18-484: Pterygota The name Apterygota is sometimes applied to a former subclass of small, agile insects , distinguished from other insects by their lack of wings in the present and in their evolutionary history; notable examples are the silverfish , the firebrat , and the jumping bristletails . Their first known occurrence in the fossil record is during the Devonian period, 417–354 million years ago. The group Apterygota
36-535: A more rigorous cladistic methodology, the subclass was proven paraphyletic . While the first three groups formed a monophyletic group, the Entognatha , distinguished by having mouthparts submerged in a pocket formed by the lateral and ventral parts of the head capsule, the Thysanura ( Zygentoma plus Archaeognatha ) appeared to be more closely related to winged insects . The most notable synapomorphy proving
54-553: A similar assemblage of rather ancient hemimetabolous insects among the Neoptera like the Palaeoptera are among insects as a whole. The holometabolous Endopterygota seem to be very close relatives, indeed, but nonetheless appear to contain several clades of related orders, the status of which is not agreed upon. The following scheme uses finer divisions than the one above, which is not well-suited to correctly accommodating
72-465: A single median, tail-like caudal filament, or telson. While all members of winged insects ( Pterygota ) has a closed amniotic cavity during embryonic development, this varies within Apterygota. In Archaeognatha, species like Petrobius brevistylis and Pedetontus unimaculatus have a wide open cavity, whereas Trigoniophthalmus alternatus does not have an amniotic cavity at all. In Zygentoma,
90-576: Is a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups who lost them secondarily. Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects. The orders not included are the Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma ( silverfishes and firebrats ), two primitively wingless insect orders. Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with
108-517: Is not a clade; it is paraphyletic , and not recognized in modern classification schemes. As defined, the group contains two separate clades of wingless insects: Archaeognatha comprises jumping bristletails, while Zygentoma comprises silverfish and firebrats. The Zygentoma are in the clade Dicondylia with winged insects, a clade that includes all other insects, while Archaeognatha is sister to this lineage. The nymphs (younger stages) go through little or even no metamorphosis , hence they resemble
126-462: The Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and the Zygentoma ( silverfishes and firebrats ), two primitively wingless insect orders. Unlike Archaeognatha and Zygentoma, the pterygotes do not have styli or vesicles on their abdomen (also absent in some zygentomans), and with the exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects. The oldest known representatives of
144-635: The monophyly of Thysanura+Pterygota is the absence of intrinsic antennal muscles, which connect the antennomeres in entognaths , myriapods , and crustaceans . For this reason, the whole group is often termed the Amyocerata , meaning "lacking antennal muscles". However, the Zygentoma are now considered more closely related to the Pterygota than to the Archaeognatha, thus rendering even
162-493: The adult specimens ( ametabolism ). Currently, no species are listed as being at conservation risk. The primary characteristic of the apterygotes is they are primitively wingless. While some other insects, such as fleas , also lack wings, they nonetheless descended from winged insects but have lost them during the course of evolution. By contrast, the apterygotes are a primitive group of insects that diverged from other ancient orders before wings evolved. Apterygotes, however, have
180-514: The amyocerate apterygotes paraphyletic, and resulting in the dissolution of Thysanura into two separate monophyletic orders. Pterygota Pterygota ( / ˌ t ɛ r ə ˈ ɡ oʊ t ə / terrə- GOH -tə Ancient Greek : πτερυγωτός , romanized : pterugōtós , lit. 'winged') is a subclass of insects that includes all winged insects and groups who lost them secondarily. Pterygota group comprises 99.9% of all insects. The orders not included are
198-408: The cavity is open through a narrow canal called the amniopore in the species Thermobia domestica and Lepisma saccharina , but in other species like Ctenolepisma lineata it is completely closed. The composition and classification of Apterygota changed over time. By the mid-20th century, the subclass included four orders ( Collembola , Protura , Diplura , and Thysanura ). With the advent of
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#1732780582089216-453: The demonstrated capacity for directed, aerial gliding descent from heights. It has been suggested by researchers that this evolved gliding mechanism in apterygotes might have provided an evolutionary basis from which winged insects would later evolve the capability for powered flight. Apterygotes also have a number of other primitive features not shared with other insects. Males deposit sperm packages, or spermatophores , rather than fertilizing
234-526: The exception of the majority of mayflies, are also missing the median terminal filament which is present in the ancestrally wingless insects. The oldest known representatives of the group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent rapid diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on
252-546: The female internally . When hatched, the young closely resemble adults and do not undergo any significant metamorphosis , and lack even an identifiable nymphal stage. They continue to molt throughout life, undergoing multiple instars after reaching sexual maturity, whereas all other insects undergo only a single instar when sexually mature. Apterygotes possess small unsegmented appendages, referred to as "styli", on some of their abdominal segments, but play no part in locomotion. They also have long, paired abdominal cerci and
270-429: The fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts. Traditionally, this group was divided into the infraclasses Paleoptera and Neoptera . The former are nowadays strongly suspected of being paraphyletic , and better treatments (such as dividing or dissolving the group) are presently being discussed . In addition, it is not clear how exactly the neopterans are related among each other. The Exopterygota might be
288-560: The group appeared during the mid-Carboniferous, around 328–324 million years ago, and the group subsequently underwent rapid diversification. Claims that they originated substantially earlier during the Silurian or Devonian based on molecular clock estimates are unlikely based on the fossil record, and are likely analytical artefacts. Traditionally, this group was divided into the infraclasses Paleoptera and Neoptera . The former are nowadays strongly suspected of being paraphyletic , and better treatments (such as dividing or dissolving
306-438: The group) are presently being discussed . In addition, it is not clear how exactly the neopterans are related among each other. The Exopterygota might be a similar assemblage of rather ancient hemimetabolous insects among the Neoptera like the Palaeoptera are among insects as a whole. The holometabolous Endopterygota seem to be very close relatives, indeed, but nonetheless appear to contain several clades of related orders,
324-504: The status of which is not agreed upon. The following scheme uses finer divisions than the one above, which is not well-suited to correctly accommodating the fossil groups. (probably paraphyletic) Superorder Exopterygota Superorder Endopterygota Neoptera orders incertae sedis Pterygota Pterygota ( / ˌ t ɛ r ə ˈ ɡ oʊ t ə / terrə- GOH -tə Ancient Greek : πτερυγωτός , romanized : pterugōtós , lit. 'winged')
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