Vivaro-Alpine ( Occitan : vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc ) is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria ). There is also a small Vivaro-Alpine enclave in the Guardia Piemontese , Calabria , where the language is known as gardiòl . It belongs to the Northern Occitan dialect bloc, along with Auvergnat and Limousin . The name “vivaro-alpine” was coined by Pierre Bec in the 1970s. The Vivaro-Alpine dialects are traditionally called "gavot" from the Maritime Alps to the Hautes-Alpes .
20-596: Vivaro-Alpine had been considered as a sub-dialect of Provençal , and named provençal alpin (Alpine Provençal) or Northern Provençal. Its use in the Dauphiné area has also led to the use of dauphinois or dauphinois alpin to name it. Along with Ronjat and Bec, it is now clearly recognized as a dialect of its own. The UNESCO Atlas of World's languages in danger uses the Alpine Provençal name, and considers it as seriously endangered. Glottolog recognizes
40-602: A high tone in some languages is that the listener is immediately being alerted to the fact that they are being asked a question. Vivaro-Alpine is an endangered language. There are approximately 200,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. Transmission of the language is very low. Speakers of Vivaro-Alpine typically also speak either French or Italian. Proven%C3%A7al dialect Provençal ( / ˌ p r ɒ v ɒ̃ ˈ s ɑː l / , also UK : /- s æ l / , US : / ˌ p r oʊ -, - v ən -/ ; Occitan : provençau or prouvençau [pʀuvenˈsaw] )
60-587: A variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence. When written in the Mistralian norm (" normo mistralenco "), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural ( lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains;
80-576: Is - o (like in Italian, Catalan, Castilian, and Portuguese, but also in Piemontese, which is neighboring): parlo for parli or parle ("io parlo"), parlavo for parlavi or parlave ("io parlavo"), parlèro for parlèri or parlère ("io ho parlato, io parlavo"). A common trait is the rhotacism of l (shift from l to r): In the dialects of the Alps, Vivaro-Alpine maintained the pronunciation of
100-524: Is a variety of Occitan , spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard . The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence. However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this
120-612: Is a variety of Occitan spoken in southeastern France (namely, around the Dauphiné area) and northwestern Italy (the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria ). There is also a small Vivaro-Alpine enclave in the Guardia Piemontese , Calabria , where the language is known as gardiòl . It belongs to the Northern Occitan dialect bloc, along with Auvergnat and Limousin . The name “vivaro-alpine”
140-641: Is going out of use. Provençal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature , when Old French or the langue d'oïl was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus, the ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro]. In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have
160-532: Is now clearly recognized as a dialect of its own. The UNESCO Atlas of World's languages in danger uses the Alpine Provençal name, and considers it as seriously endangered. Glottolog recognizes the Gardiòl variety of the dialect as a distinct language within the Occitanic language family. Vivaro-Alpine is classified as an Indo-European, Italic, Romance, or Western-Romance language. Vivaro-Alpine shares
180-433: Is the dropping of simple Latin dental intervocalics: The verbal ending of the first person is - o (like in Italian, Catalan, Castilian, and Portuguese, but also in Piemontese, which is neighboring): parlo for parli or parle ("io parlo"), parlavo for parlavi or parlave ("io parlavo"), parlèro for parlèri or parlère ("io ho parlato, io parlavo"). A common trait is the rhotacism of l (shift from l to r): In
200-424: The r of the infinitive verbs (excepting modern Occitan). An estimated 70% of languages are estimated to have "interrogative intonation contours which end with rising pitch." However, Vivaro Alpine follows the opposite pattern with yes/no questions—an initial high tone followed by a fall. Questions that end in a rising pitch are so common that they are often considered "natural." One reason that questions begin with
220-521: The Gardiòl variety of the dialect as a distinct language within the Occitanic language family. Vivaro-Alpine is classified as an Indo-European, Italic, Romance, or Western-Romance language. Vivaro-Alpine shares the palatization of consonants k and g in front of a with the other varieties of North Occitan (Limosino, Alverniate), in particular with words such as chantar ("cantare," to sing) and jai ("ghiandaia," jay). Southern Occitan has, respectively, cantar and gai. Its principal characteristic
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#1732775781138240-457: The Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -a ) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s . Pronunciation remains the same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language. The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for
260-420: The Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one. Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige , which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel . The beginning of the 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud , Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard . It has been enhanced and modernized since
280-596: The Western Occitan Alps, around Digne , Sisteron , Gap , Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice , but also in a part of the Ardèche , is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine . So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont , Italy ( Val Maira , Val Varaita , Val Stura di Demonte , Entracque , Limone Piemonte , Vinadio , Sestriere ). Some people view Gavòt as
300-495: The dialects of the Alps, Vivaro-Alpine maintained the pronunciation of the r of the infinitive verbs (excepting modern Occitan). An estimated 70% of languages are estimated to have "interrogative intonation contours which end with rising pitch." However, Vivaro Alpine follows the opposite pattern with yes/no questions—an initial high tone followed by a fall. Questions that end in a rising pitch are so common that they are often considered "natural." One reason that questions begin with
320-457: The feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -o ) become -i , and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels. When written in the classical norm (" nòrma classica "), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop
340-545: The meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as a full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities. The main subdialects of Provençal are: Gavòt (in French Gavot ), spoken in
360-399: The palatization of consonants k and g in front of a with the other varieties of North Occitan (Limosino, Alverniate), in particular with words such as chantar ("cantare," to sing) and jai ("ghiandaia," jay). Southern Occitan has, respectively, cantar and gai. Its principal characteristic is the dropping of simple Latin dental intervocalics: The verbal ending of the first person
380-517: The second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont , Pierre Pessemesse , Claude Barsotti , Max-Philippe Delavouët [ Wikidata ] , Philippe Gardy [ Wikidata ] , Florian Vernet [ Wikidata ] , Danielle Julien [ Wikidata ] , Jòrgi Gròs [ Wikidata ] , Sèrgi Bec [ Wikidata ] , Bernat Giély , and many others. Vivaro-Alpine Vivaro-Alpine ( Occitan : vivaroalpenc, vivaroaupenc )
400-554: Was coined by Pierre Bec in the 1970s. The Vivaro-Alpine dialects are traditionally called "gavot" from the Maritime Alps to the Hautes-Alpes . Vivaro-Alpine had been considered as a sub-dialect of Provençal , and named provençal alpin (Alpine Provençal) or Northern Provençal. Its use in the Dauphiné area has also led to the use of dauphinois or dauphinois alpin to name it. Along with Ronjat and Bec, it
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