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122-562: 53°34′55″N 0°36′28″W  /  53.581944°N 0.607860°W  / 53.581944; -0.607860  ( Scunthorpe Steelworks ) The Iron and Steel Industry in Scunthorpe was established in the mid 19th century, following the discovery and exploitation of middle Lias ironstone east of Scunthorpe , Lincolnshire , England. Initially iron ore was exported to iron producers in South Yorkshire . Later, after

244-512: A Safeway ) have their store on the site of the old Scunthorpe United stadium, The Old Show Ground. Morrisons have a store at the bottom of Mortal Ash Hill (known locally as "Motlash") ( A18 road ) at the Lakeside Retail Park, on the eastern entrance to the town, while Asda have a store on Burringham Road. In 2011 Asda opened another store in the former Netto, on Carlton Street. On 24 October 2014 Marks and Spencer's returned to

366-448: A Curie temperature of approximately 1,000 K (730 °C), but with an extremely small magnetic moment (0.002  Bohr magnetons ). Adding to the surprise was a transition with a decrease in temperature at around 260 K (−13 °C) to a phase with no net magnetic moment. It was shown that the system is essentially antiferromagnetic, but that the low symmetry of the cation sites allows spin–orbit coupling to cause canting of

488-477: A calcareous hydrated oxide, with some oolitic nodules, much affected by water weathering; local variations within the ore bed included bands with iron content as high as 40%, down to 12%, with an average iron content of 25%, excluding spoil. The ironstone bed dipped slightly towards the east – the bed's proximity to the surface, its fair uniformity, and the general low value of the land on which it stood led to rapid development of open ore workings. The lime content of

610-415: A consequence of the subparticle structure induced by the different particle and crystallite size growth rates at increasing annealing temperature. These differences in the growth rates are translated into a progressive development of a subparticle structure at the nanoscale (super small). At lower temperatures (350–600 °C), single particles crystallize. However, at higher temperatures (600–1000 °C),

732-506: A continuous plate mill later rejected, and other improvements. During the formulation of the plan the option of relocating the Scunthorpe-based steel production to a coastal site (i.e. Port of Immingham ) had been considered but rejected. Work on the 1,000 acres (400 ha) former ore field site south and east of the older works began in early 1970. The new Anchor works including steelmaking, continuous casting and rolling mills

854-591: A core asset, and the 1.1 million tons pa former Lysaght's Normanby works as marginal. The economic downturn following the 1973 oil crisis (see Steel crisis ) contributed to large scale reduction in the BSC workforce overall, to under a third of the 180,000 employed in the UK industry as a whole in 1975; this in combination with loss of certain privileges and management requests for flexible working, reduction in manning, and wage cuts or wage freezes led to large scale conflict in

976-421: A general steel producers. Placing the three steel producers in the town under shared ownership gave opportunities for rationalisation and greater efficiency – excess liquid steel and sinter were transferred between the works by rail. Within the whole of BSC the 7 ft plate mill at Appleby-Frodingham (and at West Hartlepool) was closed and production transferred to Lackenby , North Yorkshire in around 1970. Under

1098-525: A lease of the iron ore containing land were made in 1905, and the decision was taken to establish a steelworks, with the estimated capital cost at under £350,000. During the Depression of 1920–21 the works was temporarily closed – iron and steel production was resumed in 1922 but the works operated at under capacity for the remainder of the decade. At the beginning of the Great Depression of

1220-560: A magnitude of 5.4, in North Wales . Scunthorpe forms an unparished area located within the borough and unitary authority of North Lincolnshire . The town forms six of the borough's seventeen wards, namely Ashby, Brumby, Crosby & Park, Frodingham, Kingsway with Lincoln Gardens and Town. The Scunthorpe wards elect 16 of the borough's 43 councillors. As of 2018, 26 are members of the Conservative party , and 13 are members of

1342-424: A maximum diameter of 17 feet (5.2 m) in three; capacities of the four modern furnaces were two at 2,300 tons, one at 2,000 tons and one at 1,650 tons per week. Blast furnace gas was used at both sites to power electrical generators, and further energy recovery from the residual hot gas obtained from water tube boilers heated by the gas, or for heating in the steel works. Both works contained similar melting shops –

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1464-681: A new non-metropolitan district , the Borough of Scunthorpe was formed with the same boundaries as the old municipal borough. The opening of the Humber Bridge on 24 June 1981 provided a permanent link between North and South Humberside but did not secure Humberside's future. To the relief of its many detractors, the county of Humberside (and Humberside County Council ) was abolished on 1 April 1996 and succeeded by four unitary authorities . The previous Humberside districts of Glanford and Scunthorpe, and that part of Boothferry district south of

1586-462: A new Marks and Spencer store opened near the football ground in 2014. However the size of the remaining retail units reflects the size of the area's population and with larger shopping facilities within reasonable travelling distance in Grimsby , Hull , Doncaster , Lincoln , Leeds and at Meadowhall , Sheffield . The once-thriving market, mostly under cover in market halls just to the north of

1708-606: A number of games for the club, being a resident of nearby Epworth at that time and in an attempt to keep fit during the winter months. The team mascot is called the "Scunny Bunny". Semi-professional sides within the Town or greater town boundaries include Appleby Frodingham and Bottesford Town . Local teams play in the Scunthorpe & District Football League . Haematite Hematite occurs naturally in black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish-brown, or red colors. It

1830-564: A number of iron bearing rocks including (downwards) the Claxby ironstone ( Claxby , Lower Cretaceous period); the Lincoln ironstone; the Caythorpe ironstone ( Caythorpe , Middle Lias period), below which is the 'Frodingham Ironstone' once mined at Scunthorpe. At Frodingham the ironstone existed in a bed up to 35 feet (11 m) thick, covered by loose sand. The ore was found in the form of

1952-538: A seam of the Lias Group strata which dates from the Early Jurassic period and runs north–south through Lincolnshire. Ironstone was mined by open cast methods from the 1850s onwards, and by underground mining from the late 1930s. In the 1970s the steel industry in Scunthorpe began to use of ores imported from outside the UK with higher iron content. Underground mining in the area ceased in 1981. Scunthorpe

2074-584: A single site: the Foundry Shopping Centre and the Parishes Centre. The former was constructed in the late 1960s/early 1970s during a wholesale reconstruction of the old town; the latter was constructed in the early part of the 2000s decade on the site of the town's old bus station. There are also many well known retailers on High Street. On 6 January 2011 Marks and Spencer closed their High Street store after 80 years of trading, but

2196-521: A steelworks could be made even more efficient than was possible in Wrexham, told him to do the drawings anyway then keep them where they were unlikely to be found, or even understood. In due course (in about 1907) Darby then won a contract from the Lysaght Brothers to build a brand new steelworks in Scunthorpe, which he confidently asserted would be more efficient than anything seen before. That

2318-502: A year. However his primary interest was new design, rather than production, so he resigned and moved to Sheffield where he took charge of the design offices of Firth-Brown. S. H. Meakin's hobby was studying and mounting diatoms, for which activity – paradoxically – he is far better known today. (See Google, S. H. Meakin : the preceding Normanby Park details are taken from an interview in 2020 with Harry Meakin's grandson, Christopher Meakin, citing known family history). In 1912

2440-426: Is mined as an important ore mineral of iron . It is electrically conductive. Hematite varieties include kidney ore , martite ( pseudomorphs after magnetite ), iron rose and specularite ( specular hematite). While these forms vary, they all have a rust-red streak. Hematite is not only harder than pure iron, but also much more brittle . Maghemite is a polymorph of hematite (γ- Fe 2 O 3 ) with

2562-407: Is also used in art such as in the creation of intaglio engraved gems . Hematine is a synthetic material sold as magnetic hematite . Hematite has been sourced to make pigments since earlier origins of human pictorial depictions, such as on cave linings and other surfaces, and has been employed continually in artwork through the eras. In Roman times, the pigment obtained by finely grinding hematite

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2684-526: Is an antiferromagnetic material below the Morin transition at 250 K (−23 °C), and a canted antiferromagnet or weakly ferromagnetic above the Morin transition and below its Néel temperature at 948 K (675 °C), above which it is paramagnetic . The magnetic structure of α-hematite was the subject of considerable discussion and debate during the 1950s, as it appeared to be ferromagnetic with

2806-590: Is an industrial town in the North Lincolnshire district of Lincolnshire , England. It is Lincolnshire's third most populous settlement, after Lincoln and Grimsby , with a population of 81,286 in 2021. Scunthorpe as a town came into existence due to the exploitation of the local ironstone which began in 1859; iron production commenced in 1864, steel smelting in 1891. Scunthorpe's population grew from 1,245 in 1851 to 11,167 in 1901 and 45,840 in 1941. The boundaries of Scunthorpe expanded to include

2928-716: Is for tinting with a permanent color. Use of the red chalk of this iron-oxide mineral in writing, drawing, and decoration is among the earliest in human history. To date, the earliest known human use of the powdery mineral is 164,000 years ago by the inhabitants of the Pinnacle Point caves in what now is South Africa, possibly for social purposes. Hematite residues are also found in graves from 80,000 years ago. Near Rydno in Poland and Lovas in Hungary red chalk mines have been found that are from 5000 BC, belonging to

3050-562: Is on Oswald Road, near the railway station . The former church of St John the Evangelist is now the 20–21 Visual Arts Centre. The Plowright Theatre , named after Joan Plowright , is on Laneham Street (off the west end of High Street and also near the railway station ). It was built in 1958 as Scunthorpe Civic Theatre. The Baths Hall , reopened in 2011, a 1,700 capacity venue also hosts visiting musical and theatrical events. The Scunthorpe Co-operative Junior Choir from Scunthorpe won

3172-421: Is on West Common Lane and North Lindsey College is close by on Kingsway (A18). Scunthorpe's only university is UCNL, which offers undergraduate courses to approximately 1,500 students. There are three schools within this category: St Luke's Primary School; St Hugh's Special School; and Trent View College (which is yet to be inspected) The area is served by Humberside Police . According to Home Office data

3294-516: Is serviced by two train companies, TransPennine Express and Northern Trains . TransPennine Express eastbound trains to Cleethorpes call at platform 1, whilst TransPennine Express westbound services to Liverpool Lime Street and the Northern westbound stopping service to Doncaster use platform 2. The M180 passes five miles (8.0 km) south of Scunthorpe and connects to the town via the M181 and

3416-655: Is situated at the terminus of the M181 , 42 miles (68 km) from Sheffield . Nearby towns and cities are Hull (18 miles northeast), Doncaster (20 miles west), Grimsby (22 miles east) and York (46 miles northwest). Scunthorpe is approximately 10 miles (16 km) east of South Yorkshire and 8 miles (13 km) south by south west to the East Riding of Yorkshire . Like most of the United Kingdom, Scunthorpe has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb). Average temperatures are around 20 °C (68 °F) in

3538-579: Is typically a mineral formed in aqueous environments or by aqueous alteration, this detection was scientifically interesting enough that the second of the two Mars Exploration Rovers was sent to a site in the Terra Meridiani region designated Meridiani Planum . In-situ investigations by the Opportunity rover showed a significant amount of hematite, much of it in the form of small " Martian spherules " that were informally named "blueberries" by

3660-415: The 2021 Census , Scunthorpe had a population of 81,286, while the urban area had a slightly larger population of 84,665 and this extends to the nearby village of Messingham , to the south of the town. At the 2021 Census, the local population was recorded at 90.4% White British , followed by 6% British Asian , 1.4% Mixed-race British , 1.2% Other ethnic minorities and 0.8% Black British . This makes

3782-649: The A1077M . Before the M180 was opened in 1979, all east–west traffic took the A18 over Keadby Bridge . Humberside Airport is a short drive to the east along the M180. The town's bus station is off Fenton Street. The bus station is predominantly used by Stagecoach in Lincolnshire that operate services within and out of the town along with Hornsby Travel. East Yorkshire operate services to Hull and Goole . According to

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3904-454: The AJAX furnace operated in the interim – conversion to LD operation was complete by the 1990s. Following privatisation in 1988, the company together with the rest of BSC became part of Corus (1999), later Tata Steel Europe (2007). In 2016 the long products division of Tata Steel Europe was sold to Greybull Capital with Scunthorpe as the primary steel production site. It is thought that

4026-654: The Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company , part of the United Steel Companies ; the Redbourn Iron Works , part of Richard Thomas and Company of South Wales (later Richard Thomas and Baldwins ); and John Lysaght 's Normanby Iron Works , part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds . In 1967 all three works became part of the nationalised British Steel Corporation (BSC), leading to a period of further consolidation – from

4148-538: The Cwmfelin Steel and Tinplate Company (owned by a son of Richard Thomas ) in 1907/8. Initially the works functioned as a source of pig iron. In 1933 a bar mill was transferred from the parent company's bar mill at Tredegar South Wales to the Redbourn site. Later in the 1930 Richard Thomas and Baldwins considered to establish a continuous strip mill at their Redbourn works, but under government pressure in

4270-698: The English Football League . At the end of the 2006–07 season they won promotion to the Football League Championship as champions of League One , with 3 games to spare, when they defeated Huddersfield Town at home. They amassed a total of 91 points, and never trailed from January on, despite being outsiders earlier in the season. The last time they had played in the second division was for 44 years previously. The club were relegated on 12 April 2008, with three games to spare, away to Crystal Palace . However, they returned to

4392-529: The Labour party . The councillors form the charter trustees of the Town of Scunthorpe and they continue to elect a town mayor. North Lincolnshire Council was based in Scunthorpe Civic Centre off Ashby Road (former A159 ) next to Festival Gardens. It was designed by Charles B. Pearson, Son and Partners and was completed in 1962. It was the home of Scunthorpe Borough Council until 1996. It

4514-735: The Lias Group of rock strata that also includes ironstone formations making up the Cleveland ironstones and Northamptonshire ironstones ; iron deposits in Northern France and Southern Germany may also be from the same period and origin. The Lincolnshire ironstone is found in the Lower Lias band in the Lower Jurassic series/period, it is a nearly horizontal bed, 10 to 25 feet (3.0 to 7.6 m) thick, averaging 12 feet (3.7 m), and consists of calcareous haematite ; near

4636-582: The Linear Pottery culture at the Upper Rhine . Rich deposits of hematite have been found on the island of Elba that have been mined since the time of the Etruscans . Underground hematite mining is classified as carcinogenic hazard to humans. Hematite shows only a very feeble response to a magnetic field . Unlike magnetite, it is not noticeably attracted to an ordinary magnet. Hematite

4758-545: The Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph ) with an online version at www.scunthorpetelegraph.co.uk . Scunthorpe has a leisure centre ( The Pods ) next to Pittwood House, museum, galleries, craft centres, several clubs, pubs and bars, a Vue multiplex cinema adjacent to the bus station. The Baths Hall in Doncaster Road was a popular music venue, before it was closed because of the costs of bringing

4880-467: The molten steel filled vessel. In total 11 persons eventually died due to their injuries. At the around the beginning of the 1980s BSC made significant cutbacks to operations at Scunthorpe: all the ore mines closed; and most of the Redbourn works was shut, use of the Lysaght's Normanby Park site ended c.  1981 . with all liquid steel production at the site ended by 1979. In 1982 works employment

5002-633: The 1875 furnaces were replaced by a single furnace. No.4 furnace was closed in 1977, and No.3 furnace was closed in 1979; the last furnace, No.2 was shut down in October 1979. Nationalisation of UK steel operations led to the formation of the British Steel Corporation (BSC) in 1967. Scunthorpe was chosen by the corporation as one of the five main production centres, formally within the Midland regional division of BSC, and designated as

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5124-487: The 1930s the works was reconstructed at a cost of £400,000 to specialise outside general mass market steels – as a result capacity utilising was at 80% compared to an industry average of nearer 50%, though with very low profit margins. During this period the works was primary supplier to the company's Orb Works in Newport. Due to oversupply in the industry the blast furnaces were again temporarily shut down in 1938. In 1939

5246-620: The 1970s the use of local or regional ironstone diminished, being replaced by imported ore via the Immingham Bulk Terminal . Conversion to the Linz-Donawitz process (or "basic oxygen" process) of steel making from the open hearth process took place from the late 1960s onwards and was complete by the 1990s. Both the Normanby Park and the Redbourn works closed in the early 1980s. Following privatisation in 1988

5368-541: The Appleby Iron works was established with capital from Scotland. All six iron works were located adjacent to the ore workings, with the low iron content of the ore favouring local working rather than transportation to external sites. By 1875 there were 13 blast furnaces in operation, with others under construction. Coke (or coal) was used, supplied from the Durham coalfield or the South Yorkshire coalfield . Initially

5490-639: The Appleby works had five tilting furnaces (open hearth) of 250- or 300-ton capacity. Employment over both sites was 6,500 in 1937. In the context of the wider United Steel group, rationalisation during the 1930s led the Appleby Frodingham works to be specialised in plates and heavy sections, whilst lighter section, bars, rod and wire were produced at the group's Steel, Peech and Tozer and Samuel Fox works in Yorkshire, with rails and ferroalloys at

5612-589: The Central Library, at the eastern end of the High Street, had shrunk noticeably in the last ten years, and has now moved to the new St John's Market, close to the Bus Station. The opening date was 22 March 2019. All of the big food retailers are represented in the area. There is a Tesco Extra , and an Aldi (in the former Toys R Us unit) opposite the football ground, while Sainsbury's (formerly

5734-924: The Championship after one season, winning the League One playoffs in May 2009. At the end of the 2021–22 season, Scunthorpe for the first time got relegated from the Football League . A further relegation in the 2022–23 season consigned Scunthorpe United to the National League North. England stars Kevin Keegan and Ray Clemence both played for Scunthorpe United in the early 1970s before signing for Liverpool , where they made their names. Former England cricket captain Ian Botham played

5856-870: The Falu mine. The spectral signature of hematite was seen on the planet Mars by the infrared spectrometer on the NASA Mars Global Surveyor and 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The mineral was seen in abundance at two sites on the planet, the Terra Meridiani site, near the Martian equator at 0° longitude, and the Aram Chaos site near the Valles Marineris . Several other sites also showed hematite, such as Aureum Chaos . Because terrestrial hematite

5978-598: The Foxhills Industrial Park, north of the A1077 northern bypass, are many distribution companies, notably a large building owned by the Nisa co-operative type mutual organisation which has its UK headquarters there. Also on the Foxhills Industrial Park is a 500,000 square foot factory occupied by Wren Kitchens , employing 350 full-time workers. 2 Sisters Food Group have a large chicken processing plant in

6100-777: The Frodingham company absorbed the Appleby company, both of which in 1917 became part of the United Steel Companies ; the two firms were formally amalgamated into the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in 1934. In 1931/2 the former North Lincolnshire Ironworks became part of the group, followed by the Trent Ironworks in 1936. The Redbourn Iron Works became part of Richard Thomas and Company of South Wales in 1917 (after 1948 part of Richard Thomas and Baldwins ). The Lysaght's Normanby Park works became part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds in 1919. At

6222-662: The Labour Party had emerged to challenge the Conservative Party's hegemony. The town appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Escumesthorpe , which is from the Old Norse Skumasþorp meaning "Skuma's homestead", a site which is believed to be in the town centre, close to Market Hill. Scunthorpe is located close to an outcrop of high-lime-content ironstone (~25% iron average) from

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6344-434: The Morin transition temperature of hematite decreases with a decrease in the particle size. The suppression of this transition has been observed in hematite nanoparticles and is attributed to the presence of impurities, water molecules and defects in the crystals lattice. Hematite is part of a complex solid solution oxyhydroxide system having various contents of H2O (water), hydroxyl groups and vacancy substitutions that affect

6466-580: The SYR via a bridge over the River Trent at Keadby to the west, giving access to the South Yorkshire coalfield ; and to the MSLR in the east at Barnetby . The line was fully opened by 1866, and enable rapid expansion of the iron business around Scunthorpe. A 0.25 miles (0.40 km) branch to further iron ore deposits near Santon was authorised and opened 1872/3. W. H. and G. Dawes (Elsecar) were

6588-410: The Trent. The surrounding environs are largely low-lying hills and plains. Although the town itself is heavily industrial it is surrounded by fertile farmland and wooded areas. In terms of general location it lies a mile east of the River Trent , 8 miles (13 km) south of the Humber Estuary , 15 miles (24 km) west of the Lincolnshire Wolds and 25 miles (40 km) north of Lincoln . The town

6710-445: The Workington site. In 1945 the works was the largest in Britain, with a capacity of 700 million tons pa (5.5% national production), and occupied a 1,700 acres (690 ha) site. In 1939 two 22 feet (6.7 m) diameter blast furnaces together with associated coke ovens and sinter plant were constructed on a site south of the earlier Appleby works, the location of the former North Lincolnshire Iron works. Here future expansion of

6832-451: The absence of water, usually as the result of volcanic activity. Clay -sized hematite crystals also may occur as a secondary mineral formed by weathering processes in soil , and along with other iron oxides or oxyhydroxides such as goethite , which is responsible for the red color of many tropical , ancient, or otherwise highly weathered soils. The name hematite is derived from the Greek word for blood, αἷμα (haima) , due to

6954-446: The area from 1859. A narrow gauge railway was opened c.  1861 to Gunness . Winn then was instrumental in the promotion of a line to the ore fields, and with the support of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MSLR) and the South Yorkshire Railway (SYR) as equal third partners; an act of parliament for a new main line, the Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway was obtained in 1861. The new line connected with

7076-400: The area has crime rates higher than the national average, especially in the categories of violence against the person, sexual offences, burglary and theft of motor vehicles. The town has a former Football League club, Scunthorpe United (nicknamed "The Iron") who play at Glanford Park . For most of its existence in the professional game (since only 1950) it has been in the lower leagues of

7198-436: The area iron production in the area rapidly expanded using local ironstone and imported coal or coke. Rapid industrial expansion in the area led directly to the development of the town of Scunthorpe, eventually incorporating several other former hamlets and villages, in a formerly sparsely populated entirely agricultural area. From the early 1910s to the 1930s the industry consolidated, with three main ownership concerns formed –

7320-403: The area was Lysaght's , built 1908–1915 when it then came on stream producing heavy steel products for the war effort, notably armour plate for warships. The choice of the uphill site at Normanby Park , north of Scunthorpe, was made by the Chief Engineer, Samuel Henry 'Harry' Meakin. He was originally offered a site acquired by the Lysaght's at Flixborough on the River Trent, but pointed out that

7442-409: The area, and having it analysed and promoting its use. He suspected that the geology on his estate resembled the Cleveland ironstone which had been discovered and exploited in northern Yorkshire (see Middlesbrough ). Initially ore was extracted and exported from leases on his estate, and transported by horse power to the River Trent and onwards by canal. Iron ore began to be commercially exploited in

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7564-529: The beginning of the First World War the three of the six works were converting all of their iron production to steel, whilst much of the remainder was supplied to associated steel companies. Total pig iron production in 1917 was nearly 520,000 tons. Immediately preceding the war (1916) plans had been made to increase UK steel production by 2 million tons. In the Lincolnshire district 2 new blast furnaces and 6 steel furnaces were sanction in 1916; and 2 blast and 3 steel in 1917/18. By 1918 production of pig iron in

7686-403: The beginning of the 20th century John Lysaght & Co. investigated opportunities to integrate backwards by producing steel for its rolling mills in South Wales. A number of schemes were considered including a works at Newport , South Wales; the acquisition of the Westbury Iron Company (Wiltshire); or a new works near Scunthorpe. Discussions and agreement with Sir Berkeley Sheffield on

7808-1217: The building up to scratch, and dealing with industrial contamination on site. The Labour Council prevented the Baths from being demolished in 2007 and commenced a major rebuild of the venue, which has involved demolishing all but the facade of the building. The building re-opened in November 2011. Primary schools include: Frodingham Infant School; Scunthorpe CofE Primary School; Oasis Academy Henderson Avenue; Bushfield Road Infant School; Crosby Primary School; Saint Augustine Webster Catholic Voluntary Academy; Berkeley Primary School; Oasis Academy Parkwood; Lincoln Gardens Primary School; Priory Lane Community School; St. Bernadette's Catholic Primary Voluntary Academy; Westcliffe Primary School; The Grange Primary School; Oakfield Primary School; Willoughby Road Primary Academy; Enderby Road Infant School; Leys Farm Junior School; St Peter and St Paul CofE Primary School; and Holme Valley Primary School Secondary schools within Scunthorpe include: The St Lawrence Academy; Engineering UTC Northern Lincolnshire; Outwood Academy Brumby; Outwood Academy Foxhills; Melior Community Academy; St Bede's Catholic Voluntary Academy; and Frederick Gough School John Leggott Sixth-Form College (JLC)

7930-435: The business. Both produced iron from their own local ironstone leases. North Lincolnshire Iron Works, was established by Daniel Adamson of Hyde, Manchester in 1866, supported by Lancashire capitalists; the business was supplied with ore from Winn's own mines. Over the next decade three more works were established: the Redbourn Hill Company, and the Lincolnshire Iron Smelting Company were supported by capital from Birmingham;

8052-416: The companies main steel production sites (Scunthorpe, Lackenby, Llanwern, Ravenscraig, Port Talbot), increasing productivity by 50%, and reducing the total workforce by 50,000. Changes and modernisation at Scunthorpe were planned under several phases for Scunthorpe, under a scheme known as the "Anchor Project", which had its basis in an £80 million proposal made by the Appleby-Frodingham company in 1966 to

8174-477: The company was notified by government official that the works work be required to supply steel for projectile Shells . During the post war period the works was planned to increase output to 500,000 ingot tons pa – by 1955 this figure had been exceeded with production at 600,000 tons pa. Two Linz-Donawitz process converters of 60 tons capacity each were installed in 1964. The Redbourne Hill works shares were held by Monks and Hall (Warrington) in 1905, but sold to

8296-462: The company, together with the rest of BSC, became part of Corus (1999), later Tata Steel Europe (2007). In 2016 the long products division of Tata Steel Europe was sold to Greybull Capital with Scunthorpe as the primary steel production site. In May 2019, after a drop in future orders, and a breakdown in rescue talks between the government and the company's owner, Greybull, British Steel Limited entered insolvency. Industries associated with

8418-402: The construction of the Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway (1860s) gave rail access to the area, local iron production rapidly expanded using local ironstone and imported coal or coke. The local ore was relatively poor in iron (around 25% average) and high in lime ( CaCO 3 ) requiring co-smelting with more acidic silicious iron ores. The growth of industry in the area led to the development of

8540-417: The context of difficult economic conditions and unemployment in South Wales reversed their decision and instead place the development at the EbbVale ironworks sites. A single 100 ton oxygen based (Oberhausen rotor) steelmaking converter was installed at Redbourn in 1961. The Redbourn works was originally supplied by two hand charged furnaces built 1875. Furnaces 3 and 4 were added in 1909 and 1919. In 1951/2

8662-432: The district had risen to around 650,000 tons. During the interbellum the three Scunthorpe works increase the share of UK steel production from 3 to 10%. In 1945 all steel produced in the Lincolnshire district was by the basic open hearth process , with no Bessemer or electric arc plant. Experimental underground mining began in the 1930s, leading to the development of the Santon drift mine, with production beginning after

8784-473: The end of the Second World War . A second mine, Dragonby, was also opened in the post war period. Both mines were worked on the room and pillar system, with approximately 20 to 23 feet (6 to 7 m) height of extraction within the seams, leaving some ironstone for roof support (about 8 feet 2 inches (2.5 m) depth) and roadway. Drilling and blasting were used for extraction with much of

8906-565: The first to utilise the ore which was tested at blast furnaces at Barnsley , transported there by water. In 1862 the Dawes began to build the first blast furnace in the area, which became operational in 1864, operating as the Trent Iron Company. The Frodingham Iron Company also opened in 1864, established by Joseph Cliff, a firebrick manufacturer from Wortley, Leeds who used experienced iron makers from Stockton-upon-Tees to establish

9028-528: The former villages of Bottesford , Frodingham , Crosby , Brumby and Ashby . Scunthorpe became an urban district in 1891, merged as 'Scunthorpe, Brumby and Frodingham Urban District' in 1919, and became a municipal borough in 1936. Scunthorpe was originally dominated, socially, politically and culturally, by Rowland Winn , the most significant landowner in the district. By the First World War local working class culture, drawing on trade unions and

9150-505: The geological strata were not strong enough to bear the weight of blast furnaces. He needed to build on hard ground, which of course hills always are. Key components of the Normanby Park Works had in practice been designed in the drawing offices of Brymbo Steelworks in Wrexham, which S. H. Meakin had redesigned during 1905–1908. John Darby, the man in charge of that project, listened to Meakin's professional views on how

9272-462: The growth of crystalline aggregates, and a subparticle structure is favored. Hematite is present in the waste tailings of iron mines . A recently developed process, magnetation , uses magnets to glean waste hematite from old mine tailings in Minnesota 's vast Mesabi Range iron district. Falu red is a pigment used in traditional Swedish house paints. Originally, it was made from tailings of

9394-430: The growth of the industry took place around the former village of Scunthorpe – by the beginning of the 20th century Scunthorpe had grown to town sized, and incorporated schools; churches; clubs; a cemetery; and a courthouse, bank and hotel. By 1901 the local population was 11,167 increased from a combined rural population (Scunthorpe, Ashby, Brumby etc.) of 1,245 in 1851. The last business to establish an iron works in

9516-562: The high lime content of the ore (up to 68%) caused production issues, through the amount and form of the slag produced, and its basic nature, its corrosive effect on the refractories in the furnace, as well as the large amount of water content in the ore, and carbon dioxide release tending to damp the fire in the furnace. The primary solution to the basic ore was to co-fire with an imported silica containing ore. Iron ore production reached 248,329 tons, and iron production 31,000 tons by 1870, both rapid increases. In addition to local blast furnaces

9638-550: The industry as a whole over several years. A national strike (led by the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation ) took place from January to March 1980. In the wider business steel production ended at Shotton (1978), Consett (1980), Corby (1981) and Clydeside (1982). On 4 November 1975 four workers were killed at the Queen Victoria furnace, and others badly injured following an explosion in a torpedo car due to water ingress into

9760-465: The iron deposits in Lincolnshire were worked sometime before the 19th and 20th century exploitations – forges at Stowe are mentioned in the Domesday Book , and archaeological evidence has been found of iron working at Scunthorpe. The ironstone in Lincolnshire is thought to have been laid down during the Jurassic period and forms part of a series of ironstones found in eastern England found in

9882-467: The mineral's magnetic and crystal chemical properties. Two other end-members are referred to as protohematite and hydrohematite. Enhanced magnetic coercivities for hematite have been achieved by dry-heating a two-line ferrihydrite precursor prepared from solution. Hematite exhibited temperature-dependent magnetic coercivity values ranging from 289 to 5,027 oersteds (23–400 kA/m). The origin of these high coercivity values has been interpreted as

10004-419: The moments when they are in the plane perpendicular to the c axis. The disappearance of the moment with a decrease in temperature at 260 K (−13 °C) is caused by a change in the anisotropy which causes the moments to align along the c axis. In this configuration, spin canting does not reduce the energy. The magnetic properties of bulk hematite differ from their nanoscale counterparts. For example,

10126-548: The nationalised British Steel Corporation (BSC), leading to a period of further consolidation – from the 1970s the use of local or regional ironstone diminished, being replaced by imported ore via the Immingham Bulk Terminal – much of the steelworks was re-established with equipment at or south and east of the Appleby-Frodingham works during the late 1960s as part of the Anchor modernisation. Primary iron production

10248-404: The new borough council formed in 1974, and are now used by the town's charter trustees. The green shield and golden wheatsheaf recall that the area was until recently agricultural in nature. Across the centre of the shield is a length of chain. This refers to the five villages of Crosby, Scunthorpe, Frodingham, Brumby & Ashby linking together as one. At the top of the shield are two fossils of

10370-507: The new plant new sinter equipment was constructed, allowing the works to operate on near 100% sinter use in the blast furnaces – part of the rationale for the sinter investment was the deterioration of the quality of the locally mined ore, resulting in increasing quantities of fines in the ore. The expansion led to the closure of the iron works at Frodingham and the North Lincs works; the last blast furnace in operation at Frodingham, No.1,

10492-470: The new steelworks. Its upland site necessitated inter alia building large water mains up from the River Trent – steelworks use a huge amount of water. The design included modernistic features, such as the facility to burn gases from the blast furnace beneath the steel furnaces, but this was not proceeded with in practice. Upon completion, S. H. Meakin then managed the new Normanby Park steelworks for

10614-482: The northern boundaries of the parishes of Crowle , Eastoft , Luddington , Haldenby and Amcotts , now compose the unitary authority of North Lincolnshire . On amalgamation charter trustees were formed for Scunthorpe, and they continue to elect a town mayor. When Scunthorpe was incorporated as a borough in 1936, it also received a grant of a coat of arms from the College of Arms . These arms were transferred to

10736-401: The ore rendered it self-fluxing, but its high lime content and basic nature were problematic and led to the practice of using it in combination with silica containing ores (for slag formation). Iron produced from the bed including the fossiliferous lime contained over 1% phosphorus , similar to that from the Cleveland ironstone , as well as a few per cent of manganese . Ironstone extraction

10858-790: The ore was supplied to the Milton ironworks (Barnsley), Elsecar ironworks (Barnsley), the West Yorkshire Coal and Iron Company (West Ardsley), and the Park Gate Iron Company (Rotherham). By 1875 several businesses were extracting iron ore in the area including Cliff and Sons (Frodingham); the Kiveton Park Company; W.H. and G. Dawes; Cliff and Sons (Leeds); the Park Gate Iron Company (Frodingham); and Charles Winn. Appleby Ironworks

10980-425: The pigment industry is India, followed distantly by Spain. As mentioned earlier, hematite is an important mineral for iron ore. The physical properties of hematite are also employed in the areas of medical equipment, shipping industries, and coal production. Having high density and capable as an effective barrier against X-ray passage, it often is incorporated into radiation shielding. As with other iron ores, it often

11102-720: The plant was focused replacing plant at the Frodingham works. In the early 1950s the company expanded two of its blast furnaces to 25 feet (7.6 m) diameter (named "Queen Mary", No.9; and "Queen Bess"), and in 1951 took the decision to start the construction of two further new furnaces to a similar diameter. The new furnaces together with addition sinter plant were constructed on former ironstone quarry land. The new 27 and 28.5 feet (8.2 and 8.7 m) furnaces were official opened in mid 1954, and older plant abandoned, with total capacity increased from 900,000 to 1,250,000 tons pa. The blast furnaces were named "Queen Anne" (No.3, 27 ft) and "Queen Victoria" (No.4, 28.5 ft). In addition to

11224-404: The rationalisation scheme known as the 'Heritage Programme' closures corresponding to 1.59 and 0.81 million tons of ingot steel were announced for Appleby-Frodingham and Redbourn works to take effect in 1973/4 and 1972/3 respectively. The Dragonby and Santon mines were worked as a single unit from 1969. In the early 1970s the UK government announced £3 billion investment plan to modernise

11346-621: The red coloration found in some varieties of hematite. The color of hematite is often used as a pigment . The English name of the stone is derived from Middle French hématite pierre , which was taken from Latin lapis haematites c. the 15th century, which originated from Ancient Greek αἱματίτης λίθος ( haimatitēs lithos , "blood-red stone"). Ochre is a clay that is colored by varying amounts of hematite, varying between 20% and 70%. Red ochre contains unhydrated hematite, whereas yellow ochre contains hydrated hematite ( Fe 2 O 3  ·  H 2 O ). The principal use of ochre

11468-460: The regulating Iron and Steel Board for LD converter conversion with a capacity of around 2 million tons pa, plus a 2 million ton pa slab mill and investment increasing light plate production to 1 million tons pa; foreign ore would also be used to increase productivity. When accepted by BSC in 1969 the expanded project had a cost of £130 million (rising to £230 million by 1971), and included three 300 ton LD converters, as well as

11590-599: The same chemical formula, but with a spinel structure like magnetite. Large deposits of hematite are found in banded iron formations . Gray hematite is typically found in places that have still, standing water, or mineral hot springs , such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America . The mineral may precipitate in the water and collect in layers at the bottom of the lake, spring, or other standing water. Hematite can also occur in

11712-441: The same time the neighbouring townships of Brumby and Frodingham were also constituted an urban district . The two urban districts were amalgamated, along with the parishes of Crosby and Ashby in 1919 to form an enlarged Scunthorpe urban district. Scunthorpe received a charter incorporating the town as a municipal borough in 1936. Local authority boundary changes brought the town into the new county of Humberside in 1974, and

11834-533: The science team. Analysis indicates that these spherules are apparently concretions formed from a water solution. "Knowing just how the hematite on Mars was formed will help us characterize the past environment and determine whether that environment was favorable for life". Hematite is often shaped into beads, tumbling stones, and other jewellery components. Hematite was once used as mourning jewelry. Certain types of hematite- or iron-oxide-rich clay, especially Armenian bole , have been used in gilding . Hematite

11956-631: The species Gryphaea incurva . These remains of oysters, known as the "devil's toenails", were found in the rock strata from which ironstone was quarried. The crest, on top of the helm, shows a blast furnace. This is also referred to in the Latin motto: Refulget labores nostros coelum or The heavens reflect our labours popularly attributed to the glow observed in the night sky from the steelmaking activities. Scunthorpe lies on an escarpment of ridged land (the Lincoln Cliff ) which slopes down towards

12078-416: The steelworks include metal engineering as well as a BOC plant. Although the historical predominance of the steel industry made Scunthorpe a virtual monotown , there are other industries in the town. These include food production, distribution and retailing. North of the town next a waste management firm, Bell Waste Control, which services the majority of industry in Scunthorpe and the surrounding areas. On

12200-458: The summer, and can be as low as −2 °C (28 °F) in the winter. The Iron industry in Scunthorpe was established in the mid 19th century, following the discovery and exploitation of middle Lias ironstone east of Scunthorpe. Initially iron ore was exported to iron producers in South Yorkshire . Later, after the construction of the Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway (1860s) gave rail access to

12322-426: The surface the ores are converted to a hydrous form, limonite . The deposit is thought to have been originally created by the deposition by precipitation of Iron(II) containing waters, followed by oxidation via weathering to Iron(III) . Characteristic fossils found in the ironstone beds included large Ammonites , and Gryphaea , Cardinia , and other mollusc species. The geological strata in Lincolnshire includes

12444-634: The title of BBC Radio 3 Choir of the Year 2008 at the Grand Finals on 7 December 2008 at the Royal Festival Hall , London. The main choir is made up of 90 members aged between 9 and 19 years whilst also having two training choirs taking children as young as 3 years old. They have made several CDs, performed numerous concerts in the area and further afield, have been subject of documentaries and are internationally renowned as having travelled

12566-578: The town after almost a 4-year absence. The store is housed in a purpose-built location at the North Lincolnshire Shopping Park, beside Glanford Park. The shopping park also includes Boots , B&M Bargains, Costa Coffee and Subway . Scunthorpe railway station is on the South TransPennine Line which has trains from Liverpool Lime Street to Cleethorpes . Scunthorpe station (SCU), has two platforms and

12688-673: The town of Scunthorpe in a formerly sparsely populated entirely agricultural area. From the early 1910s to the 1930s the industry consolidated, with three main ownership concerns formed – the Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company , part of the United Steel Companies ; the Redbourn Iron Works , part of Richard Thomas and Company of South Wales (later Richard Thomas and Baldwins ); and John Lysaght 's Normanby Park works , part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds . In 1967 all three works became part of

12810-495: The town roughly 90% White and 10% BAME . According to the census, the towns religious composition was 51% of the population followed Christianity . followed by 42.1% who were non-religious and 5% of the population followed Islam . Other religions and not stated respondents were recorded at 2.9% of the population. Scunthorpe is also home to the largest British Asian community in the county of Lincolnshire, followed by both Lincoln and Grimsby . The North Lincolnshire Museum

12932-509: The town. Key Country Foods produces meat products on an industrial scale. The Sauce Company produces sauces, soups and other foodstuffs for the catering and supermarket sectors. Ericsson Mobile Platforms produces printed circuit boards for the telecommunications industry. There are a number of other firms, mostly involved in manufacturing and light engineering. In the 2001 census 19.3% of the working age population were economically inactive. Scunthorpe has two major shopping centres, effectively

13054-400: The work mechanised. By the mid 20th century Scunthorpe was expanding into a large town, to the west, north and south of the original village, and its extent now included the former villages of Crosby and Frodingham, and had reached as far south as Brumby . The steelworks and ironworkings had expanded east and to the north. The population of Scunthorpe reached over 45 thousand in 1941, and

13176-483: The world. Scunthorpe was the setting of a 2012 Cultural Olympiad community opera called Cycle Song , about past steel-worker and Olympic cyclist Lal White . It was composed by Tim Sutton and the librettist was Ian McMillan . The Scunthorpe Co-operative Junior Choir , Proper Job Theatre Company and over a thousand locals participated. The local newspaper is the Scunthorpe Telegraph (formerly

13298-502: Was 8,900. In 1967 ore production at Scunthorpe had been 4.7 million tons pa; from 1981 to 1987 local ore production had dropped to around 1 million tons and then to 120,000 tons with only one quarry (Yarborough) in operation. Underground mining ended in 1981. In late 1982 a continuous caster for billets was installed. Facilities at the works in 1983 included a 300t basic oxygen steelmaker; billet, bloom and slab continuous casters; and desulphurisation and degassing equipment. BSC

13420-458: Was almost entirely east of a roughly north–south boundary passing through Scunthorpe between the town and steelworks – this boundary was itself east of the Lower Lias escarpment ( Trent Cliff ). Iron ore extraction was reduced in the later half of the 20th century, to be substituted by foreign imported ores of better quality. Roland Winn is credited with (re-)discovering the iron ore in

13542-425: Was at four blast furnaces first established or expanded in the 1950s, and known as the four Queens: named Queen Anne, Bess, Victoria, and Mary. Both the Normanby Park and the Redbourn works were closed by the early 1980s. Conversion to the Linz-Donawitz process (LD) of steel making from the open hearth process took place from the late 1960s onwards, with an intermediate oxygen utilising open hearth process known as

13664-544: Was close to the epicentre (at Middle Rasen ) of the 2008 Market Rasen earthquake , the second largest earthquake experienced in the British Isles, which had a magnitude of 5.2. Significant shocks were felt in Scunthorpe and the North Lincolnshire vicinity. The main 10-second quake, which struck at 00:56 GMT on 27 February 2008, at a depth of 9.6 mi (15.4 km), was second only to a 1984 quake, with

13786-556: Was constructed c.  1970-2 as a joint venture between BSC and the National Coal Board (NCB). Ore was to be supplied to the steelworks by a Merry-go-round train system. At the Normanby Park site ore was supplied from the stockyards built for the Appleby-Frodingham Anchor project by a conveyor. In the early 1970s BSC planning considered the 5 million ingot steel tons pa Anchor site as

13908-498: Was destined to become Normanby Park. He then told Harry Meakin "I want you to join me on the new project, but my contract precludes me from poaching staff from Brymbo. So you will have to get yourself dismissed." According to Harry Meakin's son Frank: "My father – who was 32 years old at the time – then played ducks and drakes at Brymbo for six months until they were forced to sack him." Harry Meakin then moved to Scunthorpe and joined John Darby again, whereupon he took charge of designing

14030-427: Was established in 1875. By the 1880s the iron making district consisted of separate villages at Crosby , Scunthorpe , Frodingham and New Frodingham , with the iron ore fields and irons works to the east, in an otherwise essentially rural landscape consisting of enclosed fields and coppices. With the exception of housing built at New Frodingham and New Brumby to the south most of the housing expansion associated with

14152-593: Was known as sil atticum . Other names for the mineral when used in painting include colcotar and caput mortuum . In Spanish, it is called almagre or almagra , from the Arabic al-maghrah , red earth, which passed into English and Portuguese. Other ancient names for the pigment include ochra hispanica , sil atticum antiquorum , and Spanish brown . It forms the basis for red, purple, and brown iron-oxide pigments, as well as being an important component of ochre, sienna, and umber pigments. The main producer of hematite for

14274-463: Was named Pittwood House after Edwin Pittwood, a local Labour politician, who worked in the opencast ironstone workings near Normanby Park. In 1889 the area was included in the Lincolnshire, Parts of Lindsey administrative county . Separate local government began in 1890 when the Scunthorpe local board of health was formed. In 1894 the local board was replaced with an urban district council. At

14396-505: Was officially opened in 1974 by Queen Elizabeth II . The development of an ore terminal as part of the Anchor project was authorised; use of local or regionally imported ores ceased or was greatly reduced, as a consequence of increased importation of foreign ores of far greater iron content. The Port of Immingham became a key part of the overall infrastructure of the Scunthorpe steelworks as an importation point. The Immingham Bulk Terminal

14518-573: Was privatised in 1988 by the British Steel Act 1988 . By c.  1990 the steelworks had been entirely converted from the open hearth to basic oxygen steel making process – the works employed 7,300 persons and had a production capacity of around 5 million tons pa of steel. In 1999 BSC merged with Koninklijke Hoogovens of the Netherlands to form Corus. Scunthorpe Scunthorpe ( / ˈ s k ʌ n θ ɔːr p / )

14640-479: Was re-created with the separation of the Steel Company of Wales ; and GKN re-acquired its former steel interests including those at Scunthorpe. After merger the adjacent Appleby and Frodingham works both produced pig iron, with the Frodingham works specialising in bars and sections, and the Appleby works plates and slabs. In 1937 each site had four blast furnaces, each with two relatively modern builds, with

14762-406: Was shut down in May 1954. During the decade after c.  1957 onwards the Appleby-Frodingham works pioneered the use of a variation of the open hearth furnace utilising oxygen named the AJAX furnace . The AJAX furnaces functioned as a transition technology prior to the introduction of the Linz-Donawitz process (basic oxygen) for steel production by the company c.  1966 . At

14884-457: Was to increase to over 66 thousand by the beginning of the 1980s. In 1951 much of the British steel industry was briefly nationalised, as the Iron and Steel Corporation of Great Britain . However, in late 1951 a Conservative government was elected (see Third Churchill ministry ) and the nationalisation decision reversed. The United Steel Companies was recreated; Richard Thomas and Baldwins

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