30-536: Ali Hassan Mwinyi (8 May 1925 – 29 February 2024) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the second president of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995. Previous posts included Minister for Home Affairs and Vice President . He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996. During Mwinyi's terms, Tanzania took the first steps to reverse
60-616: A larger portion of the economy in developing countries than it does in developed countries . For example, in 2018, agriculture, forestry, and fishing comprised more than 15% of GDP in sub-Saharan Africa but less than 1% of GDP in North America . In developed countries the primary sector has become more technologically advanced, enabling for example the mechanization of farming, as compared with lower-tech methods in poorer countries. More developed economies may invest additional capital in primary means of production: for example, in
90-664: A multi-party system. Mwinyi supported their recommendation and the CCM Extraordinary National Party Conference ratified changes through constitutional amendments in February 1992. Not all 20 of these laws were revised, including the controversial Preventative Detention Act that was leftover from colonial times. During the years of Julius Nyerere's presidency, corruption was viewed as a sort of oppression that undermined Tanzania's egalitarian values. But, reports of corruption increased along with
120-715: A teaching diploma at the Institute of Education at Durham University in the United Kingdom . He did not leave England until 1962, being appointed principal of Zanzibar Teaching Training College in Zanzibar West Region, upon his return. President Julius Nyerere retired in October 1985 and picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi to be his successor. Nyerere remained chairman of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), until 1990, which would later cause tensions between
150-579: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in domestic economic reforms, believing it would cause instability and conflict with their socialist values. Also, Tanzania's relationship with the IMF had been strained since Nyerere's government failed to meet the loan conditions from a 1980 financial package agreement. Early in this political transition, many believed that Mwinyi was unlikely to deviate from Nyerere's policies since he
180-568: The Statute of Westminster 1931 , the governor-general was to be always appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Tanganyika without the involvement of the British government. As Tanganyika became a republic before Richard Turnbull, the former colonial governor, was replaced, this has never happened. In the event of a vacancy the chief justice would have served as the officer administering
210-642: The Zanzibar Revolution , which overthrew the Sultanate of Zanzibar in January 1964, the People's Republic of Zanzibar united with mainland Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was later renamed to the United Republic of Tanzania. The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne . The governor-general was the representative of
240-410: The socialist policies of Julius Nyerere . He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged private enterprise . It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure for reform from foreign and domestic sources. Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ("everything goes"), he pushed for liberalization of morals, beliefs, values (without breaking the law), and the economy. Mwinyi
270-511: The IMF and World Bank, assuming that any resulting agreement would be beneficial to the citizens of Tanzania. In 1986, Mwinyi made an agreement with the IMF to receive a $ 78 million standby loan, which was Tanzania's first foreign loan in over six years. Bilateral donors approved this austerity plan and agreed to reschedule Tanzania's debt payments. They agreed to do so for a period of five years, requiring that Tanzania pay only 2.5% of their debts in
300-459: The IMF, followed by subsequent agreements in 1988 and again in 1990. In addition to these developments, the World Bank provided structural adjustment credits for reforms in the agricultural , industrial , and financial sectors . In 1989, President Mwinyi began the second phase of his reform program by continuing to liberalise trade and exchange rates and expanding reforms to include reforms in
330-464: The President in 1992, recommending that the government transition into a multi-party system. They made this recommendation for 21 percent of the 36,299 Tanzanians who favored this change. Of the 75 percent who supported the current system, 55 percent were in favor of some sort of reform. Justice Nyalali pointed to 20 specific laws that were in need of revision in order to comply with the requirements of
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#1732771886221360-589: The South African government against those who oppose them. He said that practicing these measures concurrently would help to dismantle apartheid. He called the Reagan administration's hesitance to enact tougher sanctions a "stumbling block", and expressed his hope that future U.S. leaders would take more action against South Africa's regime. Ali Hassan Mwinyi married Siti Mwinyi in 1960, with whom he had six sons and six daughters. In retirement, he stayed out of
390-518: The United States corn belt , combine harvesters pick the corn, and sprayers spray large amounts of insecticides , herbicides and fungicides , producing a higher yield than is possible using less capital-intensive techniques. These technological advances and investment allow the primary sector to employ a smaller workforce, so developed countries tend to have a smaller percentage of their workforce involved in primary activities, instead having
420-400: The banking system, agricultural marketing, the parastatal sector, government administration, the civil service and social sectors . In 1991, the first stages of the transition towards multipartyism began when Mwinyi appointed Chief Justice Francis Nyalali to lead a commission to gauge the amount of popular support for the current single-party system. This commission submitted their report to
450-623: The company, but was demoted to Minister of Youth and Culture before he could take action. He criticized Mwinyi's administration for tolerating high levels of corruption and being complicit about anti-corruption enforcement. He was then removed from the cabinet, and later became a candidate for one of the opposition parties, NCCR-Mageuzi . In a 1989 interview when asked about his views regarding apartheid , Mwinyi advocated for tough, comprehensive sanctions to be carried out against South Africa. He also called for Western nations to assist "frontline states" in dealing with any destabilization attempts made by
480-477: The currency was overpriced, basic goods were scarce, and the country had over three billion dollars of foreign debt. Agricultural production was low, and the general opinion was that Nyerere's Ujamaa socialist policies had failed economically. Such policies included the nationalization of major production, the forced re-villagization of the rural population into communal farms, and the banning of any opposition parties. Nyerere's supporters were opposed to involving
510-488: The event of a vacancy the vice-president serves as president for the remainder of the presidential term. Former president John Magufuli took a monthly salary of 9 million Tanzanian shillings (approximately USD $ 4,000). Agricultural sector The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials , such as farming , logging , fishing , forestry and mining . The primary sector tends to make up
540-486: The funds outside of the country through the purchase of fake machines and parts. It was later uncovered that high-ranking politicians had covered for them, including the Minister for Home Affairs, Augustine Mrema . They were able to evade prosecution. In early 1995, the well-known company Mohamed Enterprises was accused of allegedly distributing food that was unfit for consumption. Augustino Mrema claimed he would punish
570-579: The government . Died in office Under the Constitution of 1962, the first constitution of the Republic of Tanganyika , the president replaced the monarch as executive head of state. In the event of a vacancy the Vice-President of Tanganyika served as acting president. Under the Constitution of 1964, the first constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, the president replaced
600-463: The government and the party regarding economic reform ideology. When the transition of power took place, Tanzania's economy was in the midst of a slump. From 1974 to 1984, the GDP was growing at an average of 2.6% per year while the population was increasing at a faster rate of 3.4% each year. Rural incomes and urban wages had both fallen by the early 1980s, despite Tanzania's minimum wage laws. Furthermore,
630-538: The limelight and continued to live in Dar es Salaam . He released his memoir, Mzee Rukhsa: The Journey of My Life , in 2021. In November 2023, Mwinyi was hospitalized for a chest illness. He died of lung cancer at Mzena hospital in Dar es Salaam, on 29 February 2024, at the age of 98. List of Presidents of Tanzania This is a list of the heads of state of Tanzania , from the independence of Tanganyika in 1961 to
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#1732771886221660-435: The meantime. In an interview, Mwinyi urged donor countries to use Canada as an example and write off Tanzania's debts all together. If this request was not possible, he asked instead for a minimum of ten years to pay off loans, but said that 20 to 25 years was a more ideal range. He predicted that by this time, the country's economy would be recovered and they would be in a position to repay their debts without it hurting them. In
690-544: The monarch in Tanganyika and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The governor-general was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. Since Tanganyika was granted independence by the Tanganyika Independence Act 1961 ( 10 & 11 Eliz. 2 . c. 1), rather than being first established as a semi-autonomous dominion and later promoted to independence as defined by
720-689: The present day. From 1961 to 1962 the head of state under the Constitution of 1961 was the Queen of Tanganyika , Elizabeth II , who was also the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch was represented in Tanganyika by a governor-general. Tanganyika became a republic within the Commonwealth under the Constitution of 1962 and the monarch and governor-general were replaced by an executive president. After
750-403: The president of Tanganyika and the president of Zanzibar as executive head of state. The president was elected by a yes-or-no confirmation referendum for a five-year term after being nominated by a TANU/CCM electoral college. Following the restoration of a multi-party system in 1992, multi-candidate elections were introduced in 1995, with the president elected via First-past-the-post voting . In
780-587: The same interview, he also asked aid donors for lower interest rates. Mwinyi claimed that his negotiations with the IMF were on behalf of the people: for example, he agreed to the Fund's request that he decrease the number of public institutions, but only when doing so was necessary and could be done gradually. Furthermore, he declined their recommendation to freeze pay raises within the government and to cut free public services. The following year, Mwinyi negotiated Tanzania's first structural adjustment facility (SAF) with
810-485: The state's economic influence. During Mwinyi's presidency, corrupt practices worsened under his economically liberal policies. It became so endemic that some donors froze aid in 1994 in response. During Tanazania's multi-party election in 1995, the opposition parties used the people's resentments towards the ongoing corruption as political fuel. The CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa was also able to use corruption in his favor, as he
840-678: Was born on 8 May 1925 in the village of Kivure, Pwani Region , where he was also raised. He then moved to Zanzibar and got his primary education at Mangapwani Primary School in Mangapwani , Zanzibar West Region . Mwinyi then attended Mikindani Dole Secondary School in Dole, Zanzibar West Region. From 1945 to 1964 he worked successively as a tutor, teacher, and head teacher at various schools before deciding to enter national politics. Concurrently, Mwinyi earned his General Certificate of Education through correspondence (1950–1954) and then studied for
870-547: Was viewed as a loyal supporter of his predecessor. He and his followers called for economic and political reform to liberalize the market and review traditional socialist ideologies. He surrounded himself with reformists, even replacing three cabinet members and other ministers who were opposed to change. The prime minister at the time, Joseph Warioba , along with the finance minister Cleopa Msuya were also quite supportive of new policies. During his first address to Tanzania's Parliament in 1986, he promised to resume negotiations with
900-654: Was viewed as untainted by any of the corruption scandals that marred the Mwinyi administration. Brothers and businessmen V.G. Chavda and P.G. Chavda received a $ 3.5 million loan from a debt conversion program (DCP) in 1993. They promised to use these funds to revamp rundown plantations in the Tanga Region . This included upgrading worker housing, repairing old machines, and replanting farmland. They claimed their projects would create 1,400 jobs and would generate $ 42 million in foreign exchange money. In reality, they had diverted
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