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69-692: In several contexts the Apkallu are seven demigods, sometimes described as part man and part fish or bird, associated with human wisdom; these creatures are often referred to in scholarly literature as the Seven Sages . Sometimes the sages are associated with a specific primeval king. After the Great Flood (see Epic of Gilgamesh ), further sages and kings are listed. Post-deluge, the sages are considered human, and in some texts are distinguished by being referred to as Ummanu , not Apkallu. Another use of

138-471: A Stone Age society which lived close to the Mediterranean Sea could have been wiped out by the rising sea level , an event which could have served as the basis for the story. Archaeologist Bruce Masse stated that some of the narratives of a great flood discovered in many cultures around the world may be linked to an oceanic asteroid impact that occurred between Africa and Antarctica , around

207-494: A meteor or comet crashed into the Indian Ocean around 3000–2800 BCE, and created the 18-mile (29 km) undersea Burckle Crater and Fenambosy Chevron , and generated a giant tsunami that flooded coastal lands. Mesopotamia , like other early sites of riverine civilisation , was flood-prone; and for those experiencing valley-wide inundations, flooding could destroy the whole of their known world. According to

276-429: A "king from before the deluge", though in this context he is also addressed as the creator of insects. He is described as capable of expelling them with a wand , and as responsible for the weeding of fields belonging to Nergal . Elsewhere the expulsion of insects is the domain of the deities Ninkilim and Ennugi , and it is not known how Alulim came to function as a similar figure. The same texts also state that he

345-576: A cometary flood, but from cometary fire, and a cometary rain of stones." Footnotes Citations Alulim Alulim ( Sumerian : 𒀉 𒇻 𒅆 , romanized:  Álulim ; transliterated : a₂.lu.lim ) was a mythological Mesopotamian ruler, regarded as the first king ever to rule. He is known from the Sumerian King List , Ballad of Early Rulers , and other similar sources which invariably place him in Eridu and assign

414-424: A distinct tradition instead placed Adapa in the times of another mythical king, Enmerkar . Eckhart Frahm has tentatively suggested that it is possible that the vowel pattern in the alternate form of Alulim's name, Alulu, influenced the formation of the name Pazuzu . A reference to Alulu occurs in a broken context in a heavily damaged Middle Assyrian (or later) text from Assur which might link him to Pazuzu, if

483-458: A flood myth similar to the earlier versions. In it, the Bronze race of humans angers the high god Zeus with their constant warring. Zeus decides to punish humanity with a flood. The Titan Prometheus , who had created humans from clay, tells the secret plan to Deucalion , advising him to build an ark in order to be saved. After nine nights and days, the water starts receding and the ark lands on

552-584: A mountain. The Cheyenne , a North American Great Plains tribe, believe in a flood which altered the course of their history, perhaps occurring in the Missouri River Valley . Floods in the wake of the Last Glacial Period (c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago) are speculated to have inspired myths that survive to this day. Plato's allegory of Atlantis is set over 9,000 years before his time, leading some scholars to suggest that

621-416: A note on the 'Deluge' (see Gilgamesh flood myth ), followed by eight more king/sage pairs. A tentative translation reads: During the reign of Ayalu , the king, [Adapa]† was sage. During the reign of Alalgar , the king, Uanduga was sage. During the reign of Ameluana , the king, Enmeduga was sage. During the reign of Amegalana , the king, Enmegalama was sage. During the reign of Enmeusumgalana,

690-424: A reign lasting thousands of years to him. The tablet of Old Babylonian period (c. 1900-1600 BC) from Ur describing the divine appointment of Alulim by the gods notes that he was chosen among "vast and many people," and appointed by gods for the "shepherdship of the entirety of the many people". Another myth describing his appointment by the gods and incantations treating him as the creator of insects are also known. He

759-566: A sagacious Adapa-like figure, though he admits no sources provide information about the perception of his character in Mesopotamian tradition. The association between Alulim and Adapa is attested in lists of rulers and corresponding sages known from the Hellenistic period , and additionally in an earlier damaged text from Sultantepe labeled as a letter from Adapa to Alulim, following a convention of so-called "scribal letters". However,

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828-489: A shock of a comet would produce. A similar hypothesis was popularized by Minnesota congressman and pseudoarchaeology writer Ignatius L. Donnelly in his book Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (1883), which followed his better-known book Atlantis: The Antediluvian World (1882). In Ragnarok , Donnelly argued that an enormous comet struck the Earth around 6,000 BCE to 9,000 BCE, destroying an advanced civilization on

897-752: A tradition of before the flood apart from the actual King List, whereas the Ur III copy of the King List and the duplicate from the Brockmon collection indicate that the King List Proper once existed independent of mention of the flood and the tradition of before the flood. Essentially, Chen gives evidence to prove that the section of before the flood and references to the flood in the Sumerian King List were all later additions added in during

966-494: A worldwide flood had been the result of a near-miss by a comet. The issue was taken up in more detail by William Whiston , a protégé of and popularizer of the theories of Isaac Newton , who argued in his book A New Theory of the Earth (1696) that a comet encounter was the probable cause of the Biblical Flood of Noah in 2342 BCE. Whiston also attributed the origins of the atmosphere and other significant changes in

1035-646: Is Uan . Oannes was once conjectured to be a form or another name of the ancient Babylonian god Ea . It is now thought that the name is the Greek form of the Babylonian Uanna , an Apkallu. These Sages are found in the "Uruk List of Kings and Sages" (165 BC) discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid era temple of Anu in Bit Res; The text consisted of list of seven kings and their associated sages, followed by

1104-424: Is absent from Early Dynastic sources, and he is considered fictional by Assyriologists . His name was preserved in later Greek , Arabic and Persian works. Alulim's name was written in cuneiform as A 2 -lu-lim or A-lu-lim and can be translated from Sumerian as either "horn of the red deer " or "seed of the red deer" depending on the variable first sign. Jeremiah Peterson suggests that it might reflect

1173-475: Is an attempt to connect real (historic) kings directly to mythologic (divine) kingship and also does the same connecting those real king's sages (ummanu) with the demi-godly mythic seven sages (apkallu). Though the list is taken to be chronological, the texts do not portray the Sages (nor the kings) as genealogically related to each other or their kings. There is some similarity between the sages' and kings' names in

1242-413: Is endowed with comprehensive understanding, Enmedugga, for whom a good destiny has been decreed, Enmegalamma, who was born in a house, Enmebulugga, who grew up in pasture land, An-Enlilda, the conjurer of the city of Eridu, Utuabzu, who ascended to heaven, the pure puradu -fishes, the puradu -fishes of the sea, the seven of them, the seven sages, who have originated in the river, who control

1311-410: Is regarded as a fictional figure by Assyriologists . References to him are largely limited to lists of legendary ancient rulers. He was traditionally considered the first Mesopotamian king, and his reign was placed before the mythical great flood . All known sources listing primordial kings consistently state that he lived in Eridu , unless no mention of any cities is made. This tradition reflected

1380-457: Is said to have taught humans the creation myth , the Enūma Eliš . The term apkallu has multiple uses, but usually refers to some form of wisdom; translations of the term generally equate to English language uses of the terms "the wise", "sage" or "expert". Additionally, the term is used when referring to human "priests" (also "exorcists", "diviners"). However, Mesopotamian human sages also used

1449-438: Is written A-a-lu , appears to be another variant, resulting from reinterpretation reliant on the partially homophonous word ayyalu , 'deer' or 'stag'. The name Alulim is not attested in any Early Dynastic sources and was never used as an ordinary given name. The only indirect parallels are the occurrences of individuals named Alulu (with variable spelling) in early texts from Fara and other pre- Sargonic sites. Alulim

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1518-517: The Ballad of Early Rulers , which states that he ruled for 36,000 years. According to Irving Finkel , other similar texts give further variant figures, such as 36,200 years (tablet BM 40565) or 67,200 years (tablet WB 62). A tablet of the Eridu Genesis from Ur first published in 2018 describes the appointment of Alulim. (Obverse) 1 They (the chief deities) created humanity 2 After

1587-727: The Early Dynastic III Period through to the Old Babylonian Period, and argues that the flood narrative was only added in texts written during the Old Babylonian Period . With regard to the Sumerian King List , observations by experts have always indicated that the portion of the Sumerian King List talking about before the flood differs stylistically from the King List Proper. Essentially Old Babylonian copies tend to represent

1656-854: The Genesis flood narrative , the Mesopotamian flood stories, and the Cheyenne flood story. One example of a flood myth is in the Epic of Gilgamesh . Many scholars believe that this account was copied from the Akkadian Atra-Hasis , which dates to the 18th century BCE. In the Gilgamesh flood myth , the highest god, Enlil , decides to destroy the world with a flood because humans have become too noisy. The god Ea , who had created humans out of clay and divine blood, secretly warns

1725-515: The Matsya Avatar of the Vishnu warns the first man, Manu , of the impending flood, and also advises him to build a giant boat. In Zoroastrian Mazdaism , Ahriman tries to destroy the world with a drought, which Mithra ends by shooting an arrow into a rock, from which a flood springs; one man survives in an ark with his cattle. Norbert Oettinger argues that the story of Yima and

1794-642: The Vara was originally a flood myth, and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran, as flood myths did not have as much of an effect as harsh winters. He has argued that the mention of melted water flowing in Videvdad 2.24 is a remnant of the flood myth, and mentions that the Indian flood myths originally had their protagonist as Yama, but it was changed to Manu later. In Plato 's Timaeus , written c.  360 BCE , Timaeus describes

1863-434: The "lost continent" of Atlantis . Donnelly, following others before him, attributed the Biblical Flood to this event, which he hypothesized had also resulted in catastrophic fires and climate change . Shortly after the publication of Ragnarok , one commenter noted, "Whiston ascertained that the deluge of Noah came from a comet's tail; but Donnelly has outdone Whiston, for he has shown that our planet has suffered not only from

1932-400: The 'seven sages' themselves. A collation of the names and "titles" of theses seven sages in order can be given as: Uanna, "who finished the plans for heaven and earth", Uannedugga, "who was endowed with comprehensive intelligence", Enmedugga, "who was allotted a good fate", Enmegalamma, "who was born in a house", Enmebulugga, "who grew up on pasture land", An-Enlilda, "the conjurer of

2001-467: The Earth to the effects of comets. In Pierre-Simon Laplace 's book Exposition Du Systême Du Monde ( The System of the World ), first published in 1796, he stated: [T]he greater part of men and animals drowned in a universal deluge, or destroyed by the violence of the shock given to the terrestrial globe; whole species destroyed; all the monuments of human industry reversed: such are the disasters which

2070-456: The Greek version passes all the knowledge of civilization to humans, so Adapa is described as having been "[made] perfect with broad understanding to reveal the plans of the land." However, despite some clear parallels between Adapa stories and both the first and last Apkallu, Kvanvig finally notes that the name used for the first Apkallu is given in both Berossus, and in the Uruk King list—that

2139-563: The Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea basin. This has become the subject of considerable discussion. The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis offered another proposed natural explanation for flood myths. However, this idea was similarly controversial and has been refuted. The earliest known hypothesis about a comet that had a widespread effect on human populations can be attributed to Edmond Halley , who in 1694 suggested that

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2208-511: The Mesopotamian belief that at the dawn of history, when Alulim was believed to live, humans behaved in animal-like manner, as attested in texts such as Sheep and Grain or How Grain Came to Sumer . A further attested spelling, Alulu, written A-lu-lu , might represent an Akkadianized form. The name Ayalu, known from the Uruk List of Kings and Sages (Paired with Apkallu Adapa ) where it

2277-452: The Old Babylonian Period, as the Sumerian King List went through updates and edits. The flood as a watershed in early history of the world was probably a new historiographical concept emerging in the Mesopotamian literary traditions during the Old Babylonian Period, as evident by the fact that the flood motif did not show up in the Ur III copy and that earliest chronographical sources related to

2346-523: The Uruk and bit meseri lists to be in agreement. Nudimmud became angry and summoned the seven sages of Eridu in high tones, "Bring the document of my Anuship that it may be read before me, That I may decree the destiny for Mu'ait, Flood myth A flood myth or a deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood , usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization , often in an act of divine retribution . Parallels are often drawn between

2415-464: The [animals/vermin?] were proliferating below/from the earth in unison 3 They made livestock and quadrupeds as fitting things in the steppe(eden-na) 4 In the high steppe ... joyous plants broadly 5 At that time, the canal was not dug ... 6 The dike and ditch [were not dredged(?) ...] 7 The ox ... the plow/farmer/furrow(?) ... 8 The lands ... a single track ... 9 Humanity ... their eyes/faces ... [rain?] 10 Šakkan/Šumugan [did not go out(?)] in

2484-523: The ark perishes. After the waters recede, all those aboard the ark disembark and have Yahweh's promise that he will never judge the earth with a flood again. Yahweh causes a rainbow to form as the sign of this promise. In Hindu mythology , texts such as the Satapatha Brahmana ( c. 6th century BCE) and the Puranas contain the story of a great flood, manvantara -sandhya , wherein

2553-462: The city of Eridu", Utuabzu, "who ascended to heaven". The first of these legendary fish-man sages is known as Oan/Oannes, Sumerian Uanna/U-An; on a few cuneiform inscriptions this first sage has "adapa" appended to his name. Borger notes, however, that it is difficult to believe that the half-man half-fish Adapa is the same as the fisherman of the Adapa myth, the son of the god Ea. A potential solution

2622-495: The desert ... 11 Weaving the cap/headcloth(?) ... 12 Humanity ... 13 At that time, the snake was not present, [the scorpion was not present ...] 14 The lion was not present, [the hyena was not present ...] 15 The dog and wolf were not present ... 16 Humanity [had no opponent ...] 17 Fear and [gooseflesh(?) were not present ...] 18 ... 19 The king ... 20 ... (Reverse) 1 First ... were giving [Eridu or Ku’ara?] to Asalluhi, 2 Second ... were giving [Bad-tibira to

2691-576: The discovery of such remains in such locations; the Greeks hypothesized that Earth had been covered by water on several occasions, citing the seashells and fish fossils found on mountain tops as evidence of this idea. Speculation regarding the Deucalion myth has postulated a large tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea, caused by the Thera eruption (with an approximate geological date of 1630–1600 BCE), as

2760-410: The dwelling of (his) personal god. During the reign of Gilgamesh , the king, Sin-leqi-unnini was scholar. During the reign of Ibbi-Sin , the king, Kabti-ili-Marduk was scholar. During the reign of Isbi-Erra , the king, Sidu, a.k.a. Enlil-ibni, was scholar. During the reign of Abi-esuh , the king, Gimil-Gula and Taqis-Gula were the scholars. During the reign of [...], the king, Esagil-kin-apli

2829-566: The excavation report of the 1930s excavation at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq), the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic layers at the site were separated by a 60-cm yellow layer of alluvial sand and clay, indicating a flood, like that created by river avulsion , a process common in the Tigris–Euphrates river system . Similar layers have been recorded at other sites as well, all dating to different periods, which would be consistent with

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2898-460: The father(s) of the gods(?) 11 They chose Alulim/the "seed of the red deer" for the shepherdship of the entirety of the many people 12 They named him(!) Alulim/named the "seed of the red deer" ... 13 After they served according to the command to check thusly/forever after(?) 14 [So that?] humanity, whoever possessed a name, were grasping his feet (in submission)/following his path(?) 15 They put both (capital) offense and sin(?) in his hand 16

2967-563: The first Apkallu they consider that both terms "adapa" ("wise") and "ummanu" ("craftsman") together form the whole proper name. Additionally, they note closer similarities between the 7th Apkallu Utuabzu , who is said to have ascended to heaven (in the Bit Meseri ), and the myth of Adapa who also visited heaven. Both Adapa and the Apkallu have legends that place them halfway between the world of men and gods; but additionally just as Oannes in

3036-569: The flood show up in the Old Babylonian Period. Chen also concludes that the name of " Ziusudra " as a flood hero and the idea of the flood hinted at by that name in the Old Babylonian Version of " Instructions of Shuruppak " are only developments during that Old Babylonian Period, when also the didactic text was updated with information from the burgeoning Antediluvian Tradition. In the Hebrew Genesis ( 9th century BC ),

3105-560: The flood waters of these myths and the primeval waters which appear in certain creation myths , as the flood waters are described as a measure for the cleansing of humanity, in preparation for rebirth . Most flood myths also contain a culture hero , who "represents the human craving for life". The flood-myth motif occurs in many cultures, including the manvantara -sandhya in Hinduism , Deucalion and Pyrrha in Greek mythology ,

3174-759: The floor of the Gulf, which was a huge (800 km × 200 km, 500 mi × 120 mi) low-lying and fertile region in Mesopotamia, in which human habitation is thought to have been strong around the Gulf Oasis for 100,000 years. A sudden increase in settlements above the present-day water level is recorded at around 7,500  BP . The historian Adrienne Mayor theorizes that global flood stories may have been inspired by ancient observations of seashells and fish fossils in inland and mountain areas. The ancient Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans all documented

3243-445: The god Yahweh , who had created man out of the dust of the ground, decides to flood the earth because of the corrupted state of mankind. Yahweh then gives the protagonist, Noah , instructions to build an ark in order to preserve human and animal life. When the ark is completed, Noah, his family, and representatives of all the animals of the earth are called upon to enter the ark. When the destructive flood begins, all life outside of

3312-661: The god Enki/Ea in the fresh water Sea, so that a fuller struck him dead with his own seal, fourth Lu-Nanna, who was two-thirds a sage, who drove a dragon out of the temple E-Ninkiagnunna, the Innin/Ishtar Temple of (King) Schulgi, (altogether) four Sages of human descent, whom Enki/Ea, the Lord, endowed with comprehensive understanding. Translated to English in Hess & Tsumura 1994 , pp. 230–231, original german translation Borger 1974 , p. 186 Borger found

3381-559: The grammar of the passage might not designate him as a human, which could indicate that in this context Alulim is not a personal name, but merely a description of the entity chosen to act as a ruler. In the Ballad of Early Rulers , a composition noted for its large number of allusions to other works of Mesopotamian literature, Alulim is listed among famous ancient figures alongside Etana , Gilgamesh , Ziusudra , Humbaba , Enkidu , Bazi and Zizi . The fact that kings associated both with southern cities, such as Alulim, and ones at home in

3450-528: The hero Utnapishtim of the impending flood and gives him detailed instructions for building a boat so that life may survive. Both the Epic of Gilgamesh and Atra-Hasis are preceded by the similar Eridu Genesis ( c.  1600 BCE ) —the oldest surviving example of such a flood-myth narrative, known from tablets found in the ruins of Nippur in the late 1890s and translated by assyriologist Arno Poebel . Academic Yi Samuel Chen analyzed various texts from

3519-413: The king, Enmebuluga was sage. During the reign of Dumuzi , the shepherd, the king, Anenlilda was sage. During the reign of Enmeduranki , the king, Utuabzu was sage. After the flood, during the reign of Enmerkar , the king, Nungalpirigal was sage, whom Istar brought down from heaven to Eana. He made the bronze lyre [..] according to the technique of Ninagal . [..] The lyre was placed before Anu [..],

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3588-444: The list, but not enough to draw any solid conclusions. A list (similar to the Uruk list) of the seven sages followed by four human sages is also given in an apotropaic incantation the tablet series Bit meseri . The ritual involved hanging or placing statues of the sages on the walls of a house. A translation of the cuneiform was given by Borger: Incantation. U-Anna, who accomplishes the plans of heaven and earth, U-Anne-dugga, who

3657-520: The myth's historical basis. Although the tsunami hit the South Aegean Sea and Crete , it did not affect cities in the mainland of Greece, such as Mycenae , Athens , and Thebes , which continued to prosper, indicating that it had a local rather than a region-wide effect. The Black Sea deluge hypothesis offers a controversial account of long-term flooding; the hypothesis argues for a catastrophic irruption of water about 5600 BCE from

3726-619: The nature of river avulsions. Shuruppak in Mesopotamian legend was the city of Uta-napishtim , the king who built a boat to survive the coming flood. The alluvial layer dates from around 2900 BC. The geography of the Mesopotamian area changed considerably with the filling of the Persian Gulf after sea waters rose following the last glacial period. Global sea levels were about 120 m (390 ft) lower around 18,000  BP and rose until 8,000 BP when they reached current levels, which are now an average 40 m (130 ft) above

3795-610: The north, such as Etana, are mentioned side by side might indicate that it was composed during the period of exodus of scribes from south to north in the Old Babylonian period . Bendt Alster compares this text to a drinking song and notes it appears to enumerate renowned legendary figures in seemingly humorous context, in order to explain the need to find joy in the present. Alulim is also attested in Neo-Babylonian incantations against field pests , acknowledge him as

3864-422: The nugig midwife?], 3 Third ... were giving [Larak[ to Pabilsaĝ, 4 Fourth ... were giving [Sippar to Utu?] 5 Fifth ... were giving Š[uruppak?] to [Sud?]. 6 Those cities .. their settlements ... 7 An, Enlil, [Enki?] and Ninhursaĝ 8 Among(?) those cities, Eridu .. they established at the front/as the leader(?) 9 They led(?) a man who was lying(?) among its vast and many people ... 10 An, Enlil, and Enki,

3933-430: The perception of Eridu as a city of particular symbolic importance. His reign was described as supernaturally long. Its duration was regarded as proverbial , as indicated by a letter of the astrologer Ašarēdu to an unspecified Babylonian king, in which he wished him to be blessed by the gods of Babylon with "years of Alulu". According to the Sumerian King List , Alulim retained his position for 28,800 years before he

4002-516: The plans of heaven and earth. Nungalpiriggaldim, the wise (King) of Enmerkars, who had the goddess Innin/Ishtar descend from heaven into the sanctuary, Piriggalnungal, who was born in Kish, who angered the god Ishkur/Adad in heaven, so that he allowed neither rain nor growth in the land for three years, Piriggalabzu, who was born in Adab/Utab, who hung his seal on a "goat-fish"† and thereby angered

4071-478: The reigns of the early rulers of the gods being patterned on the traditions pertaining to early Mesopotamian legendary kings. A Greek version of Alulim's name, Aloros ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ἄλωρος ), is known from citations from Berossus ' Babyloniaca preserved in the works of authors such as Eusebius and Syncellus . Berossus' account of early kings depended on the tradition known from Sumerian King List . He states that Aloros reigned for 36000 years and

4140-485: The restoration of the latter name is correct, though due to the state of preservation the contents are presently impossible to interpret. Mary R. Bachvarova notes that in the Hurrian Song of Birth , the primordial deity Alalu who appears as the original "king in heaven" ( king of the gods ) bears a name similar to Alulim's. She suggests that this text might have been influenced by the Sumerian King List , with

4209-425: The term ummianu (ummânù) "expert". As an epithet , prefix, or adjective it can mean "the wise"; it has been used as an epithet for the gods Ea and Marduk , simply interpreted as "wise one amongst gods" or similar forms. It has also been applied to Enlil , Ninurta , and Adad . The term also refers to the "seven sages", especially the sage Adapa , and also to apotropaic figures, which are often figurines of

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4278-416: The term Apkallu is when referring to figurines used in apotropaic rituals; these figurines include fish-man hybrids representing the seven sages, but also include bird-headed and other figures. In a later work by Berossus describing Babylonia , the Apkallu appear again, also described as fish-men who are sent by the gods to impart knowledge to humans. In Berossus, the first one, Oannes (a variant of Uanna),

4347-403: The time of a solar eclipse , that caused a tsunami . Among the 175 myths he analyzed were a Hindu myth speaking of an alignment of the five planets at the time, and a Chinese story linking the flood to the end of the reign of Empress Nu Wa . Fourteen flood myths refer to a full solar eclipse . According to Masse these indications point to the date May 10, 2807 BC. His hypothesis suggests that

4416-467: Was believed to enjoy milk, ghee and beer, but could not stand "queen Nisaba ", here a metonym for grain. Although earlier tradition, Me-Turan/Tell-Haddad tablet, describes Adapa as postdiluvian ruler of Eridu, in late tradition, Adapa came to be viewed as Alulim's vizier. It was believed that he provided the king with wisdom on behalf of the god Ea . Piotr Steinkeller based on the connection between them suggests Alulim could himself be viewed as

4485-405: Was given by W. G. Lambert—evidence that "adapa" was also used as an appellative meaning "wise". Kvanvig 2011 considers the case for Adapa being one of or a name of one of the Apkallu. They note that while some texts contain plays on words between the terms "adapa" and "uan" and posit that "adapa" may be an epithet, though in the Adapa myth itself it is likely a proper name. In terms of the name of

4554-461: Was giving ... to him 17 ... 18 ... It has been interpreted as an etiology of the institution of kingship, with the first ruler being chosen from among mankind to act as the shepherd of the early, still animalistic humans, thus leading to the development of human civilization. The gods responsible for Alulim's appointment in this text are An , Enlil and Enki , who are also credited with assigning his name to him. Jeremiah Peterson notes that

4623-459: Was scholar. During the reign of Adad-apla-iddina , the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar. During the reign of Nebuchadnezzar , the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar. During the reign of Esarhaddon , the king, Aba-Enlil-dari was scholar, whom the Arameans call Ahiqar. ( Lenzi 2008 , pp. 140–143) Lenzi notes that the list is clearly intended to be taken in chronological order. It

4692-404: Was succeeded by Alalngar , who in turn reigned for 36,000 years. However, the contents of the Sumerian King List are assumed to not reflect historical reality, and cannot be used to reconstruct early Mesopotamian chronology. There is no evidence that the figure of Alulim was incorporated into it from a preexisting older source. A different tradition about the length of his reign is preserved in

4761-549: Was succeeded by Alaparos ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : αλαπαρος ), presumed to be an adaptation of Alalgar . His writings were later partially euhemerized by Annianus , who combined his account with traditions pertaining to Enoch and with Genesis 6 . His work was in turn an influence on the writings of the astrologer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi and on Al-Biruni 's Qānūn , cited as sources in Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani 's Tabaqat-i Nasiri (written in 1259-1260), where

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