In the flowering plants , an ovary is a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium . Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule (s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals . The pistil may be made up of one carpel or of several fused carpels (e.g. dicarpel or tricarpel), and therefore the ovary can contain part of one carpel or parts of several fused carpels. Above the ovary is the style and the stigma, which is where the pollen lands and germinates to grow down through the style to the ovary, and, for each individual pollen grain , to fertilize one individual ovule. Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries.
38-500: Alliaceae J.G. Agardh (1858) Batsch ex Borkh. (1797) Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae , order Asparagales . It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae . The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus , Allium . It is composed of about 18 genera. The subfamily contains both well-known garden plants and weeds , such as Nothoscordum . When Linnaeus formerly described
76-714: A partial synonym) by most authorities since. In 1830, Lindley , the first English systematist , considered Alliaceae to be part of the tribe Asphodeleae, separating them from the Liliaceae as he understood them. He also described the closely related Gilliesieae (p. 274), which with the Allieae would later migrate to Amaryllidaceae.By the time of his final work in 1846 he realised that the Liliaceae, which had expanded greatly were very diverse in circumscription with many subdivisions, and were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"). He absorbed Asphodeleae into this family and created
114-399: A single fruit, and multiple fruits like pineapples are formed from the ovaries of separate flowers that are close together. Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually infructescences or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure. Some fruits, like the apple, are accessory fruits which can include other parts of
152-410: A subfamily, Allioideae. Quite a few of the plants that were once included in family Alliaceae have been assigned to the subfamily Brodiaeoideae (rather than the subfamily Allioideae). The largest genera are Allium (260–690 species), Nothoscordum (25), and Tulbaghia (22). Some of the generic limits are not clear. Ipheion , Nothoscordum , and possibly others are not monophyletic . Allioideae
190-597: A suborder of Scilleae, which he considered equivalent to Link's Allieae. By the time of the next major British (though written in Latin) classification, that of Bentham and Hooker (1883), the Allieae had become one of 20 tribes within Liliaceae. The Allieae included Lindley's Gilliesieae as one of its four subtribes. Similarly in the German language literature, Engler 's classification (1903) treated Allieae and Gilliesiae as tribes of subfamily Allioideae, within Liliaceae. In
228-423: A surrounding fruit, this meaning that juniper and yew "berries" are not fruits, but modified cones . Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be easily characterized due to the differences in defining culinary and botanical fruits. After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and
266-539: Is divided into four tribes : Allieae , Tulbaghieae , Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae . The first three correspond to the three subfamilies under the older family Alliaceae (Alliodiae, Tulbaghioideae and Gilliesioideae). Leucocoryneae was added in 2014 by dividing Gilliesieae into two separate tribes, corresponding to the original tribes within Gilliesioideae, elevating Iphiae nom. nud. to tribe Leucocoryneae. Allieae contains only one genus Allium ( Milula
304-420: Is embedded or surrounded by the receptacle. This occurs in flowers of the family Lythraceae , which includes the crape myrtles . Such flowers are termed perigynous or half-epigynous . In some classifications, half-inferior ovaries are not recognized and are instead grouped with either the superior or inferior ovaries. More specifically, a half-inferior ovary has nearly equal portions of ovary above and below
342-1100: Is formed from 2–5 bracts . The style is positioned apical relative to the ovary. The ovary usually has two, four or numerous ovules per locule in two longitudinal rows. It has one genus, Allium , and over 500 species. It is distributed over all the Northern hemisphere. Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1–2 bracts . Style more or less gynobasic . Ovary usually has two ovules per locule , side by side. Floral symmetry zygomorphic, septal nectaries absent. Nine genera native to South America. Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals more or less fused and corona absent. Spathe formed from 1–2 bracts . Style more or less gynobasic . Ovary usually has two ovules per locule , side by side. Floral symmetry actinomorphic, septal nectaries present. Six genera and 42 species, and endemic to South America with
380-415: Is merged with Allium in the latest systems). Tulbaghieae contains two genera, Tulbaghia and Prototulbaghia . Gilliesieae and Leucocoryneae contain the remaining fifteen genera. Allieae is sister to a clade composed of Tulbaghieae and Gilliesieae. It is characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths are long, tepals are free and the corona is absent. Spathe
418-580: Is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system Allium was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, Asphodeles (Asphodeli), of the third class ( Stamina epigyna ) of Monocots . In 1786, the Allioideae were first described by their type genus as Alliaceae by Batsch . In 1797, after the appearance of the Jussieu system, this
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#1732772488767456-412: Is often cited as an example, but close inspection of some pomes (such as Pyracantha ) will show that it is really a half-inferior ovary. Flowers with inferior ovaries are termed epigynous . Some examples of flowers with an inferior ovary are orchids (inferior capsule), Fuchsia (inferior berry), banana (inferior berry), Asteraceae (inferior achene-like fruit, called a cypsela ) and the pepo of
494-406: Is present in the ovary of some plants, near the micropyle of each ovule. It is an outgrowth of the placenta, important in nourishing and guiding pollen tubes to the micropyle. The ovary of some types of fruit is dehiscent ; the ovary wall splits into sections called valves. There is no standard correspondence between the valves and the position of the septa; the valves may separate by splitting
532-680: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification have changed the circumscription of the family. In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to
570-522: The species of Allium are important food plants for example onions ( Allium cepa ), chives ( A. schoenoprasum ), garlic ( A. sativum and A. scordoprasum ), and leeks ( A. porrum ). Species of Allium, Gilliesia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum , and Tulbaghia are cultivated as ornamentals . Batsch Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
608-417: The Allieae confined to the Northern hemisphere ( North America , North Africa, Europe and Asia ), Tulbaghieae to South Africa, Gilliesieae to South America, and Leucocoryneae to South America with the exception of two species of Nothoscordum ( N. bivalve , N. gracile ) which extend to southern North America. Thus, fourteen of the total of 18 genera are endemic to temperate South America . Some of
646-400: The carpels; the number of locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number of carpels, depending on whether septa are present. The ovules are attached to parts of the interior ovary walls called the placentae. Placental areas occur in various positions, corresponding to various parts of the carpels that make up the ovary. See Ovule#Location within the plant . An obturator
684-437: The definition of a fruit, as not all botanical fruits can be identified as culinary fruits. A ripened ovary may be a fleshy fruit such as a grapefruit or a dry fruit such as a nut. Further complicating this, culinary nuts are not always botanical nuts ; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a drupe . In this same way, not all "fruits" are true fruits. A true fruit only consists of
722-465: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 201658515 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:41:28 GMT Ovary (botany) A fruit is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower following double fertilization in an angiosperm . Because gymnosperms do not have an ovary but reproduce through fertilization of unprotected ovules , they produce naked seeds that do not have
760-467: The early 20th century, doubts were expressed about the placement of the alliaceous genera within Liliaceae, based solely on the position of the ovary . Lotsy was the first taxonomist to propose separating them, and in his system he describes Alliaceae and Gilliesiaceae as new and separate families from Liliaceae (1911). This approach was later adopted by a number of other authorities, such as Dahlgren (1985) and Rahn (1998). In 1926, John Hutchinson moved
798-554: The egg within the ovule becomes the zygote . Double fertilization of the central cell in the ovule produces the nutritious endosperm tissue that surrounds the developing zygote within the seed. Angiosperm ovaries do not always produce a fruit after the ovary has been fertilized. Problems that can arise during the developmental process of the fruit include genetic issues, harsh environmental conditions, and insufficient energy which may be caused by competition for resources between ovaries; any of these situations may prevent maturation of
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#1732772488767836-461: The exception of Cronquist who reverted to a very broad concept of Liliaceae. In 1985, Dahlgren , Clifford, and Yeo continuing the work of Huber, but with a more cladistic approach, defined the Alliaceae to include all of the genera that are now included in Allioideae (30 genera, 720 species), plus Agapanthus and a group of genera that are now placed in Themidaceae , or its equivalent,
874-623: The exception of two species of Nothoscordum . Characterised by corm -shaped bulb or rhizome . Leaf sheaths short. Flowers possess a corona , pseudocorona or a fleshy perigonal ring. Two genera and about 25 species. Endemic to South Africa. As of December 2014, the following eighteen genera are included in the Allioideae: The genera Androstephium , Bessera , Bloomeria , Brodiaea , Dandya , Dichelostemma , Jaimehintonia , Milla , Muilla , Petronymphe , Triteleia , and Triteleiopsis are now treated in
912-460: The family Themidaceae (alt. Asparagaceae subfam. Brodiaeoideae ). Petronymphe has been restored to Themidaceae from Anthericaceae (now a segregate of Agavaceae ). Latace Phil. is included in Nothoscordum . Tribe Allieae (monogeneric, Allium ) Tribe Tulbaghieae Tribes Gilliesieae , Leucocoryneae Global distribution corresponds to the tribal structure, with
950-494: The family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli. He divided the Liliaceae into a series of Ordres, and the second ordre was named Asphodèles , based on Jussieus' family of that name, in which he placed Allium . The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in Dumortier 's Florula Belgica (1827), with six genera. The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae,
988-652: The family that had been called Alliaceae sensu lato in APG II. When the APG III system was published in 2009, the alternative circumscriptions were discontinued and Alliaceae was no longer recognized. Alliaceae sensu stricto became the subfamily Allioideae of Amaryllidaceae sensu lato . Some botanists have not strictly followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and have recognized the smaller version of Alliaceae at family rank. Successive revisions of
1026-452: The flower such as the receptacle , hypanthium , perianth , or calyx in addition to the mature and ripened ovary. Locules are chambers within the ovary of the flower and fruits. The locules contain the ovules (seeds), and may or may not be filled with fruit flesh. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruits can be classified as uni-locular (unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. Some plants have septa between
1064-500: The insertion point, it is superior; if below, inferior. A superior ovary is an ovary attached to the receptacle above the attachment of other floral parts. A superior ovary is found in types of fleshy fruits such as true berries , drupes , etc. A flower with this arrangement is described as hypogynous . Examples of this ovary type include the legumes (beans and peas and their relatives). A half-inferior ovary (also known as “half-superior”, “subinferior,” or “partially inferior,”)
1102-413: The insertion point. Other varying degrees of inferiority can be described by other fractions. For instance, a "one-fifth inferior ovary" has approximately one fifth of its length under the insertion point. Likewise, only one quarter portion of a "three-quarters inferior ovary" is above the insertion. An inferior ovary lies below the attachment of other floral parts. A pome is a type of fleshy fruit that
1140-534: The ovary. Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments. For example, the seeds of large fleshy fruits are often dispersed through endozoochory ; this means that animals consume the fleshy fruit and as a result disperse its seeds with their movement. The seeds of fruits can be dispersed by endozoochory, gravity, wind, or other means. There are some complications to
1178-560: The rest of Allieae to Gilliesieae. This is the circumscription which the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group accepted in the APG classification of 1998 and which later became known as Alliaceae sensu stricto . In the APG II system of 2003, Alliaceae could be recognized sensu stricto or sensu lato , as mentioned above. Soon after the publication of APG II, the ICBN conserved the name Amaryllidaceae for
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1216-415: The ripened ovary and its contents. Fruits can be separated into three major categories: simple fruits , aggregate fruits , and multiple fruits . Simple fruits like oranges are formed from a single ovary which may or may not consist of multiple parts, while aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from several ovaries together. Aggregate fruits like raspberries are the ripened ovaries of one flower that form
1254-401: The septa (septicidal dehiscence), or by spitting between them (loculicidal dehiscence), or the ovary may open in other ways, as through pores or because a cap falls off. The terminology of the positions of ovaries is determined by the insertion point , where the other floral parts ( perianth and androecium ) come together and attach to the surface of the ovary. If the ovary is situated above
1292-423: The subfamily Brodiaeoideae of Asparagaceae . They divided Alliaceae into three subfamilies: Agapanthoideae , Allioideae, and Gilliesioideae . Agapanthoideae consisted of two genera ( Agapanthus and Tulbaghia ). Allioideae contained two tribes, Brodiaeeae (ten genera) and a broadly defined Allieae, which they considered distinct enough to alternatively consider as subfamilies in their own right. Gilliesioideae
1330-412: The tribes Allieae and Gilliesieaes from Liliaceae to the Amaryllidaceae, although this was not universally adopted. Thus, Allieae were variously treated as either Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, or Alliaceae. Further examination of the heterogeneity of the Liliaceae by Huber (1969) supported the removal of these two tribes, into Alliaceae and this family was treated as an independent entity from then onwards with
1368-558: The type genus Allium in his Species Plantarum in 1753, thirty species had this name. He placed Allium in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia (i.e. six stamens and one pistil ) containing 51 genera in all. In 1763, Michel Adanson , who proposed the concept of families of plants, included Allium and related genera as a grouping within Liliaceae as Section IV, Les Oignons (Onions), or Cepae in Latin. De Jussieu
1406-476: Was composed of about half of the genera now placed in Gilliesieae, the rest being assigned to Allieae. In 1996, a molecular phylogenetic study of the rbcL gene showed that Agapanthus was misplaced in Alliaceae, and the authors excluded it from the family. They also raised Brodiaeeae to family rank as Themidaceae . They reduced the tribe Allieae to two genera, Allium and Milula , and transferred
1444-505: Was validated by Borkhausen . Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire (1805), who developed the concept of Amaryllidaceae , continued Jussieu's treatment of Allium under Asphodeli (which he considered synonymous with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli). He placed Allium in an unnamed monotypic section of Asphodeli defined as Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales ( umbellate flowers, bulbous , calyx of six equal parts). Subsequently, de Candolle reverted
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