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100-396: Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), known professionally as Aphex Twin , is a British musician, record producer, composer and DJ. He is known for his idiosyncratic work in electronic styles such as techno , ambient and jungle . Journalists from publications including Mixmag , The New York Times , NME , Fact , Clash and The Guardian have called James one of

200-482: A .onion address accessible through the darknet browser Tor . In November 2014 James released a set of 21 tracks, Modular Trax , on the audio platform SoundCloud . The tracks were later removed. Over several months in 2015 James anonymously uploaded 230 demo tracks , some dating to the 1980s, to SoundCloud. He said he had released the demos to relieve his family of the pressure to release his archives after he dies. He has continued to occasionally release tracks on

300-458: A National Diploma in engineering. According to one lecturer, he often wore headphones during practical lessons and had a "kind of mystique about him ... I think some of the other students were a bit in awe of him." In the late 1980s, James became involved in the Cornish free party scene, putting on raves at "secret coves along the coast and behind sand dunes". The first party he DJed at was in

400-411: A Pitchfork list of the best albums of the 1990s, Eric Carr wrote that Richard D. James Album demonstrated "aggressive combinations of disparate electronic forms", with an "almost-brutal contrast between its elements" that has ensured its relevance. In 2003 NME named it the 55th greatest album of all time, and in 2009 Pitchfork named it the 40th greatest album of the 1990s. James garnered attention

500-432: A mass-production basis, which limited them to a number of specialised applications. The MOSFET was invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. Its advantages include high scalability , affordability, low power consumption, and high density . It revolutionized the electronics industry , becoming

600-660: A previously unreleased 1994 LP as Caustic Window. He returned later that year with the Aphex Twin album Syro on Warp, winning the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Album . He has since released charting EPs including Cheetah (2016) and Collapse (2018). In 2023, he released the EP Blackbox Life Recorder 21f / In a Room7 F760 . "Blackbox Life Recorder 21f" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Dance/Electronic Recording . James

700-403: A radio antenna , practicable. Vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) were the first active electronic components which controlled current flow by influencing the flow of individual electrons , and enabled the construction of equipment that used current amplification and rectification to give us radio , television , radar , long-distance telephony and much more. The early growth of electronics

800-486: A record label to release it. He and James founded Rephlex Records in 1991. James's first release was the 12" EP Analogue Bubblebath , released on Mighty Force in September 1991. The EP made the playlist of Kiss FM , an influential London radio station, giving it wide exposure in the dance music scene. In 2015 The Guardian called the release one of the key moments in the history of dance music. The record caught

900-738: A "hugely influential electronic musician whose ambient washes of sound and freakishly twisted beats have gone on to inform artists of all genres." AllMusic 's John Bush wrote that "unlike most artists who emerged from the '90s techno scene, James established himself as a genuine personality, known for his cheeky grin and nightmare-inducing music videos as much as his groundbreaking albums and EPs," which helped to "expand his audience from ravers and critics to rock fans, with numerous non-electronic musicians citing him as an inspiration". In 2001 Thomas Bangalter of Daft Punk cited Aphex Twin (particularly " Windowlicker ") as an influence on their 2001 album Discovery . Bangalter said he liked it because "it wasn't

1000-518: A "pioneer of experimental techno " who has "constantly pushed the limits of what can be accomplished with electronic equipment , resulting in forward-thinking and emotionally engaging work that ranges from sublime, pastoral ambience to manic head-rush acid techno ". In a 1996 review, The Independent ' s Angela Lewis called him a "maverick of 1990s electronica [who] exemplifies the finest traditions of British pop mischief". According to Fact magazine, James has "carved out his own space in

1100-477: A 1950s armoured car , complete with a working machine gun , which he claimed to drive around Cornwall in lieu of a car. Idiosyncrasy The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from Greek ἰδιοσυγκρασία idiosynkrasía , "a peculiar temperament, habit of body" (from ἴδιος idios , "one's own", σύν syn , "with" and κρᾶσις krasis , "blend of the four humors " ( temperament ) or literally "particular mingling". Idiosyncrasy

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1200-480: A Michigan record store sold an exclusive Aphex Twin record comprising two tracks released on SoundCloud in 2015, entitled 3 Gerald Remix / 24 TSIM 2 . On 27 July, Aphex Twin opened an online store with expanded versions of previous albums and new tracks. On 29 July, at the Fuji Rock Festival , a tape limited to 500 copies was released. Aphex Twin released an EP, Collapse , on 14 September 2018. The EP

1300-412: A barn in 1988. Parties were also known to take place at Gwennap Pit . They mainly attracted local youths and travellers , with entrance donations taken in cannabis . The tight-knit community would also put on nights at small clubs in towns around the county, including St. Ives , Porthtowan , and St Austell . James would later refer to this scene as the "best he's ever been involved in". James started

1400-651: A big club beat, but it also wasn't a laid back, quiet one". Artists including Steve Reich , Wes Borland of Limp Bizkit , Skrillex , Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park , Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante , Matty Healy of the 1975 , Kevin Parker of Tame Impala , and Nick Zammuto of the Books have expressed admiration for Aphex Twin or cited him as an influence. James influenced Radiohead 's transition to electronic music for their 2000 album Kid A . In 2013,

1500-507: A career in electronic music. The first full-length Aphex Twin album, Selected Ambient Works 85–92 , comprised material dating back to James's teen years. It was released in November 1992 by Apollo Records , a subsidiary of Belgian label R&S . John Bush of Allmusic would later describe the release as a watershed moment in ambient music. In a 2002 Rolling Stone record review Pat Blashill noted that Aphex Twin had "expanded way beyond

1600-430: A complete market in which the capital asset pricing model holds, the price of a security is determined by the amount of systematic risk in its returns. Net income received, or losses suffered, by a landlord from renting of one or two properties is subject to idiosyncratic risk due to the numerous things that can happen to real property and variable behavior of tenants. According to one macroeconomic model including

1700-495: A couple of years "catching up" on other genres outside techno and house . In 1997 James described himself as a fan of "old tape and avant-garde music" such as Stockhausen's " Song for the Youth " and the work of American composer Tod Dockstader . He also named works by Erik Satie , Drexciya , Ween , Serge Gainsbourg , and Les Baxter among his favorite albums. When James began programming faster, jungle -inspired breakbeats in

1800-443: A financial sector, hedging idiosyncratic risk can be self-defeating as amid the "risk reduction" experts are encouraged to increase their leverage. This works for small shocks but leads to higher vulnerability for larger shocks and makes the system less stable. Thus, while securitisation in principle reduces the costs of idiosyncratic shocks, it ends up amplifying systemic risks in equilibrium. In econometrics , "idiosyncratic error"

1900-418: A leading role in the field of microwave and high power transmission as well as television receivers until the middle of the 1980s. Since then, solid-state devices have all but completely taken over. Vacuum tubes are still used in some specialist applications such as high power RF amplifiers , cathode-ray tubes , specialist audio equipment, guitar amplifiers and some microwave devices . In April 1955,

2000-405: A means of developing compositional ideas. Some of James's early work was compared to Brian Eno 's ambient releases, but James claimed not to have heard Eno before he began recording. In a 1993 interview, Simon Reynolds noted that James had only recently explored avant-classical and left-field rock artists including Cage, Stockhausen, Eno, Steve Reich , Terry Riley , and Can , and had spent

2100-566: A mix of the two types. Analog circuits are becoming less common, as many of their functions are being digitized. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage or current for signal processing, as opposed to the discrete levels used in digital circuits. Analog circuits were common throughout an electronic device in the early years in devices such as radio receivers and transmitters. Analog electronic computers were valuable for solving problems with continuous variables until digital processing advanced. As semiconductor technology developed, many of

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2200-666: A new version of the unreleased Melodies from Mars . In September 2011 he performed a live tribute to the Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki ; he performed his remix of Penderecki's " Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima " and a version of " Polymorphia ". The following month, he performed at the Paris Pitchfork Music Festival . In 2014 a test pressing of a 1994 album recorded under James's pseudonym Caustic Window appeared for sale on Discogs . The album

2300-540: A physical space, although in more recent years the trend has been towards electronics lab simulation software , such as CircuitLogix , Multisim , and PSpice . Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies , semiconductors (i.e. semiconductor devices, such as transistors), and integrated circuits. Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs. Popular names in

2400-603: A plane, and had rushed the album release to preempt an internet leak . In 2001 James also released a short EP, 2 Remixes By AFX , with remixes of songs by 808 State and DJ Pierre . It also had an untitled third track, consisting of a SSTV image with high-pitched sounds which can be decoded to a viewable image with appropriate software. In 2002 James was nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male. In 2003 Warp released 26 Mixes for Cash , collecting many of James's remixes for other artists. In 2005 James released

2500-753: A pure form of motivation when it's all on your own. But you have to wait until you're really bored and you've got nothing to do. That's when it comes out. That's when I reckon it gets good. —James in a 1997 interview with Perfect Sound Forever . James had no formal music training and is largely self-taught. Prior to becoming a producer , James spent his teens modifying analogue synthesisers and became "addicted to making noises," only later becoming "interested in listening to other people's stuff". James states that he spent his initial years "ignorant of music, apart from acid and techno, where I bought just about everything". He claimed to have been independently making music similar to acid and techno before encountering

2600-476: A range of styles, James used an image of his face for the cover, which became a motif on his later releases. He commissioned Western classical-music composer Philip Glass to create an orchestral version of the ...I Care Because You Do track "Icct Hedral", which appeared on the Donkey Rhubarb EP. In the same year, James released his Hangable Auto Bulb EP under the name AFX, which spearheaded

2700-525: A refuge from the "bloody awful" Jesus and Mary Chain albums played by his sister. Cornwall had few record shops, but a thriving nightlife in which acid house was popular. James claimed to have been making music with similarities to acid and techno for years before hearing the genres, leading him to purchase every record he could find in the styles. In his late teens, James began DJing at clubs and raves, and included his own tracks in his sets. He studied at Cornwall College from 1988 to 1990 and graduated with

2800-577: A regular DJ slot in 1989, playing alternate weeks at the Bowgie nightclub in Crantock . There he met Tom Middleton and Grant Wilson-Claridge. Impressed by James's music, Middleton played a tape James had given him to a free party organiser in Exeter , Mark Darby, who eventually convinced James to release a record on his fledgling record label Mighty Force Records . James was initially resistant, but while he

2900-438: A self-portrait painted by James, and that of Richard D. James Album has a close-up photograph. His face is superimposed on the bodies of other people in the music videos for " Come to Daddy " and " Windowlicker ". Near the end of the second track of the "Windowlicker" single (known as "Formula"), a photo of James's face is a steganogram which is revealed as a spectrogram . Another image of James and collaborator Tom Jenkinson

3000-504: A series of vinyl EPs under the AFX name, Analord , created entirely with analogue equipment. These were followed in 2006 by a compilation album of Analord tracks, Chosen Lords . In 2007 James released two records on Rephlex, Confederation Trough and Rushup Edge , under the alias the Tuss, Cornish slang for "erection". Media sources speculated about James's involvement, but his identity

3100-641: A source of "great breakbeats"), and Pink Floyd (for their psychedelic music ). Asked in 2011 about an artist he would like to work with, James named Kate Bush . Rephlex Records, which James co-owned with Grant Wilson-Claridge, coined the word "braindance" to describe Aphex Twin's music. According to the label: "Braindance is the genre that encompasses the best elements of all genres, e.g. traditional, classical , electronic music, popular, modern, industrial , ambient, hip-hop , electro , house, techno, breakbeat, hardcore , ragga , garage , drum and bass, etc." According to Pitchfork's Paul Cooper braindance "escaped

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3200-417: A specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are called "idiosyncratic risks". This specific risk, also called unsystematic, can be nulled out of a portfolio through diversification. Pooling multiple securities means the specific risks cancel out. In complete markets , there is no compensation for idiosyncratic risk—that is, a security's idiosyncratic risk does not matter for its price. For instance, in

3300-572: Is a subfield of physics and electrical engineering which uses active devices such as transistors , diodes , and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog signals to digital signals. Electronic devices have hugely influenced the development of many aspects of modern society, such as telecommunications , entertainment, education, health care, industry, and security. The main driving force behind

3400-514: Is a theme of his album covers, music videos and songs. James said it began as a response to techno producers who concealed their identities: I did it because the thing in techno you weren't supposed to do was to be recognised and stuff. The sort of unwritten rule was that you can't put your face on the sleeve. It has to be like a circuit board or something. Therefore I put my face on the sleeve. That's why I originally did it. But then I got carried away. The cover of ...I Care Because You Do features

3500-548: Is defined as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be decreased by lowering the operating temperature of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as shot noise cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties. Many different methods of connecting components have been used over

3600-572: Is embedded (in SSTV format) with text in the third track of 2 Remixes by AFX , "Bonus High Frequency Sounds". James has recorded as AFX, Blue Calx, Bradley Strider, the Universal Indicator, Caustic Window, Smojphace , GAK , PBoD (Phonic Boy on Dope), Polygon Window, Power-Pill, Q-Chastic, Dice Man, the Tuss, Soit-P.P and user18081971. In a 1997 interview, he said: "There's really no big theory. It's just things that I feel right in doing at

3700-404: Is high. Type B reactions are most commonly immunological (e.g. penicillin allergy). The word is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences: a certain dish made of meat may cause nostalgic memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called idiosyncratic . In portfolio theory , risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of

3800-412: Is sometimes used as a synonym for eccentricity , as these terms "are not always clearly distinguished when they denote an act, a practice, or a characteristic that impresses the observer as strange or singular." Eccentricity, however, "emphasizes the idea of divergence from the usual or customary; idiosyncrasy implies a following of one's particular temperament or bent especially in trait, trick, or habit;

3900-459: Is the standard of practice today. The term idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to the pharmacology of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxicological screening, not necessarily dose-related, incidence and morbidity low but mortality

4000-595: Is the voltage comparator which receives a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch , having essentially two levels of output. Analog circuits are still widely used for signal amplification, such as in the entertainment industry, and conditioning signals from analog sensors, such as in industrial measurement and control. Digital circuits are electric circuits based on discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits use Boolean algebra and are

4100-448: Is therefore the process of defining and developing complex electronic devices to satisfy specified requirements of the user. Due to the complex nature of electronics theory, laboratory experimentation is an important part of the development of electronic devices. These experiments are used to test or verify the engineer's design and detect errors. Historically, electronics labs have consisted of electronics devices and equipment located in

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4200-441: Is used to describe error—that is, unobserved factors that impact the dependent variable—from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, towns, etc.) Electronics Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles . It

4300-447: The Brit Award for Best British Video in 2000. In 2001 Aphex Twin released Drukqs , an experimental double album featuring abrasive, meticulous programming and computer-controlled piano influenced by Erik Satie and John Cage . It features the piano composition " Avril 14th ", which remains perhaps James' best known work. The album polarised reviewers. James told interviewers he had accidentally left an MP3 player with new tracks on

4400-624: The IBM 608 was the first IBM product to use transistor circuits without any vacuum tubes and is believed to be the first all-transistorized calculator to be manufactured for the commercial market. The 608 contained more than 3,000 germanium transistors. Thomas J. Watson Jr. ordered all future IBM products to use transistors in their design. From that time on transistors were almost exclusively used for computer logic circuits and peripheral devices. However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on

4500-479: The ambient music of Brian Eno by fusing lush soundscapes with oceanic beats and bass lines," demonstrating that "techno could be more than druggy dance music". Writing for Pitchfork in 2002, David Pecoraro called it "among the most interesting music ever created with a keyboard and a computer". DJ Mag 's Ben Murphy named it "a seminal record in the IDM, ambient and experimental canon". In 1992 James also released

4600-459: The electron in 1897 by Sir Joseph John Thomson , along with the subsequent invention of the vacuum tube which could amplify and rectify small electrical signals , inaugurated the field of electronics and the electron age. Practical applications started with the invention of the diode by Ambrose Fleming and the triode by Lee De Forest in the early 1900s, which made the detection of small electrical voltages, such as radio signals from

4700-448: The 1960s, U.S. manufacturers were unable to compete with Japanese companies such as Sony and Hitachi who could produce high-quality goods at lower prices. By the 1980s, however, U.S. manufacturers became the world leaders in semiconductor development and assembly. However, during the 1990s and subsequently, the industry shifted overwhelmingly to East Asia (a process begun with the initial movement of microchip mass-production there in

4800-538: The 1970s), as plentiful, cheap labor, and increasing technological sophistication, became widely available there. Over three decades, the United States' global share of semiconductor manufacturing capacity fell, from 37% in 1990, to 12% in 2022. America's pre-eminent semiconductor manufacturer, Intel Corporation , fell far behind its subcontractor Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) in manufacturing technology. By that time, Taiwan had become

4900-511: The Day for Night festival, his first American appearance in eight years. A 12-inch vinyl was sold exclusively at the festival, containing two 10-minute tracks, entitled Houston, TX 12.17.16 [Day For Night] . On 3 June 2017 James performed at the Field Day festival and released a limited edition EP, London 03.06.17 . The performance was livestreamed on NTS Radio 's Youtube channel. On 19 June 2017

5000-538: The Dice Man on the Warp Records compilation Artificial Intelligence with the track "Polygon Window;" the compilation would help birth the genre later known as " intelligent dance music " and help launch the career of Aphex Twin alongside Autechre and Richie Hawtin . In 1993 he put out his first releases on Warp: Surfing on Sine Waves (the second entry in the label's Artificial Intelligence series) and

5100-712: The EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence ( ORCAD ), EAGLE PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus), gEDA , KiCad and many others. Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Heat dissipation is mostly achieved by passive conduction/convection. Means to achieve greater dissipation include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling . These techniques use convection , conduction , and radiation of heat energy . Electronic noise

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5200-577: The EP Quoth , as Polygon Window. Later in the year he released the " On " EP, which entered the top 40 on the UK charts. Rephlex also put out an EP by James under the alias Bradley Strider, Bradley's Robot , and two more Caustic Window records. James was part of several tours in 1993. He supported the Orb on several dates, and joined the "Midi Circus" tour at venues across the UK, co-headlining with Orbital ,

5300-599: The EPs Digeridoo and Xylem Tube EP as Aphex Twin, the Pac-Man EP (an album of remixes of Pac-Man music) as Power-Pill, two of his four Joyrex EPs ( Joyrex J4 EP and Joyrex J5 EP ) as Caustic Window, and Analogue Bubblebath 3 . "Digeridoo" reached #55 on the UK Singles Chart , and was later described by Rolling Stone as foreshadowing drum and bass . That year, he also appeared as

5400-561: The Orb and Drum Club . Later in the year, he was part of the NASA "See the Light" tour with Orbital, Moby , and Vapourspace at venues across the United States. Warp released the second Aphex Twin album, Selected Ambient Works Volume II , in March 1994. It explored a more ambient sound, inspired by lucid dreams and James's experience of synaesthesia . It reached number 11 in the UK charts, but

5500-671: The Radiohead singer, Thom Yorke , said Aphex Twin was his biggest influence: "He burns a heavy shadow ... Aphex opened up another world that didn't involve my fucking electric guitar ... I hated the Britpop thing and what was happening in America, but Aphex was totally beautiful, and he's kind of my age too." In 2002, asked if he would tour with Radiohead, James said "I wouldn't play with them since I don't like them". However, he said in 2011 that his dislike of Radiohead had been exaggerated by

5600-658: The TV signal so that it made this really weird noise when you turned the volume up." However, Fact Magazine reported in 2017 that this contest story is dubious, and likely based on a program published in Your Computer Magazine 1982, for which the author (G. N. Owen) was paid £6 (equivalent to £27 in 2023). James states that he bought his first synthesizer at age 12 and after taking an interest in electronics would modify analogue synthesisers "and junk" to make noise. James began making music aged 14, partially as

5700-427: The United States and internet message boards . James responded to the IDM term in a 1997 interview: I just think it's really funny to have terms like that. It's basically saying, "this is intelligent and everything else is stupid." It's really nasty to everyone else's music. (laughs) It makes me laugh, things like that. I don't use names. I just say that I like something or I don't. James's face, grinning or distorted,

5800-592: The account. On 23 January 2015 James released Computer Controlled Acoustic Instruments pt2 , created with robotic instruments including the Disklavier , a computer-controlled player piano . On 8 July 2016 he released the Cheetah EP, backed by a music video for "CIRKLON3 [Колхозная mix]", the first official music video for an Aphex Twin track in 17 years. On 17 December, James performed in Houston , Texas at

5900-535: The advancement of electronics is the semiconductor industry , which in response to global demand continually produces ever-more sophisticated electronic devices and circuits. The semiconductor industry is one of the largest and most profitable sectors in the global economy, with annual revenues exceeding $ 481 billion in 2018. The electronics industry also encompasses other sectors that rely on electronic devices and systems, such as e-commerce, which generated over $ 29 trillion in online sales in 2017. The identification of

6000-409: The basis of all digital computers and microprocessor devices. They range from simple logic gates to large integrated circuits, employing millions of such gates. Digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labelled "0" and "1" to indicated logical status. Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use

6100-474: The best album of the 1990s. James has made "wild and essentially unverifiable claims" about his personal life in interviews, including the claim that he inherited the name of a dead older brother. He has described himself as "just some irritating, lying, ginger kid from Cornwall who should have been locked up in some youth detention centre. I just managed to escape and blag it into music." In a 1993 interview, he claimed to only sleep two to three hours per night. In

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6200-459: The circuit, thus slowing the computer. The invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce solved this problem by making all the components and the chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor material. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could be automated. This led to the idea of integrating all components on a single-crystal silicon wafer, which led to small-scale integration (SSI) in

6300-422: The city and the rest of the world". He became interested in making sounds before writing music, and as a child he played with the strings inside his family piano and disassembled tape equipment. In a 2001 interview James said that at age 11 he won £50 in a competition for producing sound on a Sinclair ZX81 , a home computer with no sound hardware: "I played around with machine code and found some codes that retuned

6400-606: The cover, and makes the EP's songs playable in the app. On 19 August, James performed at Field Day and released another exclusive vinyl EP, London 19.08.2023 . NTS Radio released a 360-degree video recording of the set on 27 August. On 2 September, at a performance at Forwards Bristol, a cassette combining the Barcelona and London releases was released, Bristol 02.09.23 . On 18 June 2024, James announced an expanded edition of Selected Ambient Works Volume II would be released later in

6500-477: The ear of Renaat Vandepapeliere, the head of R&S Records , at that time one of the leading European rave labels. James visited him in Belgium, bringing a box full of cassettes of his music. From these cassettes they picked out tracks for two records, including James's first album Selected Ambient Works 85-92 . In 1992, as word of his 12" records spread, James started performing at London techno events like

6600-874: The early 1960s, and then medium-scale integration (MSI) in the late 1960s, followed by VLSI . In 2008, billion-transistor processors became commercially available. An electronic component is any component in an electronic system either active or passive. Components are connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function. Components may be packaged singly, or in more complex groups as integrated circuits . Passive electronic components are capacitors , inductors , resistors , whilst active components are such as semiconductor devices; transistors and thyristors , which control current flow at electron level. Electronic circuit functions can be divided into two function groups: analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has either or

6700-452: The electronic logic gates to generate binary states. Highly integrated devices: Electronic systems design deals with the multi-disciplinary design issues of complex electronic devices and systems, such as mobile phones and computers . The subject covers a broad spectrum, from the design and development of an electronic system ( new product development ) to assuring its proper function, service life and disposal . Electronic systems design

6800-477: The fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless. Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the evidence-based medicine that

6900-562: The following ways: The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The central driving force behind the entire electronics industry is the semiconductor industry sector, which has annual sales of over $ 481 billion as of 2018. The largest industry sector is e-commerce , which generated over $ 29 trillion in 2017. The most widely manufactured electronic device is the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), with an estimated 13   sextillion MOSFETs having been manufactured between 1960 and 2018. In

7000-465: The following year after the release of his charting Come to Daddy EP. The title track was conceived as a death metal parody. Accompanied with a successful music video directed by Chris Cunningham , James became disenchanted by its success: "This little idea that I had, which was a joke, turned into something huge. It wasn't right at all." It was followed by " Windowlicker ", a charting single promoted with another Cunningham music video, nominated for

7100-858: The formative club Knowledge, held at the SW1 nightclub in London's Victoria , and the influential night Lost. Through 1991 and 1992 James released three Analogue Bubblebath EPs, two EPs as Caustic Window, the Red EP as part of the Universal Indicator collective, along with the Digeridoo and Xylem Tube EPs on the R&;S label. Although he moved to London to take an electronics course at Kingston Polytechnic , he admitted to David Toop that his electronics studies were slipping away as he pursued

7200-429: The former often suggests mental aberration, the latter, strong individuality and independence of action". The term can also be applied to symbols or words. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war , but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery . In phonology , an idiosyncratic property contrasts with a systematic regularity . While systematic regularities in

7300-489: The functions of analog circuits were taken over by digital circuits, and modern circuits that are entirely analog are less common; their functions being replaced by hybrid approach which, for instance, uses analog circuits at the front end of a device receiving an analog signal, and then use digital processing using microprocessor techniques thereafter. Sometimes it may be difficult to classify some circuits that have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example

7400-1048: The history of electronic music " across several genres, with his unique melodies being "the reason he's talked about as not just an electronic innovator but as the sphere's definitive artist". In 2014 review in the Financial Times , Ludovic Hunter-Tilney described James as a "musical maverick" noted for "yoking different elements together in unpredictable formulations" and blending "hard beats and uncanny tones; difficult abstraction and populist melodies". Music publications have described James variously as "the Mozart of" both techno and ambient . Writing in The Guardian in 2001 Paul Lester identified James's lineage as "electronic greats" including Karlheinz Stockhausen , John Cage , Kraftwerk , Brian Eno , and Derrick May . I could just lock myself away for days and get inspired by myself. That's my favorite way to do it. It's more like

7500-401: The latter two were accompanied by music videos directed by Chris Cunningham and brought James wider international attention. After releasing Drukqs in 2001 and completing his contract with Warp, James spent several years releasing music on his own Rephlex label, including the 2005 Analord EP series under his AFX alias and a pair of 2007 releases as the Tuss. In 2014 he made available

7600-681: The mid-1990s, James bought a disused bank in the Elephant & Castle area of London, where he claimed to live in a converted bank vault . He falsely claimed in a 2001 interview to have bought the steel structure in the centre of the Elephant Square roundabout, though this is in fact the Michael Faraday Memorial which houses an electricity substation for the London Underground . In the 1990s, James bought

7700-416: The mid-1990s, he named friends and fellow musicians Luke Vibert and Tom Jenkinson as influences. In a 2014 interview, James said of jungle that "I still think it's the ultimate genre, really, because the people making it weren't musicians," and noted that "for years, I could listen to jungle and nick things from them, but they didn't know I existed." Along with Vibert and Jenkinson, James helped to spearhead

7800-756: The mind/body binary opposition of electronic music" while retaining its club roots. James's music has often been characterised as an example of the " intelligent dance music " that began in the 1990s. IDM is mentioned on the home page of the Intelligent Dance Music (IDM) mailing list at Hyperreal.org about the music of Aphex Twin and the Artificial Intelligence Series released by Warp Records . The series features James's recordings as Polygon Window and early productions from artists including Autechre , Black Dog, Richie Hawtin 's FUSE project and Speedy J . The term spread to

7900-543: The most influential and important artists in contemporary electronic music. James was raised in Cornwall and began DJing at free parties and clubs around the South West in the late 1980s. His debut EP Analogue Bubblebath , released in 1991 on Mighty Force Records , brought James an early following; he began to perform across the UK and continental Europe . James co-founded the independent label Rephlex Records

8000-399: The most widely used electronic device in the world. The MOSFET is the basic element in most modern electronic equipment. As the complexity of circuits grew, problems arose. One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit like a computer was dependent on speed. If the components were large, the wires interconnecting them must be long. The electric signals took time to go through

8100-425: The press and that he had contacted Yorke to explain this. In 2005 Alarm Will Sound released Acoustica: Alarm Will Sound Performs Aphex Twin , featuring acoustic arrangements of James's electronic tracks. The London Sinfonietta performed arrangements of Aphex Twin songs in 2006. Animator David Firth sampled Aphex Twin in his animated series Salad Fingers . In 2012 Fact named Selected Ambient Works 85–92

8200-540: The reverse definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Quite often the logic designer may reverse these definitions from one circuit to the next as they see fit to facilitate their design. The definition of the levels as "0" or "1" is arbitrary. Ternary (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made, but have not gained any significant practical acceptance. Universally, Computers and Digital signal processors are constructed with digital circuits using Transistors such as MOSFETs in

8300-399: The same year. His 1992 debut album Selected Ambient Works 85–92 , released by Belgian label Apollo , garnered wider critical and popular acclaim. James signed to Warp in late 1992 and subsequently released charting albums such as ...I Care Because You Do (1995) and Richard D. James Album (1996), as well as Top 40 singles such as " Come to Daddy " (1997) and " Windowlicker " (1999);

8400-476: The sets were released on 15 September and 26 December 2019 on Youtube. Speculations of James's return started after a mysterious website featuring the Aphex Twin logo inside of the word "London" was discovered by fans. Its title alluded to 19 August 2023, the same day that the Field Day festival takes place on in London, teasing a possible performance. His return was confirmed on 24 January 2023, when Aphex Twin

8500-607: The short-lived drill 'n' bass style, which exaggerated elements of drum and bass , on his Hangable Auto Bulb EP (1995). Acknowledging another influence, James's Rephlex label released Music from the BBC Radiophonic Workshop , a compilation of music recorded by the pioneers of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . In 2019 he described Kraftwerk as a major influence. Although he said he disliked " rock and roll ", he appreciates Led Zeppelin (as

8600-497: The short-lived drill 'n' bass style. Richard D. James Album , James's fourth studio album as Aphex Twin, was released on Warp in 1996. It features software synthesisers and unconventional rhythms. Will Hermes of Spin discussed James's use of jungle elements, writing that "by applying junglist strategies to his own obsessive sound creation - his gorgeous weirdo palette of modernist strings, whirring crib toys, and agitated machines - he remakes drum'n'bass in his own image". In

8700-493: The sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word cab starts with the sound /k/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word cap is a systematic regularity, as it arises from

8800-411: The styles, and subsequently became enthusiastic about them. He has cited 808 State 's 1988 debut album Newbuild as a major early inspiration. In a 1993 interview, James identified voluntary sleep deprivation as an influence on his productions at that time. He also claimed to have recorded over one thousand unreleased tracks. He later said he experienced synaesthesia and utilised lucid dreaming as

8900-567: The time and I really don't know why. I select songs for certain [names] and I just do it. I don't know what it means." In 2001 he commented on the speculation connected to many anonymous electronic artists: "A lot of people think everything electronic is mine. I get credited for so many things, it's incredible. I'm practically everyone, I reckon—everyone and nobody." Writing in The Guardian in 2001 journalist Paul Lester described James as "the most inventive and influential figure in contemporary electronic music". Rolling Stone described James as

9000-662: The year. The re-issue was confirmed to be releasing on digital, triple CD, 4xLP standard and box set editions and double cassette formats. This re-issue included two bonus tracks, " th1 [evnslower] " and "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev", as well as the 19th track being released on all formats. The tracks were gradually released onto streaming platforms, with "#19" releasing on the day of the announcement, "th1 [evnslower]" releasing on 4 September 2024 and "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" being released on 2 October 2024. Selected Ambient Works Volume II (Expanded Edition) officially released on 4 October 2024. Writing for AllMusic , John Bush describes James as

9100-762: The years. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wire wrap were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4 , or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper ( SRBP , also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) – characterised by its brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to go to European markets. Electrical components are generally mounted in

9200-535: Was tripping on acid backstage at a DJ gig, Darby and Middleton convinced him to release the record. Darby later said: "I think if he had not done that trip that night there may have never been any Aphex Twin." James has given a similar account: "...they made me sign the contract when I was off my face. I was tripping and they're waving this money and a pen at me. It's a bit clichéd but it's the way they got me to sign." Similarly impressed by James's music, Wilson-Claridge suggested they use some money he inherited to create

9300-505: Was announced as a headliner for the festival. Over the next few weeks, several other performances were announced for Europe. At a performance at Sónar on 16 June, an exclusive 12-inch vinyl was released entitled Barcelona 16.06.23 . During this festival, large QR code displays with Aphex Twin branding were spotted. This, coupled with posters found in Los Angeles, led to the discovery of an augmented reality app named YXBoZXh0d2lu. It

9400-746: Was announced on 5 August in a garbled press release written in broken English and visually distorted with the same Aphex Twin 3D graphic found in London, Turin and Hollywood. A promotional video for the Collapse EP was to be broadcast on Adult Swim , but was cancelled after failing the Harding test . It was made available online instead, and the video for "T69 Collapse" was uploaded to YouTube. During James' September 2019 tour two 12-inch records were released at performances at Printworks , London, and Warehouse Project , Manchester, entitled "London" and "Manchester" on James' warp.net site. Official recordings of

9500-711: Was born on 18 August 1971 in Limerick , Ireland, to Welsh parents. He has said that he had a stillborn older brother also named Richard whose name he inherited . In a 1997 interview James stated that this death occurred while his family had moved to Canada in 1968 for his father's mining work; it led his mother to reuse the name because "she didn't want to accept the death of the child." James grew up in Cornwall , where he lived in Lanner while attending Redruth School in Redruth . James said he liked growing up there, "cut off from

9600-414: Was created to tease James' upcoming EP. On 21 June James announced the EP Blackbox Life Recorder 21f / In a Room7 F760 , which was released on 28 July. After the release of the EP, the app was updated again. Using the app to scan the front cover, inner sleeves, trifold insert and vinyl label of Blackbox Life Recorder 21f / In a Room7 F760 reveals a variety of artwork and visuals, such as a 3D version of

9700-703: Was not confirmed until 2014. In 2009 Rephlex Records released digital versions (in the FLAC file format) of the 11 Analord EPs. Each of them (except for Analord 10) had bonus tracks, totalling 81 minutes of new music between them all. Richard later disbanded Rephlex Records, removing the website entirely. This same year, James began working with the visual artist Weirdcore for graphics for his live shows, debuting at Bloc Festival in Minehead. Weirdcore has continued to work with James on live graphics and music videos. In 2010 James said he had completed six new albums, including

9800-469: Was not particularly well received critically; critic Simon Reynolds later noted that "many in the Aphex cult were thrown for a loop" and that "Aphex aficionados remain divided". Other 1994 releases were a fourth Analogue Bubblebath, GAK (derived from early demos sent to Warp), and Classics , a compilation album. For his charting 1995 album ...I Care Because You Do , composed between 1990 and 1994 in

9900-444: Was once intended for sale on James's label Rephlex, but went unreleased. With the consent of James and Rephlex, fans organised a Kickstarter campaign to purchase the record and distribute copies. Syro , the first album released under the Aphex Twin name since Drukqs in 2001, was released through Warp on 23 September 2014. It was marketed by a teaser campaign including graffiti, a blimp flown over London, and an announcement made via

10000-473: Was rapid, and by the 1920s, commercial radio broadcasting and telecommunications were becoming widespread and electronic amplifiers were being used in such diverse applications as long-distance telephony and the music recording industry. The next big technological step took several decades to appear, when the first working point-contact transistor was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947. However, vacuum tubes played

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