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55-769: Under the provisions of Article 37 in the Armistice with Italy Instrument of Surrender , September 29, 1943, the Control Commission for Italy was established on November 10, 1943, and was dismantled on December 14, 1947, following the conclusion of the Italian Peace Treaty at the Paris Peace Conference in 1947. Chief Commissioners: General Noel Mason-MacFarlane , then Harold Macmillan The Armistice Agreement with Rumania, signed on September 12, 1944, established, among others,

110-538: A color other than grey or khaki is forbidden to former personnel of the German Army and to Austrian civilians. The commission recommended the recognition of Renner's government in exchange for the introduction of freedom of the press and the holding of free elections. The commission for Austria was dismantled following the conclusion of the Austrian State Treaty on May 15, 1955. It was agreed at

165-808: A director of numerous business in the banking sector including Security National Bank from 1928 to 1929 and First National Bank and Trust Company from 1929 to 1933. Key was promoted to brigadier general in the Oklahoma National Guard in August 1928. He was also active during the Great Depression, when he served as head of the Executive Relief Committee in Oklahoma City, responsible for the coordination of public and private relief efforts to local citizens. Key

220-729: A mirror image of those Axis countries, like Hungary, which fell to the Soviet Union and were occupied by the Red Army alone, Japan having fallen to the United States and occupied by the U.S. Army, the United States was given the dominant position on the Tokyo-based Allied Council for Japan. The change in name of the FEAC to FEC was significant because as the U.S. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes reported after

275-516: A result, it was only on June 4 that a delegation of US, British and French generals was able to arrive at Vienna to survey conditions in the area. However, not much progress was made throughout June, as the Soviet authorities restricted the movement of the western Allies in and around Vienna. Throughout June, negotiations for agreement on division of Austria into occupation zones were held in London within

330-542: A whole, and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government. Cooperation within the ACC finally broke down completely when the Soviet representative withdrew on March 20, 1948. Until 1971, the ACC did not meet again, and the stage was set for the partition of Germany into two states. After the breakdown of the ACC, the British, French and United States of America occupation zones and

385-644: The European Advisory Commission in 1944. The matter became more pressing following the Soviet takeover of Vienna from German control on April 13, 1945. The Soviet authorities in Vienna decided to establish a new Austrian government without prior consultation with the other Allied leaders, and on April 27, the Austrian socialist leader Karl Renner formed a government in Vienna. The British, US and French governments refused at first to recognize

440-583: The Meuse–Argonne offensive . While in France, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and then to colonel. Key returned to the United States in early 1919, re-entering both the hardware business and the Oklahoma National Guard. During the rising racial tensions in Okmulgee and Tulsa counties, Governor Jack C. Walton declared martial law and Key commanded Oklahoma City military district. Key

495-831: The Military Control Commission for Hungary in 1946. William S. Key was born on October 6, 1889, in Dudleyville, Alabama , as the son of Cullen R. and Hadassah Key. Both of his grandfathers had served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War . He completed high school in Opelika, Alabama and enlisted the Georgia National Guard as private on April 7, 1907. He was commissioned second lieutenant in summer 1910, but left

550-660: The Moscow Armistice . It consisted of 200 Soviet and 15 British members and was led by Col. Gen. Andrei Zhdanov . As the commission was virtually entirely controlled by the Soviets, it was even officially referred to as the Allied (Soviet) Control Commission ( Liittoutuneiden (Neuvostoliiton) valvontakomissio in Finnish). Immediately after its inception, the commission required Finland to take more vigorous action to intern

605-888: The Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers , and made public in communique issued at the end of the conference on December 27, 1945, that the Far Eastern Advisory Commission (FEAC) would become the Far Eastern Commission (FEC), it would be based in Washington, and would oversee the Allied Council for Japan . This arrangement was similar to those that the Allies had set up for overseeing the defeated Axis powers in Europe. In

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660-950: The Oklahoma State Penitentiary , chairman of the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board , director of the Security National Bank, and state administrator of the Oklahoma Works Progress Administration . Key returned to active service in September 1940 as commanding general of the 45th Infantry Division , later embarking overseas for duty as Provost Marshal General of the European Theater of Operations . He then served as commanding general, Iceland Base Command , and completed his service as Chief of

715-542: The war-responsibility trials by requiring longer prison sentences than the preliminary verdict would have contained. The ACC and the Moscow Armistice also required bans on a number of fascist, far-right and anti-Soviet organizations, among them the Civil Guard and Lotta Svärd organizations. Furthermore, the ACC required the forced return of all Soviet citizens, including Ingrian Finns and Estonians , to

770-543: The ACC again as a forum for solving the issue of Allied rights and privileges in Germany. The disbanding of the ACC was officially announced by the Two Plus Four Agreement of September 12, 1990, effective as of March 15, 1991. The ACC last met on 2 October 1990, on the eve of German Reunification. The creation of an Allied Commission for Austria was envisaged by Allied leaders at the various sessions of

825-643: The Allies to cease hostilities between them. On 3 September, the Armistice of Cassibile was signed by General Giuseppe Castellano on behalf of Badoglio and General Walter Bedell Smith on behalf of Eisenhower (Supreme Allied commander for the Mediterranean theatre ). The armistice had to take effect on 8 September along with the Badoglio Proclamation . Before the armistice. Germany had been distrustful of Italy as it believed that Italy

880-634: The Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General William S. Key (ASN: 0-153045), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during the period from June 1943 to December 1944. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of General Key reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Army. Key

935-535: The Austrian government to conduct foreign relations. A separate agreement for the division of the city of Vienna into four occupation zones was concluded on July 9, 1945. This agreement was approved by the British government on July 12, the French government on July 16, the Soviet government on July 21 and the US government on July 24. Austria was divided into four zones: American, British, French and Soviet. Vienna, being

990-887: The British, French and United States of America sectors in Berlin were governed by the Allied High Commission with membership from Britain, France, and the United States, whilst the Soviet Zone and Soviet sector of Berlin were governed by the Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission, later the Soviet High Commissioner. The role of the High Commissioners ceased when the three western zones (other than Berlin) and

1045-721: The Conference " As early as August 9 we invited the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China to join with us in carrying out the objectives of the Potsdam Declaration and the Terms of Surrender for Japan . The Far Eastern Advisory Commission was established in October, but Great Britain had reservations regarding its advisory character, and the Soviet Union requested a decision regarding control machinery in Tokyo before joining

1100-581: The European Advisory Commission, and the agreement was concluded on July 4, 1945, subject to further approval. The agreement was then approved by the four Allied governments. On July 12, it was approved by the British and French governments. On July 21, the Soviet government gave its approval, and the US government followed suit on July 24. On June 27, 1945, shortly prior to the formation of the Allied Commission for Austria,

1155-541: The German forces in Northern Finland. Finland's compliance with the commission resulted in a campaign to force out the remaining German troops in the area . Simultaneously, the commission also required Finland to demobilize . The ACC provided Finland with a list of political leaders against whom Finland had to start judicial proceedings. This required Finnish ex post facto legislation . The ACC interfered with

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1210-725: The Mexican Border during the Pancho Villa Expedition , when his unit was called up for federal service in March 1917 at Fort Sill , Oklahoma . Following the United States' entry into World War I , Key was promoted to the rank of major and embarked for France . He was attached to the headquarters, 7th Division under Brigadier General Charles H. Barth and served as divisional quartermaster during Champagne Defensive , Château-Thierry , Saint-Mihiel and

1265-746: The National Guard one year later, when his family moved to Oklahoma. Key settled in the town of Wewoka and established the Key Hardware Co. and the Wewoka Gas Co. and enlisted the Oklahoma National Guard . He was commissioned again and promoted to first lieutenant on July 12, 1912, and to captain in summer 1916. Key then assumed command of Company G, 1st Oklahoma Infantry Regiment stationed in Wewoka and served on

1320-476: The Renner government, and in order to undermine the Soviet move decided to start right away with the proceedings to establish a joint commission for Austria. However, the Soviet government withheld permission for Allied representatives to enter Vienna during late April to early May, arguing that agreement on partition of Vienna into four occupation zones must be done prior to the arrival of any other troops thereto. As

1375-640: The Soviet Union, and the United States of America. Decisions could only be made by consensus. From the outset; proceedings were heavily compromised through systematic non-cooperation from the French representatives. The French had been excluded (at American insistence) from the Potsdam Conference and consequently refused to recognise any obligation for the ACC to be constrained by the Potsdam agreement . In particular, they resisted all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as

1430-456: The Soviet Union. After the war, the Finnish military placed part of the weapons of the demobilized troops into several hundred caches distributed around the country. The caches would have been used to arm guerillas in case of a Soviet occupation. When the matter was leaked to the public, the commission required Finnish authorities to investigate and prosecute the officers and men responsible for

1485-605: The Soviet Zone (other than in Berlin) acquired de facto sovereignty as respectively the Federal Republic of Germany (' West Germany ') and the German Democratic Republic (' East Germany ') (subject to certain restrictions). The ACC convened again in 1971, leading to agreement on transit arrangements in Berlin. During the talks for unification of Germany in late 1989, it was decided to convene

1540-664: The US Joint Chiefs of Staff issued an ordinance authorizing General Mark W. Clark as Commander in Chief of US Forces of Occupation in Austria. Regarding the future commission for Austria, the directive stated: As such you will serve as United States member of the Allied Council of the Allied Commission for Austria and will also be responsible for the administration of military government in the zone or zones assigned to

1595-601: The United Nations. The surrender instrument was immediately in effect. On 13 October 1943, the newly-formed government by King Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio, the Kingdom of the South , the government-in-exile of the Kingdom of Italy , declared war on Germany and became a co-belligerent fighting alongside the Allies. William S. Key World War II William Shaffer Key (October 6, 1889 – January 5, 1959)

1650-449: The United States for purposes of occupation and administration. The Allied Commission for Austria was established by the Agreement on Control Machinery in Austria , signed in the European Advisory Commission in London on July 4, 1945. It entered into force on July 24, 1945, on the day that the United States gave notification of approval, the last of the four powers to do so. It was supplemented by an agreement of June 28, 1946, which enabled

1705-456: The WPA, Oklahoma received forty-three million dollars in WPA funds, employing more than one hundred thousand Oklahomans. In 1936, Key was inducted to the Oklahoma Hall of Fame . Key was also involved in politics as the Democratic candidate for Governor in January 1938. During the campaign, Key was accused by another candidate of irregularity in the building of one of the state armories. Even though Key denied that, he lost to Leon Phillips by

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1760-610: The caching. The Weapons Cache Case was followed closely until the ACC determined that the case was purely a military operation. The Allied Control Commission left Finland September 26, 1947, when the Soviet Union finally ratified the Paris Peace Treaty . The Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria was signed on October 28, 1944, and its provisions were: The United States representatives on the Commission for Bulgaria were Major General John A. Crane (October 28, 1944 – March 1, 1946) and Major General Walter M. Robertson (March 1, 1946 – September 10, 1947). The Armistice Agreement with Hungary

1815-461: The capital, was similarly divided but at its centre was an International Zone, sovereignty of which alternated at regular intervals between the four powers. The commission had its seat in Vienna. A problem faced by the commission was the issue of the provisional government under Karl Renner, which was established unilaterally by the Soviet government in early May 1945. The other Allied governments refused at first to recognize it, but on October 1, 1945,

1870-409: The commission made the following recommendation: The Council examined the question of the Provisional Austrian Government and are making recommendations to their respective governments. The Council decided on the reestablishment of a free press in the whole of Austria subject only to conditions of military security. They also decided that effective December 1 the wearing of military uniforms unless dyed

1925-460: The difference of 3,300 votes. He then worked as director of Lincoln Income Life Insurance Company in Louisville, Kentucky until 1941. Key remained active in the Oklahoma National Guard during the 1920s and 1930s. Following his return from France, Key reverted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and served as commanding officer of the 160th Field Artillery Regiment until July 1925. Following his promotion to brigadier general on August 18, 1928, he

1980-463: The execution of the armistice terms. Key was succeeded by Brigadier General George H. Weems in August 1946 and received his second Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service. Key was subsequently ordered back to the United States and retired from active duty. He remained active in Oklahoma National Guard as secretary to adjutant general until October 1949 and received Oklahoma Distinguished Service Medal for his long meritorious service with

2035-404: The following: In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement two Romanian People's Tribunals were set up to try suspected war criminals. The Treaty of Peace with Romania was signed on February 10, 1947, and entered into force on September 15, 1947. The commission, placed under the nominal leadership of Soviet general Rodion Malinovsky (represented by Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov ),

2090-401: The guard. He then assumed job as director of Oklahoma Natural Gas Company and simultaneously served as president of the board of directors of Oklahoma Historical Society . In 1948 the University of Oklahoma presented Key with a Distinguished Service Citation, and later the university awarded him an honorary LLB degree . The main entrance at Fort Sill , Oklahoma is named after Key. Key

2145-472: The head of state. The surrender document was signed by Badoglio and Eisenhower respectively aboard HMS Nelson , with both Allied and Italian officers were present in the signing ceremony. The article included that all Italian land, air, and naval forces must surrender to the Allies unconditionally, that Fascist organizations must be dismantled throughout Italy and the Italian dictator Mussolini along with his high-ranking Fascist officials must be handed over to

2200-447: The hostilities between Italy and the Allies, on 3 September. The agreement signed at Malta is considered to be the 'longer' version of the armistice. For the Allies, it was considered the Instrument of Surrender of Italy . Following the Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy , which saw Benito Mussolini ousted and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III and replaced as Prime Minister of Italy by Badoglio. The Italians had begun to contact

2255-418: The plane carrying Andrews crashed on Iceland . Key then served as acting Commanding General, United States Army Europe for five days, before Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers arrived from the States and relieved him. Key then resumed his duties as provost marshal and was succeeded by Major General Milton Reckord in June that year. Key then assumed duty as commanding general, Iceland Base Command and

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2310-404: The school for Military Police and during a thirty-day course, students were trained mostly in the map reading; methods of patrolling towns liberated from Germany ; guarding of the prisoners of war and other. He served in this capacity under a succession of Theater Commanders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower , and then Lieutenant General Frank M. Andrews until the beginning of May 1943, when

2365-402: The work of the commission. ". As agreed in the communique the FEC and the Allied Council were dismantled following the Treaty of San Francisco on September 8, 1951. Italian Instrument of Surrender The Additional Conditions for the Armistice with Italy ( Italian : Condizioni aggiuntive di armistizio con l'Italia ), or the Instrument of Surrender of Italy as referred by the Allies,

2420-456: Was a Freemason and raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason in 1913 at Seminole Lodge No. 147 and was made Sovereign Grand Inspector General of Oklahoma in 1951. Major General William S. Key died on January 5, 1959, aged 69, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , and was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery there. He was married to Irene Genevieve Davis Key and they had two sons and one daughter. Their older son, Robert Carleton Key (1926–1988), served in

2475-418: Was a decorated officer of the United States Army with the rank of major general , and businessman. A member of the Oklahoma National Guard , he was called into federal service and participated in combat on the Western Front during World War I as the division quartermaster of 7th Division . Following the war, Key returned to the National Guard, also holding several civil assignments including warden of

2530-430: Was a legal document which was signed between Italy and the Allies at Malta on 29 September 1943. It was signed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio for Italy, and General Dwight D. Eisenhower for the Allies, at Malta aboard the British battleship HMS Nelson . The term Additional Conditions for the Armistice with Italy was coined by the Italians as they had already signed the Armistice of Cassibile , an armistice ending

2585-498: Was also appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath by the United Kingdom and Knight Commander of the Order of the Falcon by the Government of Iceland. In January 1945, Key was ordered to Hungary and appointed chief of the Military Control Commission . While in this capacity, he was responsible for the directing of the repatriation of displaced persons; supervision of the demobilization of Hungarian armed forces; return of property taken by Germany and regulation and supervision of

2640-412: Was also appointed state administrator of the Oklahoma Works Progress Administration (WPA) in 1935. During his tenure, he directed a progressive program during which 350 schools and 20 libraries were constructed, along with the building of Oklahoma National Guard armories; from a total of 126 armories built in the United States, 53 were built in Oklahoma under the supervision of Key. Also due to his work in

2695-467: Was appointed commanding general, 70th Field Artillery Brigade. In February 1937, Key was appointed commanding general of the 45th Infantry Division, and was promoted to major general in April of that year. Due to worsening situation in Europe, Key was called up into active service in September 1940 and led his command during the Louisiana Maneuvers in the fall of the year. He then received additional duty as commanding general, Fort Sill , Oklahoma and

2750-401: Was appointed warden at Oklahoma State Penitentiary in McAlester in early 1924 and held that job until late 1927. He was also president of the Wardens Association of the United States in 1926 and chaired the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board from 1928 to 1932. In 1927, Key moved to Oklahoma City and established the Keyokla Oil Company and a real estate business in the Key Building. He was

2805-555: Was concluded on January 20, 1945, and its provisions were: The United States representatives on the Commission for Hungary were Major General William S. Key (January 20, 1945 – July 4, 1946) and Brigadier General George H. Weems (July 5, 1946 – September 15, 1947). The Allied Control Council (ACC) for Germany oversaw the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany . The ACC was established by agreement of June 5, 1945, supplemented by agreement of September 20 of that same year, with its seat in Berlin . Its members were Great Britain, France,

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2860-418: Was dominated by Red Army leaders. The commission was one of the tools used by the Soviet Union to impose communist rule in Romania . Soviet occupation forces remained in Romania until 1958 and the country became a satellite state of the Soviet Union, joining the Warsaw Pact and COMECON . The Allied Control Commission (ACC) arrived in Finland on September 22, 1944, to observe Finnish compliance with

2915-456: Was responsible for the defense of the island and administration of garrison of 40,000 soldiers. He remained in that assignment until December 1944 and received numerous decorations including Army Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Merit , Bronze Star Medal and Army Commendation Medal . The citation for his Army DSM reads: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting

2970-530: Was responsible for the training and preparation of 45th Infantry Division for service overseas. Key held another additional duty as acting commanding general, V Corps from January 1942 to May 1942 and embarked for Europe for duty as provost marshal general of the European Theater of Operations with headquarters in London , England . The Provost Marshall function in the ETO was one of 18 Special Staff Sections of Communications Zone , ETO under Lt. Gen. John C. H. Lee . While in this capacity, he established

3025-437: Was secretly negotiating with the Allies for a separate peace. After the Badoglio Proclamation and for the armistice to take effect on 8 September. Germany began Operation Achse , a campaign to disarm Italian forces and occupy Italy. On 23 September, the Italian Social Republic was established by the Germans with Mussolini, after a German force led by SS Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny rescued him from Campo Imperatore, as

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