Misplaced Pages

#498501

84-687: The hotel has 30 rooms, a restaurant, billiards room, a bar and two lounges and a coffee shop. In 2006 the Alpine Hotel won the 'Star Award' for the best performing anthropometry in the Central Province under the large scale service sector. The hotel is situated a kilometre away from Nuwara Eliya , facing the town hall and the Nuwara Eliya Racecourse , on the Main Road towards Badulla . This article about

168-545: A 2003 UNICEF study on the effects of malnutrition in North Korea , due to "successive famines," found young adult males to be significantly shorter. In contrast South Koreans "feasting on an increasingly Western-influenced diet," without famine, were growing taller. The height difference is minimal for Koreans over forty years old, who grew up at a time when economic conditions in the North were roughly comparable to those in

252-479: A cane; and he died after developing an infection in his legs because he was unable to feel the irritation and cutting caused by his leg braces. Sources are in disagreement about the overall relationship between height and longevity. Samaras and Elrick, in the Western Journal of Medicine, demonstrate an inverse correlation between height and longevity in several mammals including humans. Women whose height

336-556: A combined height of 419 cm (13 ft 9 in). They married in Shanghai , China, on 6 August 2007. In general, modern humans living in developed countries are taller than their ancient counterparts, but this was not always the case. Certain ancient human populations were quite tall, even surpassing the average height of the tallest of modern countries. For instance, certain hunter-gatherer populations living in Europe during

420-420: A database was developed. This database records the anthropometric variability of men and women, aged 18–65, of various weights, ethnic groups, gender, geographic regions, and socio-economic status. The study was conducted from April 1998 to early 2000 and included three scans per person in a standing pose, full-coverage pose and relaxed seating pose. Data collection methods were standardized and documented so that

504-687: A general rise in quality of health care and standard of living are the cited factors in Asian populations. Malnutrition including chronic undernutrition and acute malnutrition is known to have caused stunted growth in various populations. This has been seen in North Korea, parts of Africa, certain historical Europe, and other populations. Developing countries such as Guatemala have rates of stunting in children under 5 living as high as 82.2% in Totonicapán , and 49.8% nationwide. Average height in

588-549: A hotel or resort in Asia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a building or structure in Sri Lanka is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Anthropometry Anthropometry ( / æ n θ r ə ˈ p ɒ m ɪ t r ɪ / , from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος ( ánthrōpos )  'human' and μέτρον ( métron )  'measure') refers to

672-431: A major advantage. In most occupational fields, body height is not relevant to how well people are able to perform; nonetheless several studies found that success was positively correlated with body height, although there may be other factors such as sex or socioeconomic status that are correlated with height which may account for the difference in success. A demonstration of the height-success association can be found in

756-463: A microevolutionary level, anthropologists use anthropometric variation to reconstruct small-scale population history. For instance, John Relethford's studies of early 20th-century anthropometric data from Ireland show that the geographical patterning of body proportions still exhibits traces of the invasions by the English and Norse centuries ago. Similarly, anthropometric indices, namely comparison of

840-668: A million Guatemalans fled to the United States. He discovered that Maya refugees, who ranged from six to twelve years old, were significantly taller than their Guatemalan counterparts. By 2000, the American Maya were 10.24 centimetres (4.0 in) taller than the Guatemalan Maya of the same age, largely due to better nutrition and health care . Bogin also noted that American Maya children had relatively longer legs, averaging 7.02 centimetres (2.8 in) longer than

924-438: A nation is correlated with protein quality . Nations that consume more protein in the form of meat , dairy , eggs , and fish tend to be taller, while those that obtain more protein from cereals tend to be shorter. Therefore, populations with high cattle per capita and high consumption of dairy live longer and are taller. Historically, this can be seen in the cases of the United States, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia in

SECTION 10

#1732775546499

1008-459: A protective effect of height on risk for Alzheimer's disease , although this fact could be a result of the genetic overlap between height and intracraneal volume and there are also genetic variants influencing height that could affect biological mechanisms involved in Alzheimer's disease etiology, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of

1092-432: A proxy for confidence, which is likewise strongly correlated with occupational success. The tallest living man is Sultan Kösen of Turkey at 251 cm (8 ft 3 in), and the tallest living woman is Rumeysa Gelgi , also of Turkey, at 215 cm (7 ft 1 in). The tallest man in modern history was Robert Wadlow (1918−1940), from Illinois , United States, who was 272 cm (8 ft 11 in) at

1176-432: A relatively long and narrow face; a prominent brow ridge that protrudes forward from the forehead; a narrow, tear-shaped nasal cavity; a "silled" nasal aperture; tower-shaped nasal bones; a triangular-shaped palate; and an angular and sloping eye orbit shape. People with considerable African ancestry typically have a broad and round nasal cavity; no dam or nasal sill; Quonset hut-shaped nasal bones; notable facial projection in

1260-486: A role. A healthier child and adult develops a body that is better able to provide optimal prenatal conditions. The pregnant mother's health is essential for herself but also the fetus as gestation is itself a critical period for an embryo / fetus , though some problems affecting height during this period are resolved by catch-up growth assuming childhood conditions are good. Thus, there is a cumulative generation effect such that nutrition and health over generations influence

1344-472: A slowly declining rate, and then, during the pubertal growth spurt (with an average girl starting her puberty and pubertal growth spurt at 10 years and an average boy starting his puberty and pubertal growth spurt at 12 years ), a rapid rise to a second maximum (at around 11−12 years for an average female, and 13−14 years for an average male), followed by a steady decline to zero. The average female growth speed trails off to zero at about 15 or 16 years, whereas

1428-480: A study found eight areas of support for the "smaller lives longer" thesis. These areas of evidence include studies involving longevity, life expectancy, centenarians, male vs. female longevity differences, mortality advantages of shorter people, survival findings, smaller body size due to calorie restriction, and within-species body size differences. They all support the conclusion that smaller individuals live longer in healthy environments and with good nutrition. However,

1512-627: A typical adult human foot with surface area of approximately 100 cm ). For a stance phase duration of approximately 0.6 seconds during normal walking, approximately 150,000 pressure values, depending on the hardware specifications, are recorded for each step. Direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or more recently, imaging techniques such as MRI , which can be used on living persons. Such measurements are used in research on neuroscience and intelligence . Brain volume data and other craniometric data are used in mainstream science to compare modern-day animal species and to analyze

1596-478: A young mother are more likely to have below-average educational and behavioural development, again suggesting an ultimate cause of resources and family status rather than a purely biological explanation. In 1988 it was observed that first-born males were shorter than later-born males. However, in 2013 the reverse observation was made. The study authors suggest that the cause may be socio-economic in nature. The precise relationship between genetics and environment

1680-828: Is 15–⁠18 years and the age range where most males stop growing is 18–⁠21 years. Human weight varies extensively both individually and across populations, with the most extreme documented examples of adults being Lucia Zarate who weighed 2.1 kg (4.7 lb), and Jon Brower Minnoch who weighed 640 kg (1,400 lb), and with population extremes ranging from 49.6 kg (109.3 lb) in Bangladesh to 87.4 kg (192.7 lb) in Micronesia . Adult brain size varies from 974.9 cm (59.49 cu in) to 1,498.1 cm (91.42 cu in) in females and 1,052.9 cm (64.25 cu in) to 1,498.5 cm (91.44 cu in) in males, with

1764-416: Is a major factor in determining the height of individuals, though it is far less influential regarding differences among populations. Average height is relevant to the measurement of the health and wellness standard of living and quality of life of populations. Humans grow fastest (other than in the womb) as infants and toddlers , rapidly declining from a maximum at birth to roughly age 2, tapering to

SECTION 20

#1732775546499

1848-549: Is a symptom of osteoporosis . Height is also used to compute indicators like body surface area or body mass index . There is a large body of research in psychology, economics, and human biology that has assessed the relationship between several physical features (e.g. body height) and occupational success. The correlation between height and success was explored decades ago. Shorter people are considered to have an advantage in certain sports (e.g. gymnastics, race car driving, etc.), whereas in many other sports taller people have

1932-476: Is closely correlated with other health components, such as life expectancy . Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the "longevity gene" FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of small body size. Short stature decreases

2016-536: Is complex and uncertain. Differences in human height is 60−80% heritable , according to several twin studies and has been considered polygenic since the Mendelian-biometrician debate a hundred years ago. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of more than 180,000 individuals has identified hundreds of genetic variants in at least 180 loci associated with adult human height. The number of individuals has since been expanded to 253,288 individuals and

2100-511: Is illustrated by studies performed by anthropologist Barry Bogin and coworkers of Guatemala Mayan children living in the United States. In the early 1970s, when Bogin first visited Guatemala , he observed that Mayan Indian men averaged 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) in height and the women averaged 142 cm (4 ft 8 in). Bogin took another series of measurements after the Guatemalan Civil War , during which up to

2184-399: Is measured using a stadiometer , in centimetres when using the metric system or SI system , or feet and inches when using United States customary units or the imperial system . In the early phase of anthropometric research history, questions about height measuring techniques for measuring nutritional status often concerned genetic differences. Height is also important because it

2268-463: Is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism , which are caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities. It is important to note that a great degree of variation occurs between even the most 'common' bodies (66% of the population), and as such no person can be considered 'average'. In

2352-494: Is subject to regression toward the mean , therefore extremely tall or short parents will likely have correspondingly taller or shorter offspring, but their offspring will also likely be closer to average height than the parents themselves. Genetic potential and several hormones, minus illness, is a basic determinant for height. Other factors include the genetic response to external factors such as diet, exercise, environment, and life circumstances. The effect of environment on height

2436-501: Is under 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) may have a small pelvis , resulting in such complications during childbirth as shoulder dystocia . A study done in Sweden in 2005 has shown that there is a strong inverse correlation between height and suicide among Swedish men. A large body of human and animal evidence indicates that shorter, smaller bodies age more slowly, and have fewer chronic diseases and greater longevity. For example,

2520-692: The Indus Valley Civilization were among the tallest in the world, with an average height of 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) for males and 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) for females. [1] The people of Ancient Egypt stood around 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) for males and 157 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females. The Ancient Greeks averaged 166 cm (5 ft 5 in) for males and 154 cm (5 ft 1 in) for females. The Romans were slightly taller, with an average height of 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) for males and 158 cm (5 ft 2 in) for females. In

2604-556: The Neolithic Revolution through the early 1800s. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people of European descent in North America were far taller than those in Europe and were one of the tallest in the world. The original indigenous population of Plains Native Americans was also among the tallest populations of the world at the time. Some studies also suggest that there existed the correlation between

Alpine Hotel - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-652: The Paleolithic Era and India during the Mesolithic Period averaged heights of around 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) for males, and 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) for females. Human height worldwide sharply declined with the advent of the Neolithic Revolution , likely due to significantly less protein consumption by agriculturalists as compared with hunter-gatherers. During the Bronze Age , height varied significantly by region. The people of

2772-567: The human stature was used to illustrate anthropometric trends. This study was conducted by Jörg Baten and Sandew Hira and was based on the anthropological founds that human height is predetermined by the quality of the nutrition , which used to be higher in the more developed countries. The research was based on the datasets for Southern Chinese contract migrants who were sent to Suriname and Indonesia and included 13,000 individuals. Today anthropometry can be performed with three-dimensional scanners . A global collaborative study to examine

2856-452: The "longevity gene" FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of a small body size. Short stature decreases the risk of venous insufficiency . Certain studies have shown that height is a factor in overall health while some suggest tallness is associated with better cardiovascular health and shortness with longevity. Cancer risk has also been found to grow with height. Moreover, scientists have also observed

2940-578: The 1988 Army Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) of men and women with its 240 measures. Statistical data from these surveys encompasses over 75,000 individuals. CAESAR began in 1997 as a partnership between government (represented by the US Air Force and NATO ) and industry (represented by SAE International ) to collect and organize the most extensive sampling of consumer body measurements for comparison. The project collected and organized data on 2,400 U.S. & Canadian and 2,000 European civilians and

3024-814: The Guatemalan Maya (a significantly lower sitting height ratio). The Nilotic peoples of Sudan such as the Shilluk and Dinka have been described as some of the tallest in the world. Dinka Ruweng males investigated by Roberts in 1953−1954 were on average 181 cm (5 ft 11 in) tall, and Shilluk males averaged 182 cm (6 ft 0 in). The Nilotic people are characterized as having long legs, narrow bodies and short trunks, an adaptation to hot weather. However, male Dinka and Shilluk refugees measured in 1995 in Southwestern Ethiopia were on average only 176 cm (5 ft 9 in) and 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall, respectively. As

3108-494: The Netherlands was a land renowned for its short population, but as of 2012 Dutch people were among the world's tallest, with young men averaging 183 cm (6 ft 0 in) tall. In the 150 years since the mid-nineteenth century, the average human height in industrialised countries has increased by up to 10 cm (3.9 in). However, these increases appear to have largely levelled off. A 2004 report citing

3192-664: The South, while height disparities are most acute for Koreans who grew up in the mid-1990s a demographic in which South Koreans are about 12 cm (4.7 in) taller than their North Korean counterparts as this was a period during which the North was affected by a harsh famine where hundreds of thousands, if not millions, died of hunger. A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that eighteen-year-old males were 12.7 cm (5 in) shorter than South Koreans their age due to malnutrition. The height of British children growing up during

3276-529: The UK conducted the largest sizing survey to date using scanners. Since then several national surveys have followed in the UK's pioneering steps, notably SizeUSA, SizeMexico, and SizeThailand, the latter still ongoing. SizeUK showed that the nation had become taller and heavier but not as much as expected. Since 1951, when the last women's survey had taken place, the average weight for women had gone up from 62 to 65 kg. However, recent research has shown that posture of

3360-432: The anthropometric history became very useful for historians in answering questions that interested them. Today, anthropometry plays an important role in industrial design , clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products. Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in

3444-1034: The average being 1,130 cm (69 cu in) and 1,260 cm (77 cu in), respectively. The right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically of more similar size. Size of the human stomach varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from 520 cm (32 cu in) to 1,536 cm (93.7 cu in) and weights ranging from 77 grams (2.7 oz) to 453 grams (16.0 oz). Male and female genitalia exhibit considerable individual variation, with penis size differing substantially and vaginal size differing significantly in healthy adults. Human beauty and physical attractiveness have been preoccupations throughout history which often intersect with anthropometric standards. Cosmetology , facial symmetry , and waist–hip ratio are three such examples where measurements are commonly thought to be fundamental. Anthropometric studies today are conducted to investigate

Alpine Hotel - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-434: The average male curve continues for approximately 3 more years, going to zero at about 18−19, although there is limited research to suggest minor height growth after the age of 19 in males. These are also critical periods where stressors such as malnutrition (or even severe child neglect ) have the greatest effect. Moreover, the health of a mother throughout her life, especially during her critical period and pregnancy , has

3612-621: The beginning of the 19th century. Moreover, when the production and consumption of milk and beef is taken to consideration, it can be seen why the Germanic people who lived outside of the Roman Empire were taller than those who lived at its heart. Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that

3696-443: The biological mechanisms underlying how these 697 genetic variants affect overall height. These loci do not only determine height, but other features or characteristics. As an example, 4 of the 7 loci identified for intracranial volume had previously been discovered for human height. Height, like other phenotypic traits, is determined by a combination of genetics and environmental factor . A child's height based on parental heights

3780-404: The brain to communicate with the extremities. For example, Robert Wadlow , the tallest human known to verifiable history, developed difficulty in walking as his height increased throughout his life. In many of the pictures of the latter portion of his life, Wadlow can be seen gripping something for support. Late in his life, although he died at age 22, he had to wear braces on his legs and walk with

3864-414: The database can be consistently expanded and updated. High-resolution measurements of body surfaces were made using 3D Surface Anthropometry. This technology can capture hundreds of thousands of points in three dimensions on the human body surface in a few seconds. It has many advantages over the old measurement system using tape measures, anthropometers, and other similar instruments. It provides detail about

3948-448: The deglobalization period of the two World wars. In 2014, Baten and Blum found that in the nineteenth century, important determinants of height were the local availability of cattle, meat and milk as well as the local disease environment.In the late twentieth century, however, technologies and trade became more important, decreasing the impact of local availability of agricultural products. Data derived from burials show that before 1850,

4032-871: The design of equipment, systems and working methods to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. This includes physical ergonomics in relation to human anatomy, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics; cognitive ergonomics in relation to perception, memory, reasoning, motor response including human–computer interaction , mental workloads, decision making, skilled performance, human reliability, work stress, training, and user experiences; organizational ergonomics in relation to metrics of communication, crew resource management, work design, schedules, teamwork, participation , community, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, and telework; environmental ergonomics in relation to human metrics affected by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, and light; visual ergonomics; and others. Biometrics refers to

4116-433: The difference in longevity is modest. Several human studies have found a loss of 0.5 years/centimeter of increased height (1.2 yr/inch). But these findings do not mean that all tall people die young. Many live to advanced ages and some become centenarians. In medicine, height is measured to monitor child development , this is a better indicator of growth than weight in the long term. For older people, excessive height loss

4200-836: The distribution of body dimensions (e.g. the rise in obesity ) and require regular updating of anthropometric data collections . The history of anthropometry includes and spans various concepts, both scientific and pseudoscientific , such as craniometry , paleoanthropology , biological anthropology , phrenology , physiognomy , forensics , criminology , phylogeography , human origins , and cranio-facial description, as well as correlations between various anthropometrics and personal identity , mental typology , personality , cranial vault and brain size , and other factors. At various times in history, applications of anthropometry have ranged from accurate scientific description and epidemiological analysis to rationales for eugenics and overtly racist social movements . One of its misuses

4284-526: The early-industrial growth puzzle (in the U.S. context the Antebellum Puzzle ). In England during the early nineteenth century, the difference between the average height of English upper-class youth (students of Sandhurst Military Academy ) and English working-class youth ( Marine Society boys) reached 22 cm (8.7 in), the highest that has been observed. In general, there were no significant differences in regional height levels throughout

SECTION 50

#1732775546499

4368-438: The evolution of the human species in archeology. Anthropometric measurements also have uses in epidemiology and medical anthropology , for example in helping to determine the relationship between various body measurements (height, weight, percentage body fat, etc.) and medical outcomes. Anthropometric measurements are frequently used to diagnose malnutrition in resource-poor clinical settings. Forensic anthropologists study

4452-504: The evolutionary significance of differences in body proportion between populations whose ancestors lived in different environments. Human populations exhibit climatic variation patterns similar to those of other large-bodied mammals, following Bergmann's rule , which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to be larger than ones in warm climates, and Allen's rule , which states that individuals in cold climates will tend to have shorter, stubbier limbs than those in warm climates. On

4536-498: The extremely aged. This decrease in height is due to such factors as decreased height of inter-vertebral discs because of desiccation , atrophy of soft tissues, and postural changes secondary to degenerative disease. Working on data of Indonesia, the study by Baten, Stegl and van der Eng suggests a positive relationship of economic development and average height. In Indonesia, human height has decreased coincidentally with natural or political shocks. As with any statistical data ,

4620-417: The first half of the eighteenth century, the average height of an English male was 165 cm (5 ft 5 in), and the average height of an Irish male was 168 cm (5 ft 6 in), according to a study by economist John Komlos and Francesco Cinnirella. The estimated mean height of English, German, and Scottish soldiers was 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) − 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) for

4704-488: The foot are used in the manufacture and sale of footwear : measurement devices may be used either to determine a retail shoe size directly (e.g. the Brannock Device ) or to determine the detailed dimensions of the foot for custom manufacture (e.g. ALINEr ). Human height Human height or stature is the distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body , standing erect. It

4788-420: The great appeal) have yet to be as reliable as real human data. Baropodographic devices fall into two main categories: (i) floor-based , and (ii) in-shoe . The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from piezoelectric sensor arrays to light refraction , but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D image time series of the pressures acting under

4872-428: The height and the real wage , moreover, the correlation was higher among the less developed countries. The difference in height between children from different social classes was already observed by the age of two. The average height of Americans and Europeans decreased during periods of rapid industrialization , possibly due to rapid population growth and broad decreases in economic status. This has become known as

4956-445: The height of descendants to varying degrees. The age of the mother also has some influence on her child's height. Studies in modern times have observed a gradual increase in height with maternal age, though these early studies suggest that trend is due to various socio-economic situations that select certain demographics as being more likely to have a first birth early in the mother's life. These same studies show that children born to

5040-560: The human skeleton in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of a decedent through various skeletal analyses that produce a biological profile. Forensic anthropologists utilize the Fordisc program to help in the interpretation of craniofacial measurements in regards to ancestry determination. One part of a biological profile is a person's ancestral affinity. People with significant European or Middle Eastern ancestry generally have little to no prognathism ;

5124-626: The identification of humans by their characteristics or traits. Biometrics is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control . It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance . Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics. Subclasses include dermatoglyphics and soft biometrics . The US Military has conducted over 40 anthropometric surveys of U.S. Military personnel between 1945 and 1988, including

SECTION 60

#1732775546499

5208-640: The jaw and mouth area (prognathism); a rectangular-shaped palate; and a square or rectangular eye orbit shape. A relatively small prognathism often characterizes people with considerable East Asian ancestry; no nasal sill or dam; an oval-shaped nasal cavity; tent-shaped nasal bones; a horseshoe-shaped palate; and a rounded and non-sloping eye orbit shape. Many of these characteristics are only a matter of frequency among those of particular ancestries: their presence or absence of one or more does not automatically classify an individual into an ancestral group. Ergonomics professionals apply an understanding of human factors to

5292-548: The mean stature of males and females in Leiden , the Netherlands was respectively 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) and 156 cm (5 ft 1 in). The average height of 19-year-old Dutch orphans in 1865 was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in). From 1830 to 1857, the average height of a Dutch person decreased, even while Dutch real GNP per capita was growing at an average rate of more than 0.5% per year. The worst decline

5376-539: The measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical anthropology , it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation, in paleoanthropology and in various attempts to correlate physical with racial and psychological traits. Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape. Since commonly used methods and approaches in analysing living standards were not helpful enough,

5460-656: The most extreme population comparisons, for example, the average female height in Bolivia is 142.2 cm (4 ft 8.0 in) while the average male height in the Dinaric Alps is 185.6 cm (6 ft 1.1 in), an average difference of 43.4 cm (1 ft 5.1 in). Similarly, the shortest and tallest of individuals, Chandra Bahadur Dangi and Robert Wadlow , have ranged from 53–272 cm (1 ft 9 in – 8 ft 11 in), respectively. The age range where most females stop growing

5544-486: The nineteenth century. The only exceptions of this rather uniform height distribution were people in the Anglo-Saxon settlement regions who were taller than the average and people from Southeast Asia with below-average heights. However, at the end of the nineteenth century and in the middle of the first globalization period, heights between rich and poor countries began to diverge. These differences did not disappear in

5628-401: The number of genetic variants identified is 697 in 423 genetic loci. In a separate study of body proportion using sitting-height ratio, it reports that these 697 variants can be partitioned into 3 specific classes, (1) variants that primarily determine leg length, (2) variants that primarily determine spine and head length, or (3) variants that affect overall body size. This gives insights into

5712-402: The participant significantly influences the measurements taken, the precision of 3D body scanner may or may not be high enough for industry tolerances, and measurements taken may or may not be relevant to all applications (e.g. garment construction). Despite these current limitations, 3D Body Scanning has been suggested as a replacement for body measurement prediction technologies which (despite

5796-445: The period as a whole, while that of Irish was 167 cm (5 ft 6 in). The average height of male slaves and convicts in North America was 171 cm (5 ft 7 in). Before the mid-nineteenth century, there were cycles in height, with periods of increase and decrease; however, apart from the decline associated with the transition to agriculture , examinations of skeletons show no significant differences in height from

5880-403: The plantar surface of the foot. From these data other variables may be calculated (see data analysis . ) The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to 10 mm and 25 to 500 Hz, respectively. Sensor technology limits finer resolution. Such resolutions yield a contact area of approximately 500 sensors (for

5964-433: The presence of any of these medical conditions. The study of height is known as auxology . Growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of individuals, hence part of the reasoning for the use of growth charts . For individuals, as indicators of health problems, growth trends are tracked for significant deviations, and growth is also monitored for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Genetics

6048-656: The realm of politics. In the United States presidential elections, the taller candidate won 22 out of 25 times in the 20th century. Nevertheless, Ignatius Loyola , founder of the Jesuits, was 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and several prominent world leaders of the 20th century, such as Vladimir Lenin , Benito Mussolini , Nicolae Ceaușescu and Joseph Stalin were of below-average height. These examples, however, were all before modern forms of multimedia, i.e. television, which may further height discrimination in modern society. Further, growing evidence suggests that height may be

6132-512: The relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide. Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height-related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as those found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions. Consequently,

6216-409: The relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings. In the end, being excessively tall can cause various medical problems, including cardiovascular problems, because of the increased load on the heart to supply the body with blood, and problems resulting from the increased time it takes

6300-725: The risk of venous insufficiency . When populations share genetic backgrounds and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism , which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities. The development of human height can serve as an indicator of two key welfare components, namely nutritional quality and health. In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may result in delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without

6384-417: The scan and approximately 40 using traditional measurements. Demographic data such as age, ethnic group, gender, geographic region, education level, and present occupation, family income and more were also captured. Scientists working for private companies and government agencies conduct anthropometric studies to determine a range of sizes for clothing and other items. For just one instance, measurements of

6468-404: The study points out, Nilotic people "may attain greater height if privileged with favourable environmental conditions during early childhood and adolescence, allowing full expression of the genetic material." Before fleeing, these refugees were subject to privation as a consequence of the succession of civil wars in their country from 1955 to the present. Attributed as a significant reason for

6552-488: The surface shape as well as 3D locations of measurements relative to each other and enables easy transfer to Computer-Aided Design (CAD) or Manufacturing (CAM) tools. The resulting scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to standardize. Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to extract anatomical landmarks from the 3D body scans automatically. Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject. More than 100 univariate measures were provided, over 60 from

6636-427: The time of his death. The shortest adult human on record was Chandra Bahadur Dangi of Nepal at 55 cm (1 ft 10 in). The shortest woman is Jyoti Amge of India with 63 cm (2 ft 1 in). The tallest living married couple are ex-basketball players Yao Ming and Ye Li (both of China ) who measure 229 cm (7 ft 6 in) and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) respectively, giving

6720-450: The trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition had been relatively equally distributed as of 2004. The uneven distribution of nutritional resources makes it more plausible for individuals with better access to resources to grow taller, while individuals with worse access to resources have a lessened chance of growing taller. Changes in diet (nutrition) and

6804-519: The uses of three-dimensional scanners for health care was launched in March 2007. The Body Benchmark Study will investigate the use of three-dimensional scanners to calculate volumes and segmental volumes of an individual body scan. The aim is to establish whether the Body Volume Index has the potential to be used as a long-term computer-based anthropometric measurement for health care. In 2001

6888-772: The years of austerity has decreased: As of 2019, the average five-year-old boy measured 112.5 cm (3 ft 8.3 in) and the average girl 111.7 cm (3 ft 8.0 in). They were shorter and more obese than many of their European peers. Adult height between populations often differs significantly. For example, the average height of women from the Czech Republic is greater than that of men from Malawi . This may be caused by genetic differences, childhood lifestyle differences (nutrition, sleep patterns, physical labor), or both. Depending on sex, genetic and environmental factors, shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals but tends to be universal in

6972-400: Was in urban areas that in 1847, the urban height penalty was 2.5 cm (1.0 in). Urban mortality was also much higher than in rural regions. In 1829, the average urban and rural Dutchman was 164 cm (5 ft 5 in). By 1856, the average rural Dutchman was 162 cm (5 ft 4 in) and urban Dutchman was 158 cm (5 ft 2 in). In the late nineteenth century,

7056-514: Was the discredited pseudoscience , phrenology . Auxologic is a broad term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth . Human height varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in statistical sampling . The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations

#498501