem. Driving club A driving club was a 19th century membership club for the recreational practice of carriage driving . One of the first driving clubs was the Bensington Driving Club, founded in February 1807 at Bensington, Oxfordshire , also known as

272-435: A steep hill, out of heavy mud or snow, or pulling heavy loads on narrow tracks or through narrow gates and doorways (too wide for a pair of horses side-by-side). For example, a Brewer's van fully loaded with 25 barrels might weigh 8 tons, requiring 2 or 3 horses. In carting , when pulling heavy loads with tandem harness, the carter walks to the left of the shaft horse holding its left rein with his right hand, and holding

306-592: A team [of four horses]. Whereas the leaders of a team balance one another and keep each other straight, there is nothing other than the skill of the Whip (driver) to prevent a tandem leader from turning to face his driver. Three horses in a row is sometimes called a randem/random or trandem/trandom . Tandem bicycles are named for their tandem seating, a more common arrangement than side-by-side " sociable " seating. Tandem bikes are also used in road racing , track racing , and para-cycling . The Messerschmitt KR200

340-420: A trainer with tandem seating from a single-seater aircraft. An alternative configuration is side-by-side seating, which is common in civil aircraft of all sizes, trainers and large military aircraft, but less so in high performance jets and gliders where drag reduction is paramount. The Boeing B-47 Stratojet and Boeing XB-52 bombers used fighter-style tandem seating, but the final B-52 bomber series used

374-506: The Latin adverb tandem , meaning at length or finally . It is a word play , using the Latin phrase (referring to time, not position) for English "at length, lengthwise". When driving horses , tandem refers to one horse harnessed in front of another to pull a load or vehicle . A tandem arrangement provides more pulling power than a single horse, such as for pulling a heavy load up

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408-667: The Benson Driving Club when Bensington became Benson, and commonly referred to as "the B.D.C.". It was disbanded in 1854. The BDC initially met in the White Hart public house. Later the club was relocated to Bedfont , becoming the Bedfont Driving Club with ease (since the initials remained the same), and met in the Black Dog public house. As a consequence it was also known by the informal name

442-606: The Black and White Club. Its first president was Charles Finch. Finch's successor as president was Thomas Onslow, 2nd Earl of Onslow , a.k.a. "Tommy" Onslow. The members of the club were illustrated in Holcroft's comedy The Road to Ruin in Goldfinch . Tommy Onslow was ridiculed in two epigrams, the first of which was: What can Tommy Onslow do? He can drive a coach and two! Can Tommy Onslow do no more? He can drive

476-525: The Castle Hotel in Richmond . It was satirized by Robert Smith Surtees : Following his track succeeds a numerous band, Who vainly drive to work their fours-in-hand. For Richmond bound I view them passing by, Their hands unsteady, and their reins awry. Some scratch their panels, some their horses' knees — Beaufort and Payne, I class you not with these; For who so smartly skins along

510-706: The advantage of being closer to the normal working environment that a fast jet pilot is likely to encounter. In some cases, such as the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler , a two-place aircraft can be lengthened into a four-place aircraft. Also, a single seat cockpit can be redesigned into a side-by-side arrangement in the case of the Douglas A-1 Skyraider , TF-102 trainer or the Hawker Hunter training versions. During mating among odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ),

544-610: The club itself owned the coach Pioneer which made daily runs between Holland House and Ardsley, New York for three years. Several members introduced the sport in France, organizing the Reunion Road Club of Paris. In 1890, Philadelphia started their own Four-in-Hand Club. Enthusiasts in Boston, Massachusetts formed several driving clubs (also called "gentlemen's driving clubs"), and so-called trotting associations, in

578-655: The distance between the axles (up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) in the European Union, 40–96 inches (1.02–2.44 m) in the United States), mechanically there are many configurations. Either or both axles may be powered, and often interact with each other. In the United States, both axles are typically powered and equalized; in the European Union, one axle is typically unpowered, and can often be adjusted to load, and even raised off

612-447: The final requirement was relaxed. Club members Sir Henry Peyton and Mr Annesley drove roan horses. The Four Horse Club rules also had strict dictates about clothing for the drivers. They required a drab coat that reached down to one's ankles, decorated with large mother-of-pearl buttons, and three tiers of pockets; a blue waistcoat with inch-wide yellow stripes; knee-length breeches with strings and rosettes, made of plush; and

646-424: The front horse. Alternative to using a drayel, the leader's traces are hooked or buckled into the forward end of the wheeler's traces. Driving a tandem is challenging and led to the creation of tandem driving clubs and matches in the 19th century. The art of tandem driving requires an alert brain and sensitive fingers. It has been compared with playing a harp. It is, in many ways, more difficult than driving

680-473: The ground, turning a tandem into a single- axle . The two seating configurations for trainer, night and all-weather interceptor or attack aircraft are pilot and instructor side by side or in tandem. Usually, the pilot is in front and the instructor behind. In attack helicopters, sometimes the pilot sits in back with the weapons operator in front for better view to aim weapons, as the Bell AH-1 Cobra

714-454: The instructor, who sits in the rear seat in a tandem configuration trainer, and easier instructor-pupil communication, could have as high performance as one with the more usual tandem seat arrangement. The D-41 was constructed from mixed composite materials , using GRP , CRP and aramid reinforced polymer. It had a mid-set wing of straight double tapered plan with a continuous straight leading edge with almost no sweep. Flaps filled

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748-737: The inventor of the Buxton bit , along with some friends therefore founded the Four Horse Club. It was also informally known by various other names, as the Four-In-Hand Club (after four-in-hand ), the Whip Club, and the Barouche Club. The third name was after a type of horse carriage called a barouche , which was driven by its members. The club rules dictated that a barouche should have silver mounted harnesses, rosettes at their heads, yellow bodies, "dickies", and bay horses. However,

782-511: The leaders swerve, And sit, al careless, 'mid the wordy war To lose a pinch-pin, break a splinter-bar. The Duke of Beaufort , named in the poem, did take part in the processions, but was not actually a member of the RDC. Mr Angerstein , also named, was a particularly reckless driver, whose reputation led no-one to want to ride with him. An anecdote relates that on one occasion someone unwittingly climbed into Angerstein's carriage after dinner for

816-404: The plain as Beaufort's Duke? What whip can equal Payne? No matter — dinner comes, when all are able To drive their coaches well about the table. Ricardo then can driving feats relate, And Batthyany swear he'd clear the gate; Till midnight closes o'er the festive scene, Then who so bold as ride with Angerstein? He who aloft can mark with unmoved nerve The wheelers jibbing while

850-419: The reins of the lead horse in his left hand. The harness for the leader (front horse) is slightly different than for the wheeler (rear horse). For instance, the leader doesn't have shafts, so shaft holders are not needed, but often there are straps to support the traces (pulling straps) from sagging too low. Any straps running across the back of the leader should be sewn or use special buckles which don't leave

884-473: The reply was "No. We've broken down; the FHC had not enough in hand to keep on with." The modified rules called for a brown landaulet carriage, without ornaments; no restrictions upon horse colour; and brass mounted harnesses. The Richmond Driving Club was founded in 1838 by Lord Chesterfield . It only lasted until 1845. It used to meet at Lord Chesterfield's house, and drive, in procession, to dinner at

918-404: The ride home. Angerstein, so excited that someone had actually chosen to ride with him, set off immediately, without waiting for the rest of the procession, and so suddenly that his passenger was thrown head-over-heels. The passenger, realizing whose carriage he had embarked upon, saying nothing jumped straight off. The Four-In-Hand Driving Club was founded in 1856. The earliest coaching club

952-772: The second half of the 19th century. They would race in three locations: the Readville Race Course, the Riverside Riding Park in Allston (later to be named Beacon Park), and the South End Driving Park. The most famous of these clubs, the Metropolitan Driving Club, conducted races for several decades, until the rise in popularity of the motor car caused carriage driving to lose its appeal. A 2002 estimate by

986-645: The verse had been popular in Onslow's younger days, in Surrey, at the start of the 19th century: What can little T. O. do? Drive a phaeton and two. Can little T. O,. do no more? Yes, — drive a phaeton and four. The (friendly) rival Four Horse Club was founded the year after the BDC, in April 1808, but did not last as long. It was founded because the membership of the BDC was limited to 25 people. Charles Buxton,

1020-403: The whole of the trailing edge inboard of the ailerons . The forward fuselage and cockpit region was wider than that of a tandem seater but inclined seats kept the depth down, leading to a flattened oval cross section of not much greater area. The cockpit was covered with a long, single piece canopy reaching back to the wing leading edge. Behind the wing the fuselage became slender, ending in

1054-553: Was a tandem cockpit redesign which produced a much slimmer profile than the Bell UH-1 Iroquois on which it was based. Attack aircraft and all-weather interceptors often use a second crew member to operate avionics such as radar, or as a second pilot. Bombers such as the Convair B-58 Hustler seated three crew members in tandem. A common engineering adaptation is to lengthen the cockpit or fuselage to create

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1088-492: Was an example of a very small automobile that used tandem seating; one passenger behind the driver. Tandem parking means parking one car in front of the other. The word tandem is also used to indicate a semi-trailer truck pulling more than one trailer. Tandem axles means one axle mounted closely in front of another. For trailers, the purpose is to bear heavier loads than a single axle provides. In heavy trucks, tandem refers to two closely spaced axles. Legally defined by

1122-580: Was impossible to recover from before crashing, killing both pilots. Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1991/2 General characteristics Performance Tandem Tandem , or in tandem , is an arrangement in which two or more animals, machines, or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. Tandem can also be used more generally to refer to any group of persons or objects working together, not necessarily in line. The English word tandem derives from

1156-538: Was the Four-in-hand Club (New York). Active in the 1860s, they drove to Jerome Park Racetrack each year to watch the horse racing. The Coaching Club (New York) was established in 1875. They organized annual long distance drives, the first in 1878 between New York and Philadelphia, 98 miles each way. Other drives were organized to cities around New York state, as well as to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont. The club's membership operated 46 drags, and

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