Roof tiles are overlapping tiles designed mainly to keep out precipitation such as rain or snow , and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as clay or slate . Later tiles have been made from materials such as concrete , glass , and plastic .
40-579: Albeni is a commune in Gorj County , Oltenia , Romania . It is composed of six villages: Albeni, Bârzeiu de Gilort, Bolbocești, Doseni, Mirosloveni, and Prunești. This Gorj County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gorj County Gorj County ( Romanian pronunciation: [ɡorʒ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Oltenia , with its capital city at Târgu Jiu . Gorj comes from
80-585: A common ornamental symbol is the Mugunghwa , South Korea 's national flower. Neolithic sites such as Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh provide early evidence of roof tiles. They became more common during the iron age and the early historic period during the first millennium BCE. These early roof tiles were flat tiles and rounded or bent tiles, a form that was widespread across the Ganga Valley and
120-522: A large scale with a tile press . In many cases interlocking tile is designed to imitate other patterns of tile, such as flat shingles or pantiles, which can make it difficult to identify from the ground without inspecting an individual tile for a ridge. The origins of clay roofing tiles are obscure, but it is believed that it was developed independently during the late Neolithic period in both ancient Greece and China , before spreading in use across Europe and Asia. Fired roof-tiles have been found in
160-530: A pointed lower end. In Indonesia, approximately 90% of houses in Java island use clay roof tile. Traditionally, Javanese architecture use clay roof tiles. However, it was not until late 19th century that houses of commoners in Java and Bali started using roof tiles. The Dutch colonial administration encouraged the usage of roof tiles to increase hygiene. Before the mass usage of roof tiles in Java and Bali, commoners of both of islands used thatched or nipa roof like
200-407: A semi-cylindrical two-piece tile system, composed of a pan and cover. Unlike the imbrex and tegula both the pan and cover of Mission tile are arched. Early examples of this profile were created by bending a piece of clay over a worker's thigh, which resulted in the semi-circular curve. This could add a taper to one end of the tile. Pantiles are similar to mission tiles except that they consolidate
240-568: A status symbol. The designs used on giwa can have symbolic meanings, with different figures representing concepts such as spirituality, longevity, happiness, and enlightenment. The five elements of fire, water, wood, metal and earth were common decorations during the Three Kingdoms period, and during the Goryeo dynasty Celadon glaze was invented and used for the roof tiles of the upper class. Many post-war Korean roofs feature giwa and
280-400: Is a variation on the pantile which features a subdued "S" shape reminiscent of an ocean wave. In Britain, tiles were also used to provide weather protection to the sides of timber frame buildings, a practice known as tile hanging. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical tile , which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and
320-400: Is all ablaze with scarlet and green and blue and yellow and all the colors that are, so brilliantly varnished that it glitters like crystal and the color of it can be seen from far away. Japanese architecture includes Onigawara as roof ornamentation in conjunction with tiled roofs. They are generally roof tiles or statues depicting a Japanese ogre ( oni ) or a fearsome beast. Prior to
360-811: The House of the tiles in Lerna , Greece . Debris found at the site contained thousands of terracotta tiles which had fallen from the roof. In the Mycenaean period, roof tiles are documented for Gla and Midea . The earliest roof tiles from the Archaic period in Greece are documented from a very restricted area around Corinth , where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of Apollo and Poseidon between 700 and 650 BC. Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were found within fifty years at many sites around
400-476: The Greeks , Romans , and Chinese . The tegula is a flat tile laid against the surface of the roof, while the imbrex is a semi-cylindrical tile laid over the joints between tegulae. In early designs tegula were perfectly flat, however over time they were designed to have ridges along their edges to channel water away from the gaps between tiles. Similar to the imbrex and tegula design of tile, mission tiles are
440-626: The Heian period , similar ornaments with floral and plant designs "hanagawara" preceded the onigawara . Onigawara are most often found on Buddhist temples . In some cases the ogre's face may be missing. In Korea the use of tile, known as giwa , dates back to the Three Kingdoms period , but it was not until the Unified Silla period that tile roofing became widely used. Tiles were initially reserved for temples and royal buildings as
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#1732798146878480-758: The Song dynasty , the manufacture of glazed tiles were standardized in Li Jie 's Yingzao Fashi . In the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty , glazed tiles became ever more popular for top-tier buildings, including palace halls in the Forbidden City and ceremonial temples such as the Heavenly Temple . Chinese architecture is notable for its advancement of colored gloss glazes for roof tiles. Marco Polo made note of these on his travels to China, writing: The roof
520-1081: The Southern Carpathians group. In the West there are the Vâlcan Mountains , and in the East there are the Parâng Mountains and the Negoveanu Mountains . The two groups are split by the Jiu River . To the South, the heights decrease through the hills to a high plain at the Western end of the Wallachian Plain . The main river, which collects all the smaller rivers, is the Jiu River; its tributaries include
560-588: The Tismana , Gilort , and Motru rivers. The predominant industries in the county are: In the North of the county, coal is extracted near Motru and Rovinari . There are two big thermo electrical power plants at Rovinari and Turceni , and some hydro-electrical power plants. The county is the biggest electricity producer in Romania, with 36% of the country's electricity. Due to the decrease in mining activity,
600-603: The West Coast at the Mission San Antonio de Padua in 1780. This Spanish-influenced style of tile remains in common use in California . One notable site of roof tile production was Zoar, Ohio , where a religious sect of German Zoarites formed a commune in 1817 and produced their own roofs in a handmade German beaver-tail style for several decades. From the 1700s through early 1800s, clay roofing tile
640-450: The 1930 census data, the county population was 206,339 inhabitants, ethnically divided as follows: 97.9% Romanians, 1.7% Romanies, as well as other minorities. From the religious point of view, the population was 99.6% Eastern Orthodox, as well as other minorities. In 1930, the county's urban population was 13,030 inhabitants, comprising 90.0% Romanians, 4.6% Romanies, 1.1% Germans, 0.9% Hungarians, 0.8% Jews, as well as other minorities. From
680-405: The 19th century many companies began refining and developing other versions of interlocking tiles. The Gilardoni brothers began making their design in 1835 and took out a patent on their first design of interlocking clay tile in 1841, with a new design patented ten years later. The Gilardonis shared their patent with six other French tile manufacturers between 1845 and 1860, contributing greatly to
720-522: The Eastern Mediterranean , including Mainland Greece, Western Asia Minor , and Southern and Central Italy . Early Greek roof-tiles were of the imbrex and tebula style. While more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatch, their introduction has been explained by their greatly enhanced fire-resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples. The spread of the roof-tile technique has to be viewed in connection with
760-586: The Indian Peninsula, suggesting that it was an essential architectural element of this period. This early form of roof tiles also influenced roof tiles of neighboring Nepal and Sri lanka. Metal roof tiles made of gold, silver, bronze and copper are restricted to religious architecture in South Asia. A notable temple with golden roof tiles is the Nataraja temple of Chidambaram, where the roof of
800-480: The Slavic Gor(no)- Jiu (“upper Jiu”), in contrast with Dolj (“lower Jiu”). At the 2011 census , the county had a population of 334,238 and its population density was 59.66/km (154.5/sq mi). At the 2021 census , Gorj County had a population of 314,685. Gorj County has a total area of 5,602 km (2,163 sq mi). The North side of the county consists of various mountains from
840-409: The county has one of the highest unemployment levels in the country. The main tourist destinations are: The Gorj County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 32 counsellors, with the following party composition: Gorj County has 2 municipalities, 7 towns and 61 communes Historically, the county was located in the southwestern part of Greater Romania , in the northern part of
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#1732798146878880-411: The fact that a single tile would often cost the equivalent of 1.5 day's wages. Tiles were commonly used as improvised weapons used during citizen uprisings, as they were one of few such weapons available to city-dwellers of the time. Roman imbrex and tebula roofs generally avoided the use of nails and were instead held in place through gravity, it is possible that this was one of the reasons their tile
920-405: The first to develop a functional interlocking roof tile. The Gilardonis' design marked a significant shift in the design of roofing tile. Prior to this tile most roofing tile profiles could be hand made without the need for large-scale machines, but the new interlocking tiles could only be produced with a tile press and were more cost effective than comparable vernacular styles. Through the rest of
960-475: The historical region of Oltenia . Its capital was Târgu Jiu . The interwar county territory comprised a large part of the current Gorj County. It was bordered to the west by Mehedinți County , to the north by the counties of Hunedoara and Sibiu , to the east by Vâlcea County , and to the south by Dolj County . The county was originally divided into four administrative districts ( plăși ): Subsequently, two more districts were established: According to
1000-641: The inhabitants of other Indonesian islands. Roof tiles were introduced to North America by colonizers from Europe, and typically were traditional designs native to their original country. Pieces of clay roof tile have been found in archeological excavations of the English settlement at Roanoke Colony dating to 1585, and in later English settlements in Jamestown, Virginia and St. Mary's, Maryland . Spanish and French colonists brought their designs and styles of roofing tile to areas they settled along what are now
1040-456: The main shrine in the inner courtyard has been laid with 21,600 golden tiles. Tapered flat roof tiles have been used in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia since at least the 9th or 10th century CE, with widespread adoption after the 14th century, commonly to roof traditional Buddhist temple architecture. These shingle tiles have flat elongated bodies with a bent upper end for hooking at the roof and
1080-527: The need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mudbrick walls obsolete. A Greek roof tile was responsible for the death of Molossian Greek king Pyrrhus of Epirus in 272 BC after a woman threw one at the king's head as he was attacking her son. Roof tiles similar to Greek designs continued to be used through the reign of the Roman Empire . They were a common feature in Roman cities, despite
1120-553: The pan and cover into a single piece. This allows for greater surface area coverage with fewer tiles, and fewer cracks that could lead to leakage. These tiles are traditionally formed through an extruder . In addition to the S-shaped Spanish tiles, this category includes the Scandia tiles common to Scandinavia and Northern Europe. Dating to the 1840s, interlocking tiles are the newest category of roofing tile and one of
1160-752: The production of roof tile are near the Fishbourne Roman Palace . Early tiles produced in Britain followed the Roman imbrex and tebula style, but also included flat shingle tiles, which could be produced with less experience. For a while after the dissolution of the Roman Empire, the manufacture of tile for roofs and decoration diminished in Northern Europe. In the twelfth century clay, slate, and stone roofing tile began to see more use, initially on abbeys and royal palaces. Their use
1200-468: The religious point of view, the urban population was composed of 95.8% Eastern Orthodox, 2.2% Roman Catholic, 0.8% Jewish, as well as other minorities. In the county capital of Târgu Jiu, there was a factory producing roof tiles as of 1931. Roof tiles Roof tiles can be affixed by screws or nails , but in some cases historic designs utilize interlocking systems that are self-supporting. Tiles typically cover an underlayment system, which seals
1240-490: The roof against water intrusion. There are numerous profiles, or patterns, of roof tile, which can be separated into categories based on their installation and design. One of the simplest designs of roof tile, these are simple overlapping slabs installed in the same manner as traditional shingles , usually held in place by nails or screws at their top. All forms of slate tile fall into this category. When installed, most of an individual shingle's surface area will be covered by
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1280-486: The same time, increasing city growth led to rising demand for fireproof materials to limit the danger of urban fires, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. These conditions combined to bring a significant expansion in the use of roof tile, with a shift from regional and hand-produced tile to patented and machine-made tile sold by large-scale companies. The Gilardoni brothers of Altkirch, France were
1320-515: The shingles overlapping it. As a result of this, flat tiles require more tiles to cover a certain area than other patterns of similar size. These tiles commonly feature a squared base, as is the case with English clay tiles, but in some cases can have a pointed or rounded end, as seen with the beaver-tail tile common in Southern Germany . The imbrex and tegula are overlapping tiles that were used by many ancient cultures, including
1360-523: The simultaneous rise of monumental architecture in Ancient Greece. Only the newly appearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mudbrick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof. As a side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of 'Chinese roof' ( Knickdach ) construction in Greek architecture, as they made
1400-662: The southern United States and Mexico, with Spanish-influenced tile fragments found in Saint Augustine, Florida , and both Spanish and French styles used in New Orleans, Louisiana . Dutch settlers first imported tile to their settlements in what are now the Northeastern United States, and had established full-scale production of roofing tiles in the upper Hudson River Valley by 1650 to supply New Amsterdam . Clay roof tiles were first produced on
1440-518: The widest ranging in appearance. Their distinguishing feature is the presence of a ridge for interlocking with one another. This allows them to provide a high ratio of roof area to number of tiles used. Many distinct profiles fall into this category, such as the Marseilles , Ludowici , and Conosera patterns. Unlike other types of tiles, which can in some cases be produced through a variety of methods, interlocking tiles can only be manufactured on
1480-544: Was a popular material in colonial American cities due to its fire-resistance, especially after the establishment of urban fire-codes. In spite of improving manufacturing methods, clay tile fell out of favor within the United States around the 1820s, and cheaper alternatives such as wood shingle and slate tile became more common. Beginning around the mid-1800s, expanding industrial production allowed for more efficient and large-scale production of clay roofing tile. At
1520-664: Was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century. Clay roof tiles are the main form of historic ceramic tilework in China , due largely to the emphasis that traditional Chinese architecture places on a roof as opposed to a wall. Roof tile fragments have been found in the Loess Plateau dating to the Longshan period , showing some of the earliest pan and cover designs found in Asia. During
1560-631: Was found on low pitched roofs . The Romans spread the use and production of roofing tile across their colonies in Europe, with kilns and tile-works constructed as far west and north as Spain and Britain. Early records suggest that brick and tile-works were considered under the control of the Roman state for a period of time. It is believed that the Romans introduced the use of clay roof tile to Britain after their conquest in AD 43. The earliest known sites for
1600-674: Was later encouraged within Medieval towns as a means of preventing the spread of fire. Simple flat shingle tiles became common during this period due to their ease of manufacture. Scandinavian roof tiles have been seen on structures dating to the 1500s when city rulers in Holland required the use of fireproof materials. At the time, most houses were made of wood and had thatch roofing, which would often cause fires to spread quickly. To satisfy demand, many small roof-tile makers began to produce roof tiles by hand. The Scandinavian style of roof tile
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