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41-882: Article Five may refer to: Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty , which brought NATO into existence Article Five of the Constitution of India , defining Indian nationality law Article Five of the United States Constitution , Amending the Constitution Article Five of the Grundgesetz , about Freedom of speech Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 5 (novel) ,

82-492: A better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. They will seek to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them." This is sometimes referred to as the Canada Clause after Pearson pushed for its inclusion in the treaty. This included proposals for

123-507: A committee which was chaired by US diplomat Theodore Achilles . Earlier secret talks had been held at the Pentagon between 22 March and 1 April 1948, of which Achilles said: The talks lasted about two weeks and by the time they finished, it had been secretly agreed that there would be a treaty, and I had a draft of one in the bottom drawer of my safe. It was never shown to anyone except Jack [ Hickerson ]. I wish I had kept it, but when I left

164-842: A common title, and was established as the only class above minister plenipotentiary. It gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal. In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior ministers and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors do not require plenipotentiary powers, even though they are designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary". Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when

205-532: A long and deliberative process. The treaty was created with an armed attack by the Soviet Union against Western Europe in mind, although the mutual self-defense clause was never invoked during the Cold War . By signing the North Atlantic Treaty, parties are "determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of the peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and

246-585: A major cyberattack on 15 July 2022 targeting critical and government infrastructure, widely believed to have been carried out on behalf of Iran by state–affiliated cybercriminals. Article 6 states that Article 5 covers only member states' territories in Europe, North America, Turkey, and islands in the Atlantic north of the Tropic of Cancer . A clarification regarding the territories to which Article 5 applies

287-501: A member nation is to instead withdraw from NATO's military command structure, but not from NATO entirely. This happened with France in 1966 , which rejoined in 2009; and with Greece in 1974 , which rejoined in 1980 after the new Turkish military government ended its objections to Greek re-entry. Article 14 notes the official languages of NATO as English and French, and that the United States government shall promulgate copies of

328-453: A more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste. Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority. In modern times, the plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule. Examples of plenipotentiary administration are given below. It may be impractical to hold

369-630: A new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the South African apartheid referendum, 1992 . Prior to the referendum, the state president F. W. de Klerk had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the Group Areas Act ). His right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g., Andries Treurnicht's Conservative Party ), particularly in response to

410-472: A novel by Kristen Simmons Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Article Five . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Five&oldid=1238194762 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

451-415: A one-year notice by the member nation to the U.S. government in its role as the treaty depositary , which then promulgates the notice to the other member nations. This has been contemplated by a number of member nations, but so far has not happened aside from withdrawals due to independence of former territories or dependencies (namely, Algeria, Malta, and Cyprus). Otherwise, the next closest option for

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492-410: A plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government. Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was minister . It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as minister plenipotentiary . This position was roughly equivalent to the modern ambassador , a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between

533-535: A set of action plans which an aspiring nation must follow in order to become a member, including the Membership Action Plan (MAP) mechanism and Intensified Dialogue formula. Article 11 indicated the process of the initial ratification of the treaty. Each signatory nation was required to ratify the treaty through their respective constitutional processes. In order to come into force, the treaty had to be ratified by Belgium, Canada, France, Luxembourg,

574-590: A trade council, cultural program, technological sharing, and an information program. Of those, only the latter two were passed. Nonetheless, it has been brought up by observers commenting on trade disputes between members. Article 3 of the treaty states that "In order more effectively to achieve the objectives of this Treaty, the Parties, separately and jointly, by means of continuous and effective self-help and mutual aid, will maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack." This

615-711: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages North Atlantic Treaty#Article 5 The North Atlantic Treaty , also known as the Washington Treaty , forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. , on 4 April 1949. The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 1949 by

656-1065: Is necessary". Chair of the Defence Select Committee of the United Kingdom Tobias Ellwood said that any deliberate attack against the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine that could cause radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5. This statement was released over fears that a nuclear catastrophe could occur in the Russian-occupied plant during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The next day, American congressman Adam Kinzinger said that any radiation leak into NATO countries would kill people, which would be an automatic activation of Article 5. Albanian prime minister Edi Rama revealed that his government had considered invoking Article 5 in response to

697-507: The Belarusian migrant crisis , but it was not formally requested. The key section of the treaty is Article 5. Its commitment clause defines the casus foederis . It commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state, in the areas defined by Article 6, to be an armed attack against them all. Upon such attack, each member state is to assist by taking "such action as [the member state] deems necessary, including

738-911: The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire . In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the Treaty of Paris , ending the American Revolution, John Adams , Benjamin Franklin and John Jay were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively. By the time of the Vienna Congress (1814–15), which codified diplomatic relations, ambassador had become

779-610: The NATO Response Force . There have also been instances where Article 4 was not formally invoked, but instead threatened. In fact, this was viewed as one of the original intentions for Article 4: as a means to elevate issues and provide member nations a means of deterrence. For example, in November 2021, the Polish foreign ministry—along with Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia—briefly considered triggering Article 4 due to

820-662: The Department in 1950, I dutifully left it in the safe and I have never been able to trace it in the archives. It drew heavily on the Rio Treaty , and a bit of the Brussels Treaty , which had not yet been signed, but of which we were being kept heavily supplied with drafts. The eventual North Atlantic Treaty had the general form, and a good bit of the language of my first draft, but with a number of important differences. According to Achilles, another important author of

861-588: The National Party's Potchefstroom by-election defeat in February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask

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902-690: The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Article 12 states the process by which the treaty may be amended, provided such amendments still affect the North Atlantic area and do not violate the Charter of the United Nations. In practice, this has only been used to clearly delineate which territories are under the purview of NATO . Article 13 delimits the process by which a member leaves NATO, which simply consists of

943-804: The Spanish North African cities but this take has not been tested in practice. This is also why events such as the Balyun airstrikes did not trigger Article 5, as the Turkish troops that were attacked were in Syria, not Turkey. On 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan , which includes troops from 42 countries. The decision came at

984-520: The dissolution of the Soviet Union: No state has rescinded its membership but some dependencies of member states have not requested membership after becoming independent: Article 1 of the treaty states that member parties "settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from

1025-601: The exception of the United Nations, which by Article 7 supersedes NATO), or in military conflict of two NATO members, Article 8 comes into force. This is most important in cases should one member engage in military action against another member, upon which the offending members would be held in abeyance of the treaty and thereby NATO protection as a whole. This has not occurred yet, but there have been several militarised disputes between NATO allies that have threatened this: If an intra-NATO conflict were to occur, there exist intra-NATO alliances which would be triggered instead in

1066-422: The great powers and also relating to the city-state of Venice . Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small principalities , hardly worth the expense. Diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a conference of plenipotentiaries , such as

1107-678: The instance of the abeyance. The following is a list of such active, intra-NATO military alliances. Establishes the North Atlantic Council , and is the only NATO body that derives its authority directly from the treaty. Its primary objectives as stated in the treaty is the enforcement of Article 3 and Article 5. Article 10 dictates the process by which other countries may join NATO, which is by unanimous agreement by current NATO members. Further, new NATO members can only consist of other European nations. In practice, this has turned into

1148-878: The parties is threatened." Upon its invocation, the issue is discussed in the North Atlantic Council , and can formally lead into a joint decision or action (logistic, military, or otherwise) on behalf of the Alliance. It has been officially invoked seven times since the alliance's creation. [REDACTED]   Lithuania [REDACTED]   Poland Denunciation of the attack and reassessment of NATO assets in Turkey . [REDACTED]   Czech Republic [REDACTED]   Estonia [REDACTED]   Latvia [REDACTED]   Lithuania [REDACTED]   Poland [REDACTED]   Romania [REDACTED]   Slovakia Defensive build-up, matériel support to Ukraine , and activation of

1189-449: The remoteness of the administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly. There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of viceroy ), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on

1230-418: The request of Germany and the Netherlands, the two states leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO's history that it took charge of a mission outside of the area delineated by Article 6. In the case of any contradiction with other international obligations (with

1271-481: The rule of law." The following twelve states signed the treaty and thus became the founding members of NATO. The following leaders signed the agreement as plenipotentiaries of their countries in Washington, D.C. , on 4 April 1949: The following four states joined the treaty after the 12 founding states, but before the dissolution of the Soviet Union: The following 16 states joined the treaty after

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1312-536: The terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the 9/11 attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour , a naval operation in the Mediterranean which was designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general. Active Endeavour began on 4 October 2001. The downing of an "unarmed" Turkish military jet which

1353-539: The threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations." Members seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area through preservation of peace and security in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations . Article 2 of the treaty stipulates that "The Parties will contribute toward the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening their free institutions, by bringing about

1394-606: The treaty to the other member nations. Three official footnotes have been released to reflect the changes made since the treaty was written: Regarding Article 6: Regarding Article 6: Regarding Article 11: Plenipotentiary Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous communication (such as telegraphy in the mid-19th century and then radio ), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full (plenipotentiary) powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with

1435-561: The treaty was John D. Hickerson : More than any human being Jack was responsible for the nature, content, and form of the Treaty...It was a one-man Hickerson treaty. As a fundamental component of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty is a product of the US' desire to avoid overextension at the end of World War II, and consequently pursue multilateralism in Europe. It is part of the US' collective defense arrangement with Western European powers, following

1476-463: The use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area." The article has only been invoked once, but considered in a number of other cases. Article 5 has been invoked only once in NATO history, after the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001, when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under

1517-653: Was "13 sea miles" from Syria over "international waters" on a "solo mission to test domestic radar systems". On 25 June, the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister said that he intended to raise Article 5. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated that "The tomb of Suleyman Shah [in Syria] and the land surrounding it is our territory. We cannot ignore any unfavorable act against that monument, as it would be an attack on our territory, as well as an attack on NATO land... Everyone knows his duty, and will continue to do what

1558-568: Was first accepted during the 2016 Warsaw summit , and further reiterated and clarified due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. In accordance with NATO documents, this has been understood to include seven key areas: Article 4 is generally considered the starting point for major NATO operations, and therefore is intended for either emergencies or situations of urgency. It officially calls for consultation over military matters when "the territorial integrity, political independence or security of any of

1599-419: Was interpreted in 2022 as the basis for the target for a 2% GDP expenditure rule, which was established as a loose guideline in 2006. This metric was confirmed again during the 2014 Wales summit . It has also been used as a core concept for a mandate to strengthen member resilience: the ability to resist and recover from major disasters, failures in infrastructure, or traditional armed attack. This commitment

1640-560: Was issued by Article 2 of the Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the accession of Greece and Turkey signed on 22 October 1951. Subsequent expansions, such as to West Germany in 1955, were treated in the same way. In 1954, following India's annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli , the Portuguese government was precluded from invoking Article 5 due to Article 6, but it was understood at the time that Article 4 could be invoked. It

1681-699: Was the opinion in August 1965 of the US State Department, the US Defense Department, and the legal division of NATO that an attack on the U.S. state of Hawaii would not trigger the treaty, but an attack on the other 49 would. The Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the North African shore are thus not under NATO protection in spite of Moroccan claims to them . Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover

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