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38-449: Thomas Schultze-Westrum , a German zoologist and maker of animal documentaries, after a series of exploratory missions to the islands in 1976, noted the great ecological and biological value for the first time and proposed the creation of protected area. Six years later, the local fishermen of Alonnisos Island accepted, after consultation, the prospect of establishing a park in the region and were committed to help with its protection. In 1986

76-988: A catfish . In ancient Egyptian literature , the process that Amun used to create the world is associated with the tilapia 's method of mouth-brooding . According to the FAO , there were about 39 million fishermen in countries producing more than 200,000 tonnes in 2012, which is nearly 140% the number in 1995. The total fishery production of 66 million tonnes equated to an average productivity of 3.5 tonnes per person. Most of this growth took place in Asian countries, where four-fifths of world fishermen and fish farmers dwell. Most fishermen are involved in offshore and deep-sea fisheries. Women and men fish in some regions inshore from small boats or collect shellfish and seaweed . In many artisanal fishing communities, women or men are responsible for making and repairing nets , post-harvest processing and marketing . Recreational fishing

114-654: A charm continued throughout the Middle Ages and early in 20th century Italy it was worn as a protection from the evil eye , and by women as a cure for infertility . From the Middle Ages onward, the securing of the right to the coral fisheries off the African coasts was the object of considerable rivalry among the Mediterranean communities of Europe. The story of the Torre del Greco is so interwoven with that of

152-423: A hook is called angling , and fishers using this technique are sometimes referred to as anglers . When angling, it is sometimes expected or required that the fish be caught and released . Big-game fishing is fishing from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna , sharks and marlin . Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities. For some communities , fishing provides not only

190-461: A means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period. Fishing has existed as a means of obtaining food since the Mesolithic period. Fishing had become a major means of survival as well as a business venture. Fishing and fishermen have also influenced Ancient Egyptian religion ; mullets were worshipped as a sign of the arriving flood season . Bastet was often manifested in the form of

228-652: A museum of the coral. Then came the time of processing of Japanese coral found in the markets of Chennai and Kolkata. Other story instead a short period the Tunisian fisheries were secured by Charles V for Spain; but the monopoly soon fell into the hands of the French, who held the right until the Revolutionary government in 1793 threw the trade open. For a short period (about 1806) the British government controlled

266-512: A source of food and work but also community and cultural identity. The fishing industry is hazardous for Artisan fishers. Between 1992 and 1999, US commercial fishing vessels averaged 78 deaths per year. The main contributors to fatalities are: Many fishermen, while accepting that fishing is dangerous, staunchly defend their independence. Many proposed laws and additional regulation to increase safety have been defeated because fishers oppose them. Alaska's commercial fishermen work in one of

304-719: Is a continuing pattern of losing 20 to 40 vessels every year. There are still about 100 fishermen who must be rescued each year from cold Alaska waters. Successful rescue is still dependent on the expertly trained personnel of the US Coast Guard Search and Rescue operations, but their efforts can be hindered by the harshness of seas and the weather. Furthermore, the people involved in Search and Rescue operations are themselves at considerable risk of injury or death during these rescue attempts. Corallium rubrum 31 species, see text Precious coral , or red coral ,

342-605: Is allowed according to the rules laid down in the Fisheries Code. There are communities in Zone B, the largest being Patitiri , Palia Alonnisos, Votsi and Steni Vala . Fishermen A fisherman or fisher is someone who captures fish and other animals from a body of water , or gathers shellfish . Worldwide, there are about 38 million commercial and subsistence fishers and fish farmers . Fishermen may be professional or recreational . Fishing has existed as

380-460: Is estimated to be equivalent to an annual fatality rate of 128 per 100,000 workers/year. This fatality rate is 26 times the overall U.S. work-related fatality rate of about 5 per 100,000 workers/year for the same time period. While the work-related fatality rate for commercial fishermen in Alaska is still very high, it does appear to be decreasing: since 1990, there has been a 51 percent decline in

418-504: Is fishing for pleasure or competition. It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for economic profit , or subsistence fishing , which is fishing for survival. The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod , reel , line , hooks and any one of a wide range of baits . Lures are frequently used in place of bait. Some people make handmade lures, including plastic lures and artificial flies . The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with

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456-602: Is found mainly in the Mediterranean Sea. It grows at depths from 10 to 300 meters below sea level, although the shallower of these habitats have been largely depleted by harvesting. In the underwater caves of Alghero , Sardinia (the "Coral Riviera"), it grows at depth from 4 to 35 meters. The same species is also found at Atlantic sites near the Strait of Gibraltar , at the Cape Verde Islands and off

494-573: Is particularly important for the development of other organisms and the retention and cycling of suspended particles and various substances in the marine environment, are widely spread and in good condition. The area of the AMP is an important habitat for many species of fish (about 300), birds (up to 80 species), reptiles and also mammals. Apart from the monk seal, the red coral ( Corallium rubrum ), Eleonora's falcon ( Falco eleonorae ), Audouin's gull ( Larus audouinii ), shag ( Gulosus aristotelis ), and

532-442: Is the common name given to a genus of marine corals , Corallium . The distinguishing characteristic of precious corals is their durable and intensely colored red or pink-orange skeleton , which is used for making jewelry . Red corals grow on rocky seabottom with low sedimentation , typically in dark environments—either in the depths or in dark caverns or crevices. The original species, C. rubrum (formerly Gorgonia nobilis ),

570-565: The Gauls used it for the ornamentation of their weapons and helmets; but by this period, so great was the Eastern demand, that it was very rarely seen even in the regions which produced it. Among the Romans , branches of coral were hung around children's necks to preserve them from danger from the outside, and the substance had many medicinal virtues attributed to it. The belief in coral's potency as

608-654: The Magnesia Prefecture issued the first order to protect the region, followed by the decisions of the Ministries of Environmental Affairs, Agriculture and Merchant Navy. The newly formed Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Monk seal (MOm), composed of young marine biologists, in 1990 set up a permanent team field in the area of the reserve and acquired the research vessel IFAW-ODYSSEAS to aid to

646-501: The Mohs scale . Due to its softness and opacity, coral is usually cut en cabochon , or used to make beads . At the beginning of the 1st millennium, there was significant trade in coral between the Mediterranean and India, where it was highly prized as a substance believed to be endowed with mysterious sacred properties. Pliny the Elder remarks that, before the great demand from India,

684-565: The European Commission, initiated the reserve's support and monitor program. This action is implemented with the local operators of the high-speed craft Alonnisos and the first few years in close cooperation with the Fishing Cooperative of Alonnisos. Following the environmental study that lasted several years issued by a Joint Ministerial Decision which set out the composition of the board of the management agency of

722-584: The Neapolitan jurist Michael Florio), with the intent to regulate the coral fishing in those years starring, in addition to the sailors Torre del Greco, the locals and those in Trapani This regulation did not have the expected success. From 1805, when he founded the first factory for the manufacturing of coral in Torre del Greco (by Paul Bartholomew Martin, but with French Genoese origin), the golden age for

760-423: The annual fatality rate. The successes in commercial fishing are due in part to the U.S. Coast Guard implementing new safety requirements in the early 1990s. These safety requirements contributed to 96 percent of commercial fishermen surviving vessel sinkings/capsizings in 2004, whereas in 1991, only 73 percent survived. While the number of occupational deaths of commercial fishermen in Alaska has been reduced, there

798-413: The area, its morphology, the limited degree of human interference and the excellent condition of the natural environment make the land and sea areas of the park an ideal habitat for many threatened species of plants and animals The islands are covered in Mediterranean coniferous forest and macchia vegetation such as the strawberry tree, phillyrea , the heather , rhamnus , the kermes oak , often in

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836-485: The bottlenose dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ), the long-finned pilot whale ( Globicephala melas ), the sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) and the Cuvier's beaked whale ( Ziphius cavirostris ). Permitted activities: Scientific research (under licences), park operations (under licences), maintenance works to the church of Zoothohos Pigis and the adjacent spring, herding. Forbidden activities: Agricultural activities,

874-506: The coast of southern Portugal. Other Corallium species are native to the western Pacific, notably around Japan and Taiwan; these occur at depths of 350 to 1500 meters below sea level in areas with strong currents. In common with other Alcyonacea , red corals have the shape of small leafless bushes and grow up to a meter in height. Their valuable skeleton is composed of intermeshed spicules of hard calcium carbonate , colored in shades of red by carotenoid pigments. In living specimens,

912-464: The coral so as to constitute an inseparable pair, and is documented as early as the fifteenth century. In 1790 the Royal Society of Coral was established in the town of Torre del Greco, with the idea of working and selling coral fish. This shows that the coral fishing flourished for many years in the city. It was also enacted December 22, 1789, by Ferdinand IV of Bourbon Code coral (prepared by

950-413: The first steps of operation. The current situation is critical, since the choices to be made and management actions to be implemented will determine both the credibility of the new management agency and the protection of the coastal region. Limestone rock dominates the island surfaces. Its main characteristics are the steep rocky slopes which run down to the sea and the caves, which are an important part of

988-638: The fisheries, but this later returned to the hands of the French authorities. Before the French Revolution much of the coral trade was centred in Marseille , but then largely moved to Italy, where the procuring of the raw material and the working of it was centring in Naples , Rome and Genoa . The origin of coral is explained in Greek mythology by the story of Perseus . Having petrified Cetus ,

1026-480: The form of treelike shrubs, and evergreen trees such as the maple , the wild olive , the Phoenician juniper and the rare tree Amelanchier chelmea . Phrygana is also common and consists of many species. Of particular interest are the chasmophytes with several endemic species such as Campanula reiseri , Linum gyaricum , Arenaria phitosiana and others. Underwater sea-grass beds of Posidonia oceanica , which

1064-444: The habitat of the monk seal. Different types of soil are encountered while fresh water sources are scarce. Mediterranean, with moderate rainfall during wintertime and long dry summers. The average annual temperature is 17 °C and the average rainfall is 515 mm. During August, the meltemia , average to very strong northerly winds, refresh the atmosphere and cause significant disturbance at sea. The geographic isolation of

1102-526: The manufacturing of coral in the city situated on the slopes of the Vesuvius started, because working together with the coral fishing was increasingly under the control of Torre del Greco fishermen. Since 1875, the Torre del Greco began working with the Sciacca coral and a school for the manufacturing of coral was built in 1878 in the city (which closed in 1885 to reopen in 1887), with which in 1933 established

1140-621: The marine park, the overall responsibility for managing the reserve passed to the new management agency. MOm participates as a full member of the board, the Operational Management Council, however, without a clearly defined plan of operation, with lack of funding and some unfortunate choice of a president of the board for the next three years remained ineffective. In 2007, some funding by the Third EU Community Support Framework initiated

1178-456: The presence of species of the family Sylvidae , e.g. the Sardinian warbler ( Sylvia melanocephala ) and the blackcap ( Sylvia atricapilla ). Underwater fauna is also varied, with many benthic and fish species. Various species of dolphins and some whale species may be seen in the region, such as the common dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ), the striped dolphin ( Stenella coeruleoalba ),

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1216-726: The sea monster threatening Andromeda , Perseus placed Medusa 's head on the riverbank while he washed his hands. When he recovered her head, he saw that her blood had turned the seaweed (in some variants the reeds) into red coral. Thus, the Greek word for coral is 'Gorgeia', as Medusa was one of the three Gorgons . Poseidon resided in a palace made of coral and gems, and Hephaestus first crafted his work from coral. The Romans believed coral could protect children from harm, as well as cure wounds made by snakes and scorpions and diagnose diseases by changing colour. Intensive fishing, particularly in shallow waters, has damaged this species along

1254-404: The skeletal branches are overlaid with soft bright red integument , from which numerous retractable white polyps protrude. The polyps exhibit octameric radial symmetry. The following are known species in the genus: The hard skeleton of red coral branches is naturally matte, but can be polished to a glassy shine. It exhibits a range of warm reddish pink colors from pale pink to deep red;

1292-543: The systematic monitoring of the population of the Mediterranean monk seal ( Monachus monachus ), which remained so until 2006. A year later they established in Alonnisos the first seal health centre for the species in the Mediterranean. The presidential decree, that was issued to clearly demarcate the protected zones and protection measures, overlooked the creation of a local Reserve Management Agency. MOm, aided by

1330-431: The use of fire or chemicals and other substances, all kinds of professional fishing, amateur fishing, vessel approach and mooring. The entire area of Zone B is open to visits and there are no specific restrictions, with the exception of free camping and the lighting of fires. Swimming and walking are amongst the simplest and most interesting ways of coming in contact with the natural environment. In addition, amateur fishing

1368-517: The wild goat of Gioura ( Capra aegagrus ), are few of the most characteristic rare species to be found. Some of the birds to be seen are the Bonelli's eagle ( Hieraetus fasciatus ), the cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) and the white gull ( Larus michahelis ), and nesting among the rocks, the Apus apus and Apus melba , the rock nuthatch ( Sitta neumayer ), etc. The existing flora also favours

1406-479: The word coral is also used to name such colors. Owing to its intense and permanent coloration and glossiness, precious coral skeletons have been harvested since antiquity for decorative use. Coral jewellery has been found in ancient Egyptian and prehistoric European burials, and continues to be made to the present day. It was especially popular during the Victorian age . Precious coral has hardness 3.5 on

1444-416: The world's harshest environments. The hardships they endure include isolated fishing grounds, high winds, seasonal darkness, very cold water, icing, and short fishing seasons, when very long work days are the norm. Fatigue, physical stress , and financial pressures face most Alaska fishermen through their careers. Out of 948 work-related deaths in Alaska during 1990–2006, one-third (311) were of fishermen. This

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