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37-669: Umbelliferae Apiaceae ( / eɪ p iː ˈ eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ) or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium , and commonly known as the celery , carrot or parsley family , or simply as umbellifers . It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera , including such well-known, and economically important plants as ajwain , angelica , anise , asafoetida , caraway , carrot , celery , chervil , coriander , cumin , dill , fennel , lovage , cow parsley , parsley , parsnip and sea holly , as well as silphium ,

74-1824: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves   Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Geitonogamy Geitonogamy

111-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from

148-415: A plant whose exact identity is unclear and may be extinct. The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed , and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock , water hemlock , spotted cowbane , fool's parsley , and various species of water dropwort . Most Apiaceae are annual , biennial or perennial herbs (frequently with

185-526: A quite common source of self-fertilized seeds in self-compatible species. It also occurs in monoecious gymnosperms . Although geitonogamy is functionally cross-pollination involving a pollinating agent, genetically it is similar to autogamy since the pollen grains come from the same plant. Monoecious plants like maize show geitonogamy. Geitonogamy is not possible for strictly dioecious plants, namely those with separate male and female flowers on different plants. This ecology -related article

222-824: A result are flavourful aromatic herbs. Examples are parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), culantro , and dill ( Anethum graveolens ). The seeds may be used in cuisine, as with coriander ( Coriandrum sativum ), fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ), cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ), and caraway ( Carum carvi ). Other notable cultivated Apiaceae include chervil ( Anthriscus cerefolium ), angelica ( Angelica spp.), celery ( Apium graveolens ), arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza ), sea holly ( Eryngium spp.), asafoetida ( Ferula asafoetida ), galbanum ( Ferula gummosa ), cicely ( Myrrhis odorata ), anise ( Pimpinella anisum ), lovage ( Levisticum officinale ), and hacquetia ( Sanicula epipactis ). Generally, all members of this family are best cultivated in

259-472: A single seed. The fruits of many species are dispersed by wind but others such as those of Daucus spp., are covered in bristles, which may be hooked in sanicle Sanicula europaea and thus catch in the fur of animals. The seeds have an oily endosperm and often contain essential oils, containing aromatic compounds that are responsible for the flavour of commercially important umbelliferous seed such as anise , cumin and coriander . The shape and details of

296-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),

333-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like

370-528: Is usually dissected, ternate , or pinnatifid , but simple, and entire in some genera, e.g. Bupleurum . Commonly, their leaves emit a marked smell when crushed, aromatic to fetid, but absent in some species. The defining characteristic of this family is the inflorescence , the flowers nearly always aggregated in terminal umbels , that may be simple or more commonly compound, often umbelliform cymes . The flowers are usually perfect ( hermaphroditic ), and actinomorphic , but there may be zygomorphic flowers at

407-471: Is when pollen is exported using a vector (pollinator or wind) out of one flower but only to another flower on the same plant. It is a form of self-fertilization. In flowering plants , pollen is transferred from a flower to another flower on the same plant, and in animal pollinated systems this is accomplished by a pollinator visiting multiple flowers on the same plant. Geitonogamy is also possible within species that are wind-pollinated , and may actually be

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444-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,

481-584: The clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without

518-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in

555-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change

592-552: The World Online (PoWO) accepted 444 genera, while GRIN Taxonomy accepted 462. The PoWO genera are not a subset of those in GRIN; for example, Haloselinum is accepted by PoWO but not by GRIN, while Halosciastrum is accepted by GRIN but not by PoWO, which treats it as a synonym of Angelica . The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website had an "approximate list" of 446 genera. The black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes , uses

629-560: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of

666-408: The cool-season garden; they may not grow at all if the soils are too warm. Almost every widely cultivated plant of this group is a considered useful as a companion plant . One reason is that the tiny flowers, clustered into umbels, are well suited for ladybugs , parasitic wasps , and predatory flies , which drink nectar when not reproducing. They then prey upon insect pests on nearby plants. Some of

703-497: The corolla can be white, yellow, pink or purple. The flowers are nearly perfectly pentamerous , with five petals and five stamens . There is often variation in the functionality of the stamens even within a single inflorescence. Some flowers are functionally staminate (where a pistil may be present but has no ovules capable of being fertilized) while others are functionally pistillate (where stamens are present but their anthers do not produce viable pollen). Pollination of one flower by

740-461: The edge of the umbel, as in carrot ( Daucus carota ) and coriander , with petals of unequal size, the ones pointing outward from the umbel larger than the ones pointing inward. Some are andromonoecious, polygamomonoecious, or even dioecious (as in Acronema ), with a distinct calyx , and corolla , but the calyx is often highly reduced, to the point of being undetectable in many species, while

777-454: The family Apiaceae for food and host plants for oviposition . The 22-spot ladybird is also commonly found eating mildew on these plants. Many members of this family are cultivated for various purposes. Parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ), carrot ( Daucus carota ) and Hamburg parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) produce tap roots that are large enough to be useful as food. Many species produce essential oils in their leaves or fruits and as

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814-431: The family Apiaceae produce phototoxic substances (called furanocoumarins ) that sensitize human skin to sunlight. Contact with plant parts that contain furanocoumarins, followed by exposure to sunlight, may cause phytophotodermatitis , a serious skin inflammation. Phototoxic species include Ammi majus , Notobubon galbanum , the parsnip ( Pastinaca sativa ) and numerous species of the genus Heracleum , especially

851-403: The family have been delimited largely based on fruit morphology , and the results from this have not been congruent with the more recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. The subfamilial and tribal classification for the family is currently in a state of flux, with many of the groups being found to be grossly paraphyletic or polyphyletic . Prior to molecular phylogenetic studies, the family

888-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,

925-558: The four subfamilies. It was suggested that they could be accommodated in subfamilies of their own. Phlyctidocarpa was formerly placed in the subfamily Apioideae, but if kept there makes Apioideae paraphyletic . It could be placed in an enlarged Saniculoideae, or restored to Apioideae if the latter were expanded to include Saniculoideae. The subfamilies can be further divided into tribes and clades, with many clades falling outside formally recognized tribes. The number of genera accepted by sources varies. As of December 2022, Plants of

962-400: The genera. Most subsequent studies have supported this division, although leaving some genera unplaced. A 2021 study suggested the relationships shown in the following cladogram. Platysace Mackinlayoideae Klotzschia Azorelloideae Hermas Phlyctidocarpa + Saniculoideae Apioideae The Platysace clade and the genera Klotzschia and Hermas fell outside

999-718: The giant hogweed ( Heracleum mantegazzianum ). Of all the plant species that have been reported to induce phytophotodermatitis, approximately half belong to the family Apiaceae. The family Apiaceae also includes a smaller number of poisonous species, including poison hemlock , water hemlock , spotted cowbane , fool's parsley , and various species of water dropwort . Some members of the family Apiaceae, including carrot , celery , fennel , parsley and parsnip , contain polyynes , an unusual class of organic compounds that exhibit cytotoxic effects. Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form

1036-401: The leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority are woody shrubs or small trees such as Bupleurum fruticosum . Their leaves are of variable size, and alternately arranged , or with the upper leaves becoming nearly opposite. The leaves may be petiolate or sessile . There are no stipules but the petioles are frequently sheathing, and the leaves may be perfoliate . The leaf blade

1073-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for

1110-782: The members of this family considered "herbs" produce scents that are believed to mask the odours of nearby plants, thus making them harder for insect pests to find. The poisonous members of the Apiaceae have been used for a variety of purposes globally. The poisonous Oenanthe crocata has been used as an aid in suicides, and arrow poisons have been made from various other family species. Daucus carota has been used as coloring for butter. Dorema ammoniacum , Ferula galbaniflua , and Ferula moschata (sumbul) are sources of incense . The woody Azorella compacta Phil. has been used in South America for fuel. Many species in

1147-480: The ornamentation of the ripe fruits are important for identification to species level. Apiaceae was first described by John Lindley in 1836. The name is derived from the type genus Apium , which was originally used by Pliny the Elder circa 50 AD for a celery -like plant. The alternative name for the family, Umbelliferae, derives from the inflorescence being generally in the form of a compound umbel . The family

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1184-439: The pollen of a different flower of the same plant ( geitonogamy ) is common. The gynoecium consists of two carpels fused into a single, bicarpellate pistil with an inferior ovary . Stylopodia support two styles, and secrete nectar, attracting pollinators like flies, mosquitoes, gnats, beetles, moths, and bees. The fruit is a schizocarp consisting of two fused carpels that separate at maturity into two mericarps, each containing

1221-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in

1258-559: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of

1295-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats

1332-604: Was one of the first to be recognized as a distinct group in Jacques Daleschamps' 1586 Historia generalis plantarum . With Robert Morison's 1672 Plantarum umbelliferarum distribution nova it became the first group of plants for which a systematic study was published. The family is solidly placed within the Apiales order in the APG III system . It is closely related to Araliaceae and the boundaries between these families remain unclear. Traditionally groups within

1369-407: Was subdivided primarily based on fruit characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analyses from the mid-1990s onwards have shown that fruit characters evolved in parallel many times, so that using them in classification resulted in units that were not monophyletic . In 2004, it was proposed that Apiaceae should be divided into four subfamilies: Apioideae is by far the largest subfamily with about 90% of

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