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46-590: The first RSV Mille (ME) was made from 1998 to 2000, the updated RSV Mille (RP) from 2001 to 2002 and the last update was made in 2003. With a 998 cc 60-degree V-twin engine built by the Austrian company Rotax , the RSV Mille was the first large displacement motorcycle made by Aprilia that up to then had made up to 250cc engines. This same engine was used unmodified in the Tuono and in slightly modified form in

92-503: A San Diego County jury verdict affirmed in full on appeal in 2014. Another noteworthy risk of injury is known as off throttle steering, which results from the lack of steering capability while off throttle in certain models of PWCs. This can result in death or serious bodily injuries. While also rare, spinal injuries can occur while surf jumping and, potentially, wake jumping. The PWC manufacturers' owner's manuals all include warnings regarding jumping at excessive heights, or operating

138-564: A pump-jet that has a screw-shaped impeller to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Most are designed for two or three people, though four-passenger models exist. Many of today's models are built for more extended use and have the fuel capacity to make long cruises, in some cases even beyond 160 kilometres (100 miles). Personal watercraft are often referred by the trademarked brand names of Kawasaki ( Jet Ski ), Yamaha ( WaveRunner ), Bombardier ( Sea-Doo ), Elaqua (E-PWC) and Honda (AquaTrax). The United States Coast Guard defines

184-576: A 798 cc parallel twin engine with and for BMW, which was built from 2006 to 2020. Brands using Rotax engines include: As of 2020, all Sea-Doo brand personal watercraft from Bombardier Recreational Products are equipped with four-stroke, supercharged and normally aspirated, three-cylinder Rotax engines of the Advanced Combustion Efficiency (ACE) series. Can-Am Off-Road vehicles from Bombardier Recreational Products are equipped with Rotax engines. The company introduced

230-421: A PWC if there is a prior history of back injury. The current on-product labels say "Jumping wakes or waves can increase the risk of spinal/backbone injuries (paralysis)". The current Kawasaki owner's manual provides: "Slow down before crossing waves. Do not ride if you have a back condition. High speed operation in choppy or rough water may cause back injuries." Another rare, but unique injury risk with jetboats,

276-557: A four-stroke, four-cylinder, engine: the Rotax 912 , with versions eventually ranging from 80 to over 100 horsepower, followed by a turbocharged 115 horsepower Rotax 914 . Rotax four-stroke engines differ from conventional four-stroke aircraft engines by their unusually small displacement for the amount of horsepower -- compensated for by higher than normal rotational speed (over 5,000 rpm). To reduce propeller-shaft speeds to normal aircraft propeller rotational speeds, (around 2300-2400 rpm)

322-524: A line of motorcycles starting in 1971, powered by Rotax engines. The Can-Am motorcycle operation was outsourced to Armstrong-CCM Motorcycles in 1983, with production ending in 1987. Can-Am resumed motorcycle production with a series of on-road three-wheel motorcycles, starting with the Spyder , using Rotax engines. As of 2020, there are three models: the Ryker uses the 2-cylinder 600 ACE and 3-cylinder 900 ACE,

368-679: A mix of new and current racers to a new type of racing and in 2013, P1 rolled out a second series in the USA. Such was the uptake that the original format needed revising to cope with the influx of new riders and by the end of 2015 over 400 riders from 11 countries had registered to compete in an AquaX event. In the United States, the main sanctioning bodies are the International Jet Sport Boating Association (IJSBA) and Pro Watercross (PWX). As of 2022,

414-519: A personal watercraft, amongst other criteria, as a jet-drive boat less than 12 feet (3.7 m) long. There are many larger " jetboats " not classed as PWCs, some more than 40 feet (12 m) long. Water scooters—as they were originally termed—were first developed in the United Kingdom and Europe in the mid-1950s, with models such as the British 200cc propeller-driven Vincent Amanda , and

460-457: A pilot's license). Two-stroke Rotax model numbers approximated the engine's displacement (in cubic centimeters), and the first two digits (from the 277, on) are very roughly similar to the engine's horsepower (e.g.: The Rotax 447 engine displaces 437 cc, and is rated at 40 hp). Subsequent evolutions of the early designs included the two-cylinder, two-stroke Rotax 377 , Rotax 447 , and Rotax 503 , all in production by 1985 (the last of these,

506-660: A prototype and submitted a patent to the government of the Kingdom of Greece on the 5th June 1970, with serial number 40056. He never exploited the invention commercially. He died on March 5, 2022. Stand-up PWCs were first produced by the Japanese company Kawasaki (under the Jet Ski brand) in 1972, and appeared on the US market in 1973. These were mass-produced boats to be used by only one rider. While they are still produced today,

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552-463: A wide variety of small land, sea and airborne vehicles. Bombardier Recreational Products use them in their own range of such vehicles. Since the 1990s, Rotax has been the world's dominant supplier of engines for ultralight aircraft and light sport aircraft, and a major producer of engines for other light aircraft. The company was founded in 1920 in Dresden , Germany, as ROTAX-WERK AG. In 1930, it

598-449: Is being sucked into the intake side of the pump jet. Current PWC products contain on-product warnings that state: " Keep away from Intake Grate while the engine is on. Items such as long hair, loose clothing, or PFD straps can become entangled in moving parts and result in severe injury or drowning". There have been fatal accidents involving PWCs. In a notable case, U.S. astronaut Alan G. Poindexter died in 2012 from injuries sustained in

644-675: Is ejected) off the back can land directly in the path of the PWC's high-pressure jet of water. Unless a rider is appropriately dressed in garments made out of a strong, thick substance like neoprene (as is commonly found in wetsuits ), the jet may penetrate any orifice it reaches. All major PWC manufacturers warn about this risk and recommend that passengers wear wet suit bottoms or equivalent protection. The American Waterski Racing Association recommends that all of their racers wear wet suit bottoms for this same reason. Such orifice injuries can result in permanent disability or death. For example, in 2006,

690-624: Is ruled by each national federation's member of the U.I.M. Aquabike World Championship is known among the motorsports with most different national entries for each competition, reaching up to 32 nationalities and 140 riders registered to compete in Italy in 2018. Other private competitions also exist, such as P1 AquaX, which is a personal watercraft racing series, first launched in the UK in May 2011 by London-based sports promoter Powerboat P1. The series attracted

736-691: Is the brand name for a range of internal combustion engines developed and manufactured by the Austrian company BRP-Rotax GmbH & Co KG (until 2016 BRP-Powertrain GmbH & Co. KG), in turn owned by the Canadian Bombardier Recreational Products (BRP). Under the Rotax brand, the company is one of the world's largest producers of light piston engines. Rotax four-stroke and advanced two-stroke engines are used in

782-565: The California Court of Appeal for the First Appellate District upheld a $ 3.7 million Napa County jury verdict against Polaris Industries arising out of one such incident (which had devastating effects on the victim's lower abdomen). It is also possible for multiple riders on the same PWC to sustain orifice injuries in a single accident, as actually occurred in a 2007 accident at Mission Bay which resulted in

828-411: The Rotax 122 and Rotax 804 . Personal water craft A personal watercraft ( PWC ), also called water scooter , is a primarily recreational watercraft that is designed to hold only a small number of occupants, who sit or stand on top of the craft, not within the craft as in a boat . Prominent brands of PWCs include Jet Skis and Sea-Doos. PWCs have two style categories. The first and

874-689: The Rotax Max for karting in 1998, and started organizing the Rotax Max Challenge in 2000. Rotax engines designed specifically for light aircraft include both four-stroke and two-stroke models. Current models are: Historical models no longer in production include: The Rotax MAX engine karting engine is a two-stroke engine series, launched in 1997. The company also produces unbranded engines, parts and complete powertrains for original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Uses include motor bikes and scooters, with complete engines including

920-465: The SL1000 Falco . The Mille featured a type of slipper clutch , which worked by using a vacuum on a closed throttle from the inlet manifold to give the effect of slipper clutch, but only on a closed throttle. The first changes were made in 2001 when the fairing was restyled, adding wind deflectors to improve airflow. The fuel tank was changed to a plastic item (with a reduction in capacity), and

966-511: The Superbike World Championship . Only 150 motorcycles, the minimum requirement to homologate the model for Superbike World Championship, were manufactured in 1999. It uses a special short-stroke version of the 60-degree V-twin engine, developed in collaboration with Cosworth . In 2002, Aprilia produced 300 limited edition RSV Mille R Haga Replica. The motorcycle has the same livery as the bike used by Noriyuki Haga at

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1012-409: The 1970s. In the 1960s, the idea was developed further by Clayton Jacobson II of Lake Havasu City, Arizona , USA. Originally a motocross enthusiast, Jacobson's idea was designed in the mid-1960s, powered by an internal pump-jet rather than an outboard motor , made of all aluminum, and had a fixed, upright handle. Jacobson eventually quit his job in banking to devote himself to developing

1058-640: The 503, was discontinued in 2010-2011, by then the most popular engine it its class, and still widely used as of 2023). Later two-stroke designs included the Rotax 532 (circa 1984) and Rotax 582 , both of which augmented the air-cooling with liquid-cooled cylinder heads. Most Rotax two-stroke engines were rated, recommended, or reported with a TBO (time between overhauls) of about 150-300 hours (compared to 1200-2000 hours for government-certified, conventional, four-stroke, light aircraft engines), though later models improved upon that some. Moving towards more demanding aircraft applications, Rotax, by 1989, developed

1104-498: The German Wave Roller . Two thousand Vincent Amandas were exported to Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States. The Sea Skimmer was introduced in 1961 as a highly maneuverable version of a propelled surfboard. It was 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long, powered by an inboard/outboard motor and reached speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph). The rider lay on the boat, controlling the speed with hand throttles and using

1150-526: The Mille was replaced by the RSV-R and RSV-R Factory. The RSV Mille R is a lighter, higher spec. version of the standard Mille, introduced in 1999. It features Öhlins suspension, an Öhlins steering damper, forged aluminum wheels, carbon fibre front mudguard and a shorter subframe for one person use only (no passenger seat). The SP stands for Sport Production and this version was made as a homologation special for

1196-476: The PWC industry's fastest-growing segments. Lifeguards use PWCs equipped with rescue platforms to rescue water users from trouble, as well as flood survivors, and carry them to safety. Police and rangers use them to enforce laws in coastal waters, lakes and rivers. A PWC combined with a wash-reduction system, carrying waterproof loudspeaker equipment and GPS for instructions and distance measurement, has reportedly been used by assistant coaches for rowing sports on

1242-504: The River Tyne. Further, PWCs are used by the U.S. Navy as surface targets. When equipped with GPS, electronic compass, radar reflector, and a radio modem, the PWC can be controlled remotely with a two-way link. Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored in and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it has been used for target practice for armaments of sizes from 5 in (13 cm) cannon to small arms . Apart from

1288-421: The Rotax 912 family had the lowest rate of failure of the six most common lines of engines used in registered Experimental/Amateur-Built (E/A-B) aircraft. By 2014, Rotax had produced and sold 50,000 of 912/914 four-stroke engines. Later models increased horsepower, with several variants of the 912 family, and a new 135-horsepower Rotax 915 iS . The Rotax four-stroke aircraft engine line immediately dominated

1334-536: The Spyder F3 and the Spyder RT use the 3-cylinder 1330 ACE. 1000 V-twin 5sp. In the motorcycle world Rotax are particularly known for their single-cylinder engines of comparatively small to medium displacement. Several major motorbike manufacturers, who are otherwise renowned for their proprietary but bigger engines, use Rotax engines in their smaller models. As an example of larger displacements, Rotax developed

1380-782: The Superbike World Championship and came with a circuit kit, which included a full Akrapovic titanium exhaust system and an Eprom injection unit. In 2003, an RSV Mille R Edwards Replica with a livery inspired by the Aprilia RS Cube MotoGP motorcycle ridden by Colin Edwards . as with the Haga replica, the motorcycle came with a circuit kit, which included Akrapovic exhausts, a more pressurised airbox, an Eprom injection unit and 57 mm (instead of 51 mm) throttle bodies. Rotax Rotax

1426-656: The competitors are classified according to the type of watercraft used (with stand-up or saddle). The sport is ruled by the World Powerboating Federation ( Union Internationale Motonautique , U.I.M.) recognised by the International Olympic Committee . The current official world series, established in 1996, is the Aquabike World Championship . The sport is also established at the national level and

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1472-508: The early 1980s, with a pair of single-cylinder, 9.5-horsepower Rotax 185s powering the single-seat Lazair ultralight by 1982. Soon, the 26-horsepower, single-cylinder Rotax 277 became the most widely used engine powering U.S. ultralight aircraft (and remains, for many, the only Rotax engine they can use to adequately power the aircraft and still remain within the FAA -mandated weight limits for ultralight aircraft which can be operated without

1518-522: The emerging category of U.S.-certified " Light Sport Aircraft " (LSAs), powering most of them. One general aviation industry media reporter found that 70-80% of the 66,000 aircraft he'd identified, worldwide, used Rotax four-stroke engines. The 912/914/915 series also powers larger certified aircraft, including the Diamond Katana , and the twin-engined Tecnam P2006T and Leza/ Lockwood Aircam . The Can-Am division of Bombardier Inc. developed

1564-498: The engines use a reduction gearbox . They are also designed to accept motor spirit , with up to 10% ethanol content. These engines were initially given a 600-hour TBO, less than traditional light aircraft engines. But operational experience and modifications to address specific reliability issues over time gradually extended the TBO to 2,000 hours. An independent 2022 statistical study of U.S. government accident data found that

1610-453: The exception of freestyle, there are at least two categories: saddle jets and stand-up jets. For speed races, gear is generally classified according to the degree of authorized modifications: minor modifications fall into the so-called "stock" category, intermediate modifications into the so-called "limited" category, and more extensive modifications into the category. known as "F1". In freestyle and freeride, these categories do not exist; rather,

1656-621: The feet as rudders. Originally manufactured in Kansas City, operations moved to Boynton, Florida, in 1962, and the name was changed to Aqua-Skimmer. Aqua-Skimmer ceased operations in 1962 and sold its inventory to the military. Renamed Aqua Dart (Aqua Dart INC), the Sea Skimmer, Aqua Skimmer, Aqua Dart was modified for military requirements, and saw service in 1962 river reconnaissance missions in Vietnam and other military missions until

1702-452: The idea, and had a working prototype by 1965. It differed slightly from modern personal watercraft but had definite similarities. He completed a second prototype a year later made of fiberglass. The first Clayton-type PWC to reach the market was designed by Bombardier in the late 1960s. Bombardier's original designs were not very popular and Bombardier left the business before 1970. In Greece, an inventor named Dimitrios T. Moraitidis, built

1748-530: The light aircraft class, in 1998 Rotax outsold all other aero engine manufacturers combined. Their four-stroke engines powered most U.S.-certified light sport aircraft when they first appeared around 2004. Over two decades later, Rotax engines remain the most popular line of engines for light sport and ultralight aircraft, and the second-most-popular (after Lycoming Engines ) for U.S. Experimental / Amateur-Built (E/A-B) aircraft. Rotax air-cooled, two-stroke engines began appearing on ultralight aircraft in

1794-413: The more popular design is the sit-down variety of PWC. These sit-down runabouts have been produced by Kawasaki (Jetski), Bombardier ( Sea-Doo ), Yamaha ( WaveRunner ), Honda (AquaTrax), Polaris (Sealion) and Arctic Cat ( Tigershark ). As of 2010, the major manufacturers of PWCs were Kawasaki, Bombardier and Yamaha. Both Yamaha and Kawasaki continue to sell stand-up models but it is a small percentage of

1840-446: The most popular is a compact runabout , typically holding no more than two or three people, who mainly sit on top of the watercraft as one does when riding an ATV or snowmobile . The second style is a "stand-up" type, typically built for only one occupant who operates the watercraft standing up as in riding a motorized scooter ; it is used more for doing tricks, racing, and in competitions. Both styles have an inboard engine driving

1886-427: The obvious hazards of collisions and mechanical breakdowns common to all vehicles , operating or riding a PWC can involve a risk of orifice injuries. These injuries are typical of the kinds of injuries that waterskiers experience as a result of falling into the water at speed. Such injuries can occur from simply falling in the water at speed or they can occur from the output end of the pump jet. A rider who falls (or

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1932-482: The overall market. Electric PWCs were commercialized in the early 2020s. Electric watercraft are increasing in popularity as gasoline engines produce greenhouse gases and can eject motor oil and gasoline directly into waterways . PWC racing competitions take place around the world. There are several disciplines: closed circuit speed races, offshore speed races (offshore), endurance races, freestyle (freestyle) and freeride events. For all these types of events, with

1978-418: The rear shock on both the standard and the 'R' models was revised. In 2002, the front brake calipers were changed to Brembo Monobloc 4 pad calipers - each piston having a separate pad gave an increase in braking performance and feel. In 2003, the gear ratios were changed to give a slightly closer ratio gearbox, the exhaust system was changed and the tail piece and front mudguard were redesigned. From 2004,

2024-819: The sport is experiencing exceeding levels of fragmentation and conflict due to poor management of the sanctioning bodies and non-constructive competition between organizations. The IJSBA World Finals competition is traditionally held in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, in early October. The Pro Watercross World Finals are typically held in Naples, Florida, in November. PWCs are small, fast, easily handled, fairly easy to use, and affordable, and their propulsion systems do not have external propellers, making them in some respects safer than small motorboats for swimmers and wildlife. For these reasons, they are used for fishing , one of

2070-402: Was Ski-Doo snowmobiles from Bombardier Recreational Products including two-stroke and four-stroke, turbocharged and naturally aspirated, two- and three-cylinder models. Rotax is one of the world's principal suppliers of aircraft engines for ultralight aircraft , light aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles . Between 1985 and 1995, 60,000 Rotax engines were sold for aircraft propulsion. In

2116-781: Was taken over by Fichtel & Sachs and transferred its operations to Schweinfurt , Germany. Operations were moved to Wels , Austria in 1943, and finally to Gunskirchen , Austria in 1947. In 1959, the majority of Rotax shares were taken over by the Vienna-based Lohner-Werke , a manufacturer of car and railway wagon bodies. In 1970, Lohner-Rotax was bought by the Canadian Bombardier Inc. The former Bombardier branch, Bombardier Recreational Products, now an independent company, uses Rotax engines in its ground vehicles, personal water craft , and snowmobiles . The original application for Rotax engines

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