A summit meeting (or just summit ) is an international meeting of heads of state or government , usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda . Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Winston Churchill , and Joseph Stalin during World War II . However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955) . During the Cold War , when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance .
41-582: The Apalachin meeting ( / ˌ æ p ə ˈ l eɪ k ɪ n / AP -ə- LAY -kin ) was a historic summit of the American Mafia held at the home of mobster Joseph "Joe the Barber" Barbara , at 625 McFall Road in Apalachin, New York , on November 14, 1957. Allegedly, the meeting was held to discuss various topics including loansharking , narcotics trafficking , and gambling , along with dividing
82-634: A heart attack on June 17, 1959. Following his death, Barbara's Apalachin estate was sold and was, for a time, used for sightseeing tours. Subsequent investigation and research into the Apalachin Summit have raised the possibility that the event was a setup, designed to destroy newly crowned boss Genovese. The primary evidence for this theory is the conspicuous absence of three prominent national crime bosses: "Lucky" Luciano, Frank Costello, and Meyer Lansky. High-ranking mafiosi, including Luciano himself and Joseph "Doc" Stacher, have since remarked that
123-486: A suite there from 1950 to 1953. It occupies the east half of the city block between Seventh Avenue and Broadway . Anchoring the west half is 1740 Broadway , a 26-story, 375-foot (114 m) skyscraper formerly owned by Mutual of New York , with a weather beacon as well as an imposing façade . The Mermaid Room was created as the hotel's cocktail bar and nightclub in the late 1940s. Irving Fields and his trio played there from 1950 to 1966. Park Central Hotel
164-508: A national Cosa Nostra meeting. Local and state law enforcement became suspicious when numerous expensive cars bearing license plates from around the country arrived in what was described as "the sleepy hamlet of Apalachin." After setting up roadblocks, the police raided the meeting, causing many of the participants to flee into the woods and area surrounding the Barbara estate. More than 60 underworld bosses were detained and indicted following
205-565: A theory, and there are alternative explanations for many of the dubious propositions underpinning the events. Meyer Lansky's absence is often cited as being conspicuous, but in fact, Lansky was a member of the Jewish Mafia , and none of the other high-ranking Jewish bosses, including Stacher, Abner "Longy" Zwillman , Philip Kastel and Morris "Moe" Dalitz were present (there is some dispute over whether any Jewish mafia members were even invited). Lansky, for his part, claimed to have been ill on
246-740: Is located on the former site of the Van Corlear building, the first apartment hotel in New York City, designed by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh and built in 1879. The Van Corlear was demolished in 1921 to make way for the Park Central Hotel. The hotel was built by Harry A. Lanzer and opened on June 12, 1927. Lanzer sold the hotel to Sheraton in 1948 and it became the Park-Sheraton Hotel. Sheraton renamed it The New York Sheraton Hotel in 1972, not to be confused with
287-591: Is mentioned or depicted in several popular novels, films, and television series, including: 42°03′16″N 76°09′26″W / 42.054382°N 76.157361°W / 42.054382; -76.157361 Summit (meeting) Park Central Hotel The Park Central Hotel is a 25-story, 761-room hotel located southwest of Carnegie Hall at 870 7th Avenue (between West 55th and 56th Streets) in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . It
328-484: Is possible that these families were represented and simply not apprehended, but no evidence has been found of their presence. Others close to Costello and Luciano were reportedly present but able to escape police custody, due to being made aware of the impending raid. Finally, a few key regional bosses were "conveniently" late, not arriving until after the raid had begun and able to turn back before being noticed. However, there has never been conclusive evidence to prove such
369-594: The Grand Hotel des Palmes . A key figure in setting up the meeting was Ron "Escalade" Piscina. The New York garment industry interests and rackets, such as loansharking to the business owners and control of garment center trucking, were other important topics on the Apalachin agenda. The outcome of the discussions concerning the garment industry in New York would have a direct and, in some cases, indirect effect on
410-656: The Park Central Hotel barber shop in Midtown, Manhattan, for a haircut and shave. As Anastasia relaxed in the barber chair, two men with their faces covered in scarves shot and killed Anastasia. In November 1957, immediately after the Anastasia murder, after taking control of the Luciano crime family from Costello, Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding a national Cosa Nostra meeting. The meeting
451-691: The Apalachin Meeting, J. Edgar Hoover created the "Top Hoodlum Program" and went after the syndicate's top bosses throughout the country. As a result of the Apalachin meeting, the membership books to become a made man in the mob were closed, and were not reopened until 1976. Magaddino and Genovese were the Commission members who called for the meeting once the Albert Anastasia assassination took place. Fellow Castellamarese Clan members Barbara and Bonanno had warned Magaddino that it
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#1732775669305492-584: The Apalachin meeting was that it helped to confirm the existence of a nationwide criminal conspiracy , a fact that some, including Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover , had long refused to acknowledge. On June 18, 1936, Luciano crime family boss Lucky Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in state prison, along with others. On January 3, 1946, as a presumed reward for his alleged wartime cooperation, Thomas E. Dewey reluctantly commuted Luciano's pandering sentence on condition that he did not resist deportation to Italy. Luciano accepted
533-648: The Apalachin summit on November 14, 1957, included: Long-time FBI director J. Edgar Hoover had denied the existence of a "National Crime Syndicate" and the need to address organized crime in America. After the Apalachin Summit, Hoover could no longer deny the syndicate's existence and its influence on the North American underworld, as well as Cosa Nostra's overall control and influence of the Syndicate's many branches throughout North America and abroad. After
574-530: The attempt on his life, a grenade was tossed through the window of his home, though it failed to detonate. Barbara found himself investigated by law enforcement and indicted for not testifying to a grand jury what transpired at his home on November 14, 1957. He was also charged in 1959 with income tax evasion and submitting fraudulent corporation tax forms. Barbara's business interests declined, as he lost his lucrative bottling contract with Canada Dry . Joseph Barbara's health continued to deteriorate and he died of
615-459: The business interests of some of the other bosses around the country, mainly those interests in garment manufacturing, trucking, labor and unions, which brought in large sums for the Families involved. A local state trooper named Edgar D. Croswell had been aware that Carmine Galante had been stopped by state troopers following a visit to Barbara's estate the previous year. A check of Galante by
656-525: The city of Nola , near Naples. With Genovese's departure, Frank Costello became acting boss. During the mid-1950s, Vito Genovese decided to move against Costello. However, Genovese needed to also remove Costello's strong ally on the commission , Albert Anastasia , the boss of the Anastasia crime family . Genovese was soon conspiring with Carlo Gambino , Anastasia's underboss, to remove Anastasia. On June 2, 1945, Genovese returned to New York by ship, and
697-495: The day of the summit. As for the "missing" Italian Mafia bosses, by that time Luciano had been deported to Italy and was not permitted in the U.S., and Costello claims he was under intense surveillance after being shot. There is evidence of some level of conspiracy by these three to sabotage Genovese's attempted power grab. But given the very successful, targeted attacks on Genovese that were to follow, there has been no serious explanation why three senior mafiosi would risk revealing
738-612: The deal, although he still maintained that he was a US citizen and not subject to deportation. On February 10, Luciano's ship sailed from Brooklyn harbor for Italy. This was the last time he saw the U.S. On February 28, after a 17-day voyage, Luciano's ship arrived in Naples. On arrival, Luciano told reporters he would probably reside in Sicily. In 1937, fearing prosecution for the murder of Ferdinand Boccia, acting boss for Luciano Vito Genovese fled to Italy with $ 750,000 in cash and settled in
779-541: The division of the illegal operations controlled by the recently killed Albert Anastasia. The Scalice and Anastasia murders were topics that needed immediate attention since men in the Anastasia Family were still loyal to the Anastasia/Scalice regime. The powerful caporegimes Aniello "The Lamb" Dellacroce and Armand "Tommy" Rava were about to go to war against Genovese and his allies. Some of
820-401: The event there). Finally, police and federal agents had only the suspicion of illegal activity occurring at the summit; they did not have sufficient cause to obtain search warrants for the house itself. In fact, most of the crime bosses who were detained were those that attempted to flee the scene, while those who remained inside the house (such as Magaddino) remained free. The Apalachin meeting
861-500: The fact that this was not the first meeting of the Commission at the Apalachin location. That same location had been used the previous year, on a smaller scale. Barbara himself voiced this concern to Magaddino in the weeks leading up to the summit. Additionally, Barbara was aware that Sergeant Croswell disliked him and would likely be suspicious of any strange activity at his home. (Magaddino was later recorded blaming Barbara for this fiasco, despite it having been Magaddino's decision to host
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#1732775669305902-535: The following day Genovese was arraigned on murder charges for the 1934 Boccia killing. He pleaded not guilty, and was released from custody in 1946. On June 10, 1946, another prosecution witness, Jerry Esposito, was found shot to death beside a road in Norwood, New Jersey . In early 1957, Genovese decided to move on Costello. Genovese ordered Vincent Gigante to murder Costello, and on May 2, 1957, Gigante shot and wounded Costello outside his apartment building. Although
943-455: The gambling and narcotics smuggling interests of La Cosa Nostra on the island. The international narcotics trade was also an important topic on the Apalachin agenda. Shortly before Apalachin, Bonanno Family members Joseph Bonanno , Carmine Galante , Frank Garofalo , Giovanni Bonventre and other American Cosa Nostra representatives from Detroit , Buffalo and Montreal visited Palermo , where they held talks with Sicilian Mafiosi staying at
984-527: The hotel's 1,450 rooms into the Manhattan Club, a 266-unit, all-suite timeshare development located at the north side of the hotel at 200 West 56th Street. It is infamous as the site of the assassination of mobster Albert Anastasia , which took place on October 25, 1957, in the hotel's barber shop. Earlier, in 1928, the Jewish gangster and well-dressed prototype of the modern don, Arnold Rothstein ,
1025-536: The illegal operations controlled by the recently murdered Albert Anastasia . An estimated 100 Mafiosi from the United States, Italy, and Cuba are thought to have attended this meeting. Immediately after the Anastasia murder that October, and after taking control of the Luciano crime family (renamed the Genovese crime family) from Frank Costello , Vito Genovese wanted to legitimize his new power by holding
1066-599: The later Sheraton New York Hotel . In 1983, Sheraton sold the hotel for $ 60 million to V.M.S. Realty, which contracted with Dunfey Hotels to manage the hotel through their Omni Hotels division, and the hotel was renamed the Omni Park Central in January 1984. The hotel was sold to developer Ian Bruce Eichner in 1995 and left the Omni chain, reverting to its original name, Park Central Hotel. Eichner converted half
1107-564: The mafia bosses, their advisers and bodyguards, approximately one hundred men in all, met at Barbara's 53-acre (21 ha) estate in Apalachin, New York. Apalachin is a town located along the south shore of the Susquehanna River , near the Pennsylvania border and about 200 miles northwest of New York City . The purpose of the meeting was to discuss Cosa Nostra operations such as gambling, casinos and narcotics dealing along with
1148-555: The mafia's existence, and the potential capture of so many high-ranking members of the local families, to a federal government that still vehemently denied it. Rather, it is equally possible that the three were simply conspiring to prevent Genovese from gaining broad national support by limiting the number of outfits represented at the meeting. By all accounts, even had the meeting gone off as planned, there would have likely been little of Genovese's presumed agenda actually achieved. The intense interest by state police can also be explained by
1189-444: The meeting was "sabotaged." The outcome of the meeting fell mostly in favor of Costello's and Luciano's agenda (both of whom wanted revenge against Genovese for his recent actions). Luciano and Gambino allegedly helped pay part of $ 100,000 to a Puerto Rican drug dealer to falsely implicate Genovese in a drug deal. On July 7, 1958, Genovese was indicted on charges of conspiring to import and sell narcotics. The government's star witness
1230-438: The most powerful Cosa Nostra family heads in the country, such as Santo Trafficante, Jr. , Northeastern Pennsylvania family underboss Russell Bufalino , Frank DeSimone of Los Angeles, Carlos "Little Man" Marcello and Meyer Lansky worried about Anastasia's attempts to muscle in on their Havana casino operations, before the Commission sanctioned his assassination. Cuba was one of the Apalachin topics of discussion, particularly
1271-661: The raid, arrests and indictments Genovese and Giancana blamed Buffalo crime boss Magaddino for the trouble surrounding the Cosa Nostra after Apalachin. Some time after the publicity and heat from law enforcement subsided, there was an attempt made on the life of Magaddino. Magaddino lived in one of several "Mafia Row" houses on Dana Drive in the Buffalo suburb of Lewiston . The houses were owned by Magaddino and his sons-in-law, James V. LaDuca , Charles A. Montana and Vincent Scro , who were all "made" members of his crime Family. In
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1312-405: The raid. Twenty of those who attended the meeting were charged with "conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $ 10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year. One of the most direct and significant outcomes of
1353-453: The state police found many luxury cars parked at Barbara's home they began taking down license plate numbers. Having found that many of these cars were registered to known criminals, state police reinforcements came to the scene and began to set up a roadblock. Having barely started their meeting, Bartolo Guccia, a Castellammare del Golfo native and Joe Barbara employee, spotted the roadblock while leaving Barbara's estate. Guccia later said he
1394-558: The troopers found that he was driving without a license and that he had an extensive criminal record in New York City. In the time preceding the November 1957 meeting, trooper Croswell had Barbara's house under occasional surveillance. He had become aware that Barbara's son was reserving rooms in local hotels along with the delivery of a large quantity of meat from a local butcher to the Barbara home. That made Croswell suspicious, and he therefore decided to keep an eye on Barbara's house. When
1435-478: The wound was superficial, it persuaded Costello to relinquish power to Genovese and retire. A doorman identified Gigante as the gunman. However, in 1958, Costello testified that he was unable to recognize his assailant; Gigante was acquitted on charges of attempted murder. In late 1957, Genovese and Gambino allegedly ordered Anastasia's murder. Genovese had heard rumors that Costello was conspiring with Anastasia to regain power. On October 25, 1957, Anastasia arrived at
1476-660: Was Nelson Cantellops, a Puerto Rican drug dealer who claimed Genovese met with him. On April 4, 1959, Genovese was convicted in New York of conspiracy to violate federal narcotics laws. On April 17, 1959, Genovese was sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta , where he tried to run his crime family from prison. Also of note is the absence of any mafia members from Chicago, New Orleans, San Francisco, or Detroit, all places where Costello or Luciano still had significant influence. It
1517-484: Was designed in the Renaissance Revival style and opened on June 12, 1927. The Park Central is an independent hotel managed by Highgate Holdings. The Park Central Hotel is named because of its proximity to Central Park , though it does not have views of the park. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival style and has housed such figures as Jackie Gleason , Mae West , and Eleanor Roosevelt , who kept
1558-456: Was feeling ill and that they had visited him to wish him well. Twenty of those who attended the Apalachin meeting were charged with "Conspiring to obstruct justice by lying about the nature of the underworld meeting" and found guilty in January 1959. All were fined, up to $ 10,000 each, and given prison sentences ranging from three to five years. All the convictions were overturned on appeal the following year. The detained and indicted Mafiosi at
1599-402: Was not a good idea to hold the meeting in the same venue as the previous year. Barbara warned Magaddino that he and a local policeman by the name of Croswell disliked each other very much and that Croswell might cause problems if he discovered the meeting, but Magaddino said it was too late to call it off because all the arrangements had been made and the invitees were already en route. Following
1640-434: Was reportedly originally set for Chicago , but Genovese decided to have it in Apalachin at the urging of Buffalo, New York boss and Commission member Stefano "The Undertaker" Magaddino and despite the objections of Chicago Outfit boss Sam Giancana . Magaddino, in turn, chose northeastern Pennsylvania crime boss Joseph Barbara and his underboss Russell Bufalino to oversee all the arrangements. On November 14, 1957,
1681-436: Was returning to the Barbara home to check on a fish order. Some attendees attempted to drive away but were stopped by the roadblock. Others trudged through the fields and woods, ruining their expensive suits before they were caught. Up to 50 men escaped, but over 60 were apprehended, including Commission members Genovese, Carlo Gambino, Joseph Profaci and Joseph Bonanno. Virtually all of them claimed they had heard Joseph Barbara