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75-543: Under ANCSA, The Aleut Corporation received a settlement of $ 19.5 million. Its land entitlement included 66,000 acres (270 km) of surface lands and 1.572 million acres (6,362 km) of subsurface estate. A current listing of The Aleut Corporations' officers and directors, as well as documents filed with the State of Alaska since TAC's incorporation, are available online through the Corporations Database of

150-516: A Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. Other countries have other mechanisms and commonly sites are rezoned to "higher" uses such as high density housing, to give the land a higher value so that after deducting cleanup costs there is still an incentive for a developer to purchase the land, clean it up, redevelop it and sell it on, often as apartments (home units). There are several tools for mapping these sites and which allow

225-458: A jail sentence for the polluter. Penalties must be significant as otherwise fines are treated as a normal expense of doing business. Compliance must be cheaper than to have continuous breaches. Assessment should be made of the risks of operations, transporting contaminated material, disposal of waste which may be contaminated including workers' clothes, and a formal emergency response plan should be developed. Every worker and visitor entering

300-450: A chemical free technology. Air microbubbles generated in water without adding any surfactant could be used to clean oil contaminated sediments. This technology holds promise over the use of chemicals (mainly surfactant) for traditional washing of oil contaminated sediments. In preparation for any significant remediation there should be extensive community consultation. The proponent should both present information to and seek information from

375-571: A concentration of 93% and bioaccumulation factor of 5.6, lead , mercury , zinc with a bioaccumulation factor of 3.6, and arsenic at a concentration of 22%. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have also been used to monitor the degradation and reduction of anthropogenic oil contamination in the environment. Entomoremediation is considered viable as an accessible low-energy, low-carbon, and highly renewable method for environmental decontamination. Cleaning of oil contaminated sediments with self collapsing air microbubbles have been recently explored as

450-414: A faster rate than would larger particles. Most field applications of nanoremediation have used nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), which may be emulsified or mixed with another metal to enhance dispersion. That nanoparticles are highly reactive can mean that they rapidly clump together or react with soil particles or other material in the environment, limiting their dispersal to target contaminants. Some of

525-506: A high degree of risk from prior toxic chemical use or disposal. Many times these studies were preparatory to understanding the nature of cleanup costs if the property was being considered for redevelopment or change of land use . In the United States of America demand increased dramatically for this type of study in the 1980s following judicial decisions related to liability of property owners to effect site cleanup. Interpreting

600-442: A multi-disciplinary approach is taken in compiling all the components of a Phase I study, since skills in chemistry , atmospheric physics , geology , microbiology and even botany are frequently required. Many of the preparers are environmental scientists who have been trained to integrate these diverse disciplines. Many states have professional registrations which are applicable to the preparers of Phase I ESAs; for example,

675-504: A planning application. These reports must be assembled by a "competent person". There are several other report types that have some resemblance in name or degree of detail to the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment: Phase II Environmental Site Assessment is an "intrusive" investigation which collects original samples of soil, groundwater or building materials to analyze for quantitative values of various contaminants. This investigation

750-662: A polluted area of 20,000 m in Bakar , Croatia based on solidification/stabilization with ImmoCem is currently in progress. After three years of intensive research by the Croatian government, the EU funded the immobilization project in Bakar. The area is contaminated with large amounts of TPH , PAH , and metals. For the immobilization, the contractor chose to use the mix-in-plant procedure. Phase I Environmental Site Assessment In

825-616: A real property. Previous guidances regarding the ASTM E1527 standard were ASTM E1527-97, ASTM E1527-00, and ASTM E1527-05. Residential property purchasers are only required to conduct a site inspection and chain of title survey. A variety of reasons for a Phase I study to be performed exist, the most common being: Scrutiny of the land includes examination of potential soil contamination , groundwater quality, surface water quality, vapor intrusion, and sometimes issues related to hazardous substance uptake by biota . The examination of

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900-417: A remediation project. The use of incremental health risk is based on carcinogenic and other (e.g., mutagenic , teratogenic ) effects and often involves value judgements about the acceptable projected rate of increase in cancer . In some jurisdictions this is 1 in 1,000,000 but in other jurisdictions the acceptable projected rate of increase is 1 in 100,000. A relatively small incremental health risk from

975-459: A single project is not of much comfort if the area already has a relatively high health risk from other operations like incinerators or other emissions, or if other projects exist at the same time causing a greater cumulative risk or an unacceptably high total risk. An analogy often used by remediators is to compare the risk of the remediation on nearby residents to the risks of death through car accidents or tobacco smoking . Standards are set for

1050-489: A site may include: definition of any chemical residues within structures; identification of possible asbestos containing building materials ; inventory of hazardous substances stored or used on site; assessment of mold and mildew ; and evaluation of other indoor air quality parameters. Depending upon precise protocols utilized, there are a number of variations in the scope of a Phase I study. The tasks listed here are common to almost all Phase I ESAs: In most cases,

1125-476: Is a controversial step as: Often corporations which do voluntary testing of their sites are protected from the reports to environmental agencies becoming public under Freedom of Information Acts , however a "Freedom of Information" inquiry will often produce other documents that are not protected or will produce references to the reports. In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form

1200-414: Is a technology for soil remediation. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. After that the contaminants can either be collected or destroyed in an offgas treatment system. Excavation processes can be as simple as hauling the contaminated soil to a regulated landfill , but can also involve aerating

1275-583: Is a variant of bioremediation in which insects decontaminate soils. Entomoremediation techniques engage microorganisms , collembolans , ants , flies , beetles , and termites . It is dependent on saprophytic insect larvae, resistant to adverse environmental conditions and able to bioaccumulate toxic heavy metal contaminants. Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly - BSF) is an important entomoremediation participant. H. illucens has been observed to reduce polluted substrate dry weight by 49%. H. illucens larvae have been observed to accumulate cadmium at

1350-449: Is also successful when utilized as the initial step in a multi-faceted remedial approach utilizing SEAR then In situ Oxidation, bioremediation enhancement or soil vapor extraction (SVE). Pump and treat involves pumping out contaminated groundwater with the use of a submersible or vacuum pump , and allowing the extracted groundwater to be purified by slowly proceeding through a series of vessels that contain materials designed to adsorb

1425-515: Is an effective remediation technology for soil. "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation. Generally, carbon

1500-638: Is done by removal the waste materials are simply transported off-site for disposal at another location. The waste material can also be contained by physical barriers like slurry walls . The use of slurry walls is well-established in the construction industry. The application of (low) pressure grouting , used to mitigate soil liquefaction risks in San Francisco and other earthquake zones, has achieved mixed results in field tests to create barriers, and site-specific results depend upon many variable conditions that can greatly impact outcomes. Remedial action

1575-723: Is exempt from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, meaning their employment policies are allowed to be discriminatory.(43 USC 1626(e)). Environmental remediation Environmental remediation is the cleanup of hazardous substances dealing with the removal, treatment and containment of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil , groundwater , sediment . Remediation may be required by regulations before development of land revitalization projects. Developers who agree to voluntary cleanup may be offered incentives under state or municipal programs like New York State's Brownfield Cleanup Program. If remediation

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1650-579: Is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and may also be based on assessments of human health and ecological risks where no legislative standards exist, or where standards are advisory. In the United States , the most comprehensive set of Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) is from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regional Screening Levels (RSLs). A set of standards used in Europe exists and

1725-512: Is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required." These guidelines are for all materials - experimental and traditional. Thermal desorption

1800-640: Is normally undertaken when a Phase I ESA determines a likelihood of site contamination. The most frequent substances tested are petroleum hydrocarbons , heavy metals , pesticides , solvents , asbestos and mold. Phase III Environmental Site Assessment is an investigation involving remediation of a site. Phase III investigations aim to delineate the physical extent of contamination based on recommendations made in Phase II assessments. Phase III investigations may involve intensive testing, sampling, and monitoring, "fate and transport" studies and other modeling, and

1875-578: Is often called the Dutch standards . The European Union (EU) is rapidly moving towards Europe-wide standards, although most of the industrialised nations in Europe have their own standards at present. In Canada , most standards for remediation are set by the provinces individually, but the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment provides guidance at a federal level in the form of

1950-414: Is the impact on local traffic, schools, playing fields, and other public facilities due to the increased population. Dioxins from Union Carbide used in the production of now-banned pesticide 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and defoliant Agent Orange polluted Homebush Bay . Remediation was completed in 2010, but fishing will continue to be banned for decades. An EU contract for immobilization of

2025-404: Is the possibility of decreasing anaerobic contaminant destruction natural attenuation where existing conditions enhance anaerobic bacteria which normally live in the soil prefer a reducing environment . In general, aerobic activity is much faster than anaerobic and overall destruction rates are typically greater when aerobic activity can be successfully promoted. The injection of gases into

2100-455: Is then captured and pumped out by extraction wells for further treatment at the surface. Then the water after treatment is discharged into surface water or re-injected into groundwater. In geologic formations that allow delivery of hydrocarbon mitigation agents or specialty surfactants, this approach provides a cost-effective and permanent solution to sites that have been previously unsuccessful utilizing other remedial approaches. This technology

2175-467: Is used for low (below 500 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams, oxidation is used for moderate (up to 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration streams, and vapor condensation is used for high (over 4,000 ppmV) VOC concentration vapor streams. Below is a brief summary of each technology. Using nano-sized reactive agents to degrade or immobilize contaminants is termed nanoremediation . In soil or groundwater nanoremediation, nanoparticles are brought into contact with

2250-659: The Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines and the Canada-Wide Standards|Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil . Once a site is suspected of being contaminated there is a need to assess the contamination. Often the assessment begins with preparation of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment . The historical use of the site and the materials used and produced on site will guide

2325-491: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), the U.S. courts have held that a buyer, lessor, or lender may be held responsible for remediation of hazardous substance residues, even if a prior owner caused the contamination; performance of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, according to the courts' reasoning, creates a safe harbor , known as

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2400-506: The National Priorities List where they will be subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund program. The actual sampling of soil, air, groundwater and/or building materials is typically not conducted during a Phase I ESA. The Phase I ESA is generally considered the first step in the process of environmental due diligence . Standards for performing a Phase I site assessment have been promulgated by

2475-505: The 'Innocent Landowner Defense'. The original standard under CERCLA for establishing an innocent landowner defense was based upon the requirement to perform a "all appropriate inquiry" prior to ownership transfer. At such time, engineering firms started performing professional engineering reports under a variety of monikers including, "Environmental Audits", "Property Transfer Screens", "Environmental Due-Diligence Reports" and "Environmental Site Assessments". In 1991, Impact Environmental coined

2550-597: The 1990s, but still lack the comprehensive attention given to virtually all major real estate transactions in the USA. In the United Kingdom contaminated land regulation is outlined in the Environment Act 1995 . The Environment Agency of England and Wales have produced a set of guidance; CLEA a standardized approach to the assessment of land contamination. A Phase 1 Desktop Study is often required in support of

2625-457: The Division of Corporations, Business & Professional Licensing, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development. At incorporation, The Aleut Corporation enrolled 3,249 Alaska Native shareholders, each of whom received 100 shares of TAC stock. As an ANCSA corporation, TAC has no publicly traded stock and its shares cannot legally be sold. Under ANCSA, The Aleut Corporation

2700-465: The EPA; however, the EPA traditionally has been more cautious about negative externalities that may or may not arise from the introduction of these species. One of their concerns is that the toxic chemicals would lead to the microbe's gene degradation, which would then be passed on to other harmful bacteria, creating more issues, if the pathogens evolve the ability to feed off of pollutants. Entomoremediation

2775-545: The New York market among banks and regional environmental consulting engineers, the term-of-choice evolved to be the Phase I Environmental Site Assessment. In 1998 the necessity of performing a Phase I ESA was underscored by congressional action in passing the Superfund Cleanup Acceleration Act of 1998 . This act requires purchasers of commercial property to perform a Phase I study meeting

2850-670: The US EPA and are based in part on ASTM in Standard E1527-13. If a site is considered contaminated, a Phase II environmental site assessment may be conducted, ASTM test E1903, a more detailed investigation involving chemical analysis for hazardous substances and/or petroleum hydrocarbons. As early as the 1970s specific property purchasers in the United States undertook studies resembling current Phase I ESAs, to assess risks of ownership of commercial properties which had

2925-480: The USA. Contaminants can be removed from a site or controlled. One option for control are barrier walls, which can be temporary to prevent contamination during treatment and removal, or more permanent. Techniques to construct barrier walls are deep soil mixing , jet grouting , low pressure grouting with cement and chemicals, freezing and slurry walls. Barrier walls must be constructed of impermeable materials and resistant to deterioration from contact with waste, for

3000-848: The United States Small Business Administration 's 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program require specific and often higher due diligence requirements than regular Real Estate transactions. Due diligence requirements are determined according to the NAICS codes associated with the prior business use of the property. There are 58 specific NAICS codes that require Phase I Investigations. These include, but are not limited to: Funeral Homes, Dry Cleaners, and Gas Stations . The SBA also requires Phase II Environmental Site Assessment to be performed on any Gas Station that has been in operation for more than 5 years. The additional cost to perform this assessment cannot be included in

3075-426: The United States, an environmental site assessment is a report prepared for a real estate holding that identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities . The analysis, often called an ESA , typically addresses both the underlying land as well as physical improvements to the property. A proportion of contaminated sites are " brownfield sites ." In severe cases, brownfield sites may be added to

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3150-477: The amount requested in the loan and adds significant costs to the borrower. Freddie Mac/Fannie Mae Phase I Environmental Site Assessments are two specialized types of Phase I ESAs that are required when a loan is financed through Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. The scopes of work are based on the ASTM E1527-05 Standard but have specific requirements including the following: the percent and scope of

3225-630: The assessment strategy and type of sampling and chemical analysis to be done. Often nearby sites owned by the same company or which are nearby and have been reclaimed, levelled or filled are also contaminated even where the current land use seems innocuous. For example, a car park may have been levelled by using contaminated waste in the fill . Also important is to consider off site contamination of nearby sites often through decades of emissions to soil , groundwater , and air. Ceiling dust, topsoil , surface and groundwater of nearby properties should also be tested, both before and after any remediation. This

3300-437: The community should be engaged (at proponent expense if a fee is required). Minutes of meetings including questions asked and the answers to them and copies of presentations by the proponent should be available both on the internet and at a local library (even a school library) or community centre. Incremental health risk is the increased risk that a receptor (normally a human being living nearby) will face from (the lack of)

3375-402: The community. The proponent needs to learn about "sensitive" (future) uses like childcare, schools, hospitals, and playgrounds as well as community concerns and interests information. Consultation should be open, on a group basis so that each member of the community is informed about issues they may not have individually thought about. An independent chairperson acceptable to both the proponent and

3450-509: The compounds used which vary in viscosity, gel time and density: "The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it

3525-405: The conduct of a Phase I ESA if the individual is under the supervision or responsible charge of a person meeting the definition of an Environmental Professional when concluding such activities. Most site assessments are conducted by private companies independent of the owner or potential purchaser of the land. While there are myriad sites that have been analyzed to date within the United States,

3600-627: The contaminant through either in situ injection or a pump-and-treat process. The nanomaterials then degrade organic contaminants through redox reactions or adsorb to and immobilize metals such as lead or arsenic . In commercial settings, this technology has been dominantly applied to groundwater remediation , with research into wastewater treatment . Research is also investigating how nanoparticles may be applied to cleanup of soil and gases. Nanomaterials are highly reactive because of their high surface area per unit mass, and due to this reactivity nanomaterials may react with target contaminants at

3675-495: The contaminants from the groundwater. For petroleum-contaminated sites this material is usually activated carbon in granular form. Chemical reagents such as flocculants followed by sand filters may also be used to decrease the contamination of groundwater. Air stripping is a method that can be effective for volatile pollutants such as BTEX compounds found in gasoline. For most biodegradable materials like BTEX , MTBE and most hydrocarbons, bioreactors can be used to clean

3750-442: The contaminated water to non-detectable levels. With fluidized bed bioreactors it is possible to achieve very low discharge concentrations which will meet or exceed discharge requirements for most pollutants. Depending on geology and soil type, pump and treat may be a good method to quickly reduce high concentrations of pollutants. It is more difficult to reach sufficiently low concentrations to satisfy remediation standards, due to

3825-589: The degradation of the target pollutants. Broad categories of bioremediation include biostimulation , bioaugmentation , and natural recovery ( natural attenuation ). Bioremediation is either done on the contaminated site (in situ) or after the removal of contaminated soils at another more controlled site (ex situ). In the past, it has been difficult to turn to bioremediation as an implemented policy solution, as lack of adequate production of remediating microbes led to little options for implementation. Those that manufacture microbes for bioremediation must be approved by

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3900-421: The design of feasibility studies for remediation and remedial plans. This study normally involves assessment of alternative cleanup methods, costs and logistics. The associated reportage details the steps taken to perform site cleanup and the follow-up monitoring for residual contaminants. Limited Phase I Environmental Site Assessment is a truncated Phase I ESA, normally omitting one or more work segments such as

3975-523: The dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calcium oxy-hydroxide). Solidification and stabilization work has a reasonably good track record but also a set of serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential long-term effects. In addition CO 2 emissions due to

4050-450: The emission is emanating from an area zoned industrial does not mean that in a nearby residential area there should be permitted any exceedances of the appropriate residential standards. Monitoring for compliance against each standards is critical to ensure that exceedances are detected and reported both to authorities and the local community. Enforcement is necessary to ensure that continued or significant breaches result in fines or even

4125-546: The equilibrium of absorption / desorption processes in the soil. However, pump and treat is typically not the best form of remediation. It is expensive to treat the groundwater, and typically is a very slow process to clean up a release with pump and treat. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. Better options of in-situ treatment often include air sparge/soil vapor extraction (AS/SVE) or dual phase extraction/multiphase extraction (DPE/MPE). Other methods include trying to increase

4200-518: The excavated material in the case of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) . Recent advancements in bioaugmentation and biostimulation of the excavated material have also proven to be able to remediate semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) onsite. If the contamination affects a river or bay bottom, then dredging of bay mud or other silty clays containing contaminants (including sewage sludge with harmful microorganisms ) may be conducted. Recently, ExSitu Chemical oxidation has also been utilized in

4275-503: The following list will serve as examples of the subject matter: In Japan, with the passage of the 2003 Soil Contamination Countermeasures Law , there is a strong movement to conduct Phase I studies more routinely. At least one jurisdiction in Canada ( Ontario ) now requires the completion of a Phase I prior to the transfer of some types of industrial properties. Some parts of Europe began to conduct Phase I studies on selected properties in

4350-573: The groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the hydrogeology of the site. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells. Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. Certain metals are more soluble in oxidizing environments while others are more mobile in reducing environments. Soil vapor extraction (SVE)

4425-494: The important challenges currently limiting nanoremediation technologies include identifying coatings or other formulations that increase dispersal of the nanoparticle agents to better reach target contaminants while limiting any potential toxicity to bioremediation agents, wildlife, or people. Bioremediation is a process that treats a polluted area either by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms or through natural microorganism activity, resulting in

4500-574: The industry term, “Environmental Site Assessment” to replace the commonly used "Environmental Audit” for property transfer studies. A 1990 Court decision, No. 89-8094 (11th Cir. May 23, 1990), United States v. Fleet Factors Corp. found that a secured creditor can be liable for property contamination under the strict, joint and several liability scheme outlined in CERCLA. As a result of this decision, banks elevated their demands for pre-transfer all appropriate inquiries to hedge against financial risk. Starting in

4575-421: The levels of dust, noise, odour, emissions to air and groundwater, and discharge to sewers or waterways of all chemicals of concern or chemicals likely to be produced during the remediation by processing of the contaminants. These are compared against both natural background levels in the area and standards for areas zoned as nearby areas are zoned and against standards used in other recent remediations. Just because

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4650-468: The lifespan of the barrier wall. It wasn't until the use of newer polymer and chemical grouts in the 1950s and 1960s that Federal agencies of the US government recognized the need to establish a minimum project life of 50 years in real world applications. The Department of Energy is one US government agency that sponsors research to formulate, test and determine use applications for innovative polymer grouts used in waste containment barriers. Portland cement

4725-463: The property inspection; requirements for radon testing; asbestos and lead-based paint testing and operations-and-maintenance (O&M) plans to manage the hazards in place; lead in drinking water; and mold inspection. For condominiums, Fannie Mae requires a Phase I ESA anytime the initial underwriting analysis indicates environmental concerns. HUD Phase I Environmental Site Assessment The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development also requires

4800-455: The public file searches, historical research and chain-of-title examinations are outsourced to information services that specialize in such activities. Non-Scope Items in a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment can include visual inspections or records review searches for: Observations of Non-scope Items can be reported as "findings" if requested by the report user, however, these items do not constitute recognized environmental conditions. Often

4875-465: The remediation of contaminated soil. This process involves the excavation of the contaminated area into large bermed areas where they are treated using chemical oxidation methods. This is used in removing non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from aquifer. This is done by pumping surfactant solution into contaminated aquifer using injection wells which are passed through contaminated zones to the extraction wells. The Surfactant solution containing contaminants

4950-405: The site should have a safety induction personalised to their involvement with the site. Local communities and government often resist the rezoning because of the adverse effects of the remediation and new development on the local amenities. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour, and incremental health risk. Then there is the noise, dust, and traffic of developments. Then, there

5025-702: The site visit or certain of the file searches. When the field visit component is deleted the study is sometimes called a Transaction Screen . Environmental Assessment has little to do with the subject of hazardous substance liability, but rather is a study preliminary to an Environmental Impact Statement , which identifies environmental impacts of a land development action and analyzes a broad set of parameters including biodiversity , environmental noise , water pollution , air pollution , traffic , geotechnical risks, visual impacts, public safety issues and also hazardous substance issues. SBA Phase I Environmental Site Assessment means all properties purchased through

5100-482: The specific standard of ASTM E1527: Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process. The most recent standard is "Standards and Practices for All Appropriate Inquiries" 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Section 312 which drew heavily from ASTM E1527-13, which is the ASTM Standard for conducting 'All Appropriate Inquiry' (AAI) for the environmental assessment of

5175-424: The state of California had a registration entitled "California Registered Environmental Assessor Class I or Class II" until July 2012, when it removed this REA certification program due to budget cuts. Under ASTM E 1527-13 parameters were set forth as to who is qualified to perform Phase I ESAs. An Environmental Professional is someone with: A person not meeting one or more of those qualifications may assist in

5250-728: The surface as well as extraction of contaminated groundwater and treatment at the surface. In-situ methods seek to treat the contamination without removing the soils or groundwater. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil/sediments. Traditional remediation approaches consist of soil excavation and disposal to landfill and groundwater "pump and treat". In-situ technologies include but are not limited to: solidification and stabilization , soil vapor extraction , permeable reactive barriers, monitored natural attenuation, bioremediation - phytoremediation , chemical oxidation, steam-enhanced extraction and in situ thermal desorption and have been used extensively in

5325-459: The use of cement are also becoming a major obstacle to its widespread use in solidification/stabilization projects. Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation and treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants. Conventional S/S is an established remediation technology for contaminated soils and treatment technology for hazardous wastes in many countries in

5400-791: The user to view additional information. One such tool is TOXMAP , a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's (EPA) Superfund and Toxics Release Inventory programs. Remediation technologies are many and varied but can generally be categorized into ex-situ and in-situ methods. Ex-situ methods involve excavation of affected soils and subsequent treatment at

5475-616: The world. However, the uptake of S/S technologies has been relatively modest, and a number of barriers have been identified including: New in situ oxidation technologies have become popular for remediation of a wide range of soil and groundwater contaminants. Remediation by chemical oxidation involves the injection of strong oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide , ozone gas, potassium permanganate or persulfates. Oxygen gas or ambient air can also be injected to promote growth of aerobic bacteria which accelerate natural attenuation of organic contaminants. One disadvantage of this approach

5550-964: Was entitled to 66,000 acres (270 km) of surface lands and 1.572 million acres (6,362 km) of subsurface estate. Most of TAC's land selections were made on the Alaska Peninsula and in the Aleutian Islands, Shumagin Islands, and Pribilof Islands. TAC's primary business areas are in the areas of government contracting, telecommunications, environmental remediation , real estate management , trust management , sales of sand, gravel, mineral, and rock aggregates, and investments in oil and gas producing properties and marketable securities. Under federal law, The Aleut Corporation and its majority-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures and partnerships are deemed to be "minority and economically disadvantaged business enterprise[s]". This family of businesses

5625-399: Was used in the past, however cracking and poor performance under wet-dry conditions at arid sites need improved materials to remedy. Sites that need remediation have variable humidity, moisture and soil conditions. Field implementation remains challenging: different environmental and site conditions require different materials and the placement technologies are specific to the characteristics of

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